1: Introduction: Community, people, and place

Author:
Anne Power
Publication Date:
28 Mar 2025
Pages:
1–2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447357568.ch001
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (
GBP  £20.00
)

Beyond Bricks and Mortar explores the story of UK social housing, that is, subsidised rented housing for people who cannot afford to buy a home or rent a home at market rent, who live in insecure, overcrowded, or ‘slum’ conditions, or are threatened with homelessness. These problems are common in different forms across Europe. We document the evolution of social housing through councils and housing association landlords. We consider the impact of 14 years of austerity and withdrawal of financial and policy support. We highlight the wider role of all social landlords in meeting community needs – what we call ‘Housing Plus’. This book is in four parts. Part I looks at the origins and history of housing that is provided for the public good, including the rapid growth in council housing between World War I and the 1970s. Part II sets out what went wrong with our ideal vision of homes for all and why council housing became so troubled, and it explores what can be done about it. Part III examines the record of New Labour in targeting the poorest areas, and how it took on the wider challenges of urban decline and environmental damage. Part IV documents the radical shift in focus from universal welfare underpinning to a more broken-up, individualised approach. It explores how social landlords respond to the challenges of a radically new environment. The book concludes that local management of rented housing is vital to success and that maintaining and renewing existing properties far outweighs the gains from demolition and rebuilding.

  • Agostini, P., Hills, J., and Sutherland, H. (2014). Were We Really All in It Together? The Distributional Effects of the UK Coalition Government’s Tax-benefit Policy Changes. Social Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper 10. London: CASE, LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Alexiou, A., Mason, K., Fahy, K., Taylor-Robinson, D., and Barr, B. (2021). ‘Assessing the impact of funding cuts to local housing services on drug and alcohol related mortality: a longitudinal study using area-level data in England’. International Journal of Housing Policy 23(2): 362–80.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Andrews, C.L. (1979). Tenants and Town Hall. London: Housing Development Directorate, Social Research Division, Department of the Environment (DOE), HMSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Apps, P. (2022). Show Me the Bodies: How We Let Grenfell Happen. London: Oneworld Publications.

  • Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales (1986). Managing the Crisis in Council Housing: A Report. London: HMSO.

  • Batty, E., Beatty, C., Foden, M., Lawless, P., Pearson, S., and Wilson, I. (2010). The New Deal for Communities Experience: A Final Assessment. The New Deal for Communities Evaluation: Final report – Volume 7. London: Department of Communities and Local Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beeching, R. (1963). The Reshaping of British Railways. Vol. 1 (Report). London: HMSO.

  • Boo, K. (2012). Beyond the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity. New York: Random House.

  • Booth, C. (1840–1916). Charles Booth Papers on the Life and Labour of the People in London, 1887–1903. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Special Collections & Archives.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Booth, C. (1889–1903). Inquiry into Life and Labour of the People. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.

  • Brady, C., Kawamura, S., and Palmer, R. (2024). An Integrated Approach to a Sustainable Built Environment: The Co-benefits for Climate Action. World Green Building Council: https://worldgbc.org/article/an-integrated-approach-to-a-sustainable-built-environment-the-co-benefits-for-climate-action/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cabinet Office (2001). A New Commitment to Neighbourhood Renewal: Report by the Social Exclusion Unit. London: HM Governmentt.

  • Carozzi, F., Hilber, C., and Yu, X. (2019). The Economic Impacts of Help to Buy. London: LSE.

  • Central Housing Advisory Committee (1939). Management of Municipal Housing Estates: First Report. London: HMSO.

  • Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (2005). Better Neighbourhoods: Making Higher Densities Work. London: CABE.

  • Commission for Racial Equality. (1984). Race and Council Housing in Hackney, 1984. Report of a Formal Investigation. London: Commission for Racial Equality.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Copley T. (2019). Right to Buy: Wrong for London. The Impact of Right to Buy on London’s Social Housing. London: London Assembly Labour.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Darley, G. (1990). Octavia Hill: A Life. London: Constable.

  • Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. London: HM Treasury.

  • Department of Environment (1977). Final Report of the Liverpool Inner Area Study; Final Report of the Lambeth Inner Area Report; Final Report of the Birmingham Inner Area Report. London: UK Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Environment (1981). Investigation of Difficult to Let Housing: Case Studies of Pre-war Estates. London: Stationery Office Books.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000). Final Evaluation of City Challenge. London: DETR.

  • Dickens, C. (1857). Little Dorrit. London: Bradbury and Evans.

  • Dollard, J. (1937). Castes and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven: Yale University Press.

  • Dunleavy, P. (1981). The Politics of Mass Housing 1945–75: A Study of Corporate Power and Professional Influence in the Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Finney, N., Nazroo, J., Becares, L., Kapadia, D., and Shlomo, N. (2023). Racism and Ethnic Inequality in a Time of Crisis: Findings from the Evidence for Equality National Survey. Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Finney, N. and Harries, B. (2013). How Has the Rise in Private Renting Disproportionately Affected Some Ethnic Groups? Ethnic Differences in Housing Tenure 1991–2001–2011. Manchester: ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fitzpatrick, S. and Bramley, G. (2021). The Ruling Parties’ Record on Homelessness and Complex Needs (May 2015 to pre-Covid 2020). SPDO Research Paper 9. London: CASE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fitzpatrick, S., Pawson, H., and Watts, B. (2020). ‘The limits of localism: a decade of disaster on homelessness in England’. Policy and Politics 48(4): 541–61.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gehl, J. (1987). Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space (English translation). Washington DC: Island Press.

  • Glasgow District Council (1986). Inquiry into Housing in Glasgow. Glasgow: Glasgow District Council.

  • Golbuff, L. and Aldred, R. (2011). Cycling Policy in the UK: A Historical and Thematical Overview. London: UEL.

  • Hackitt, J. (2018). Building a Safer Future: Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety. Final Report. London: Hackitt Review, UK Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Heath, S. (2013). The Historical Context of Rent Control in the Private Rented Sector. London: House of Commons Library.

  • Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (1977). Policy for the Inner Cities. London: HMSO.

  • Hills, J. (2007). Ends and Means: The Future Role of Social Housing in England. CASE Report 34. London: LSE.

  • Hills, J. (2010). An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK – Report of the National Equality Panel. CASE Report 60. London: LSE.

  • Hills, J. (2016). The Chain: How Inequality Works. Charles Booth Centenary Lectures, London School of Economics. 3 November 2016.

  • Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005). A More Equal Society? New Labour, Poverty, Inequality and Exclusion. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • HM Govt (1947). Town and Country Planning Act 1947. London: HMSO. www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/51/enacted

  • HM Govt (1988). Housing Act 1988. London: HMSO. www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/50/contents

  • Hogan, J. and Alqaddo, H. (1985). ‘Policy succession in a Scottish quango: the Scottish Special Housing Association 1937–1984’. Scottish Government Yearbook 1985, pp 171–84. Edinburgh: Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland, University of Edinburgh.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Library (2022). Rent Setting: Social Housing. London: UK Government.

  • Housing Plus Academy (2018). Headlines from Smaller Social Landlords Think Tank, 24th–25th September 2018. London: LSE Housing and Communities, National Communities Resource Centre.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Howard, E. (1902). Garden Cities of Tomorrow. London: S. Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.

  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

  • Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House.

  • James, O. (1995). Juvenile Violence in a Winner-loser Culture: Socio-economic and Familial Origins of the Rise of Violence Against the Person. London: Free Association Books.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jargowsky, P. (1997). Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

  • Jargowsky, P. (2018). ‘The persistence of segregation in the 21st century’. Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 36( 2 ): 207–30.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jencks, C. (1989). ‘What is the underclass—and is it growing?’ Focus 12(1): 14–26.

  • Jones, P. (1985). The Jubilee Album. London: National Federation of Housing Associations.

  • Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2006). Mixed Communities. York: JRF.

  • Kelling, G. and Coles, C. (1997). Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York: Touchstone.

  • Lammy, D. (2017). The Lammy Review: An Independent Review into the Treatment of, and Outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Criminal Justice System. London: UK Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Legg, C. (1981). ‘Could Local Authorities Be Better Landlords?’ A Report for the Department of Environment. London: London City University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lemann, N. (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Knopf.

  • Lewis, P., Newburn, T., Taylor, M., Mcgillivray, C., Greenhill, A., Frayman, H. and Proctor, R. (2011). Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s Summer of Disorder. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science and The Guardian.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lichfields (2020). Small Sites: Unlocking Housing Delivery. London: Lichfields.

  • London Assembly Housing Committee (2015). Knock It Down or Do It Up? The Challenge of Estate Regeneration. London: GLA.

  • London Development Research (2005). London’s Housing Capacity on Sites of Less than Half a Hectare. London: LDR.

  • Lord Gifford (1986). The Broadwater Farm Inquiry. London: Karia Press.

  • Lord Scarman (1982). The Scarman Report: Report of an Inquiry. London: Penguin.

  • Lowe, J.M. (2004). Social Justice and Localities: The Allocation of Council Housing in Tower Hamlets. London: Queen Mary College, University of London.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • LSE Housing and Communities (2018). Private Renting: Can Social Landlords Help? International Inequalities Institute Working Paper 21. London: LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • LSE Housing and Communities (2019). Retrofit to the Rescue. CASE Report 120. London: LSE.

  • LSE Housing and Communities (2021). Opening Doors: An Evaluation of the London Borough of Newham’s Housing First Pilot Project. CASE Report 133. London: LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • LSE Housing and Communities (2023). Creating a 21st Century Estate: The Experiences of Lancaster West Estate Residents. First Stage Report. CASE Report 150. London: LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • LSE Housing and Communities (2023). The Value of Local: An Evaluation of the Neighbourhood Management Approach of Eastend Homes. London: LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lupton, R. (2003). Poverty Street: The Dynamics of Neighbourhood Decline and Renewal. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Macpherson, Sir (February 1999). The Steven Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry. London: HM Government.

  • Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P., and Morrison, J. (2020). Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On. London: Institute of Health Equity.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Massey, D. and Denton, N. (1998). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mayhew, H. (1851). London Labour and the London Poor. Vols 1–3. London: Griffin, Bohn, and Company.

  • McDonald, A. (1986). The Weller Way: The Story of the Weller Street Housing Cooperative. London: Faber and Faber.

  • Mearns, A. (1883). The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor. London: James Clarke & Co.

  • Mornement, A. (2005). No Longer Notorious. The Revival of Castle Vale. Birmingham: Housing Action Trust.

  • National Audit Office (2003). Improving Social Housing Through Transfer. London: NAO.

  • National Audit Office (2010). The Decent Homes Programme: Report – Value for Money. London: NAO.

  • Obama, B. (1995). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Times Books.

  • Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) (2003). Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future. London: ODPM, UK Government.

  • Owen, R. and Jardine, H. (1821). Report to the Country of Lanark. Glasgow: University Press, for Wardlaw & Cunninghame; Edinburgh: Constable & Co., Bell & Bradfute, Manners & Miller, and Waugh & Innes; London: Longman & Co., Cadell & Davies, John Murray, and Hatchard & Son.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parker, J. and Dugmore, K. (1976). Colour and the Allocation of GLC Housing: The Report of the GLC Lettings Survey, 1974–1975. London: Greater London Council.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pascoe, E. (2018). The Battle for Edge Lane West Liverpool: A Retrospective. Unpublished. (A copy of this document can be obtained by contacting the author.)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pawson, H., Davidson, E., Morgan, J., Smith, R., and Edwards, R. (2009). The Impacts of Housing Stock Transfers in Urban Britain. Coventry: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Chartered Institute of Housing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pawson, H. and Mullins, D. (2010). After Council Housing: Britain’s New Social Landlords. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Pawson, H. and Sosenko, F. (2012). ‘The supply-side modernization of social housing in England: analysing mechanics, trends and consequences’. Housing Studies 27(6): 783–804.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, C. (2005). ‘Ethnic inequalities under New Labour: progress or entrenchment?’. in Hills and Stewart (eds) A More Equal society?: New Labour, Poverty, Inequality and Exclusion. Bristol: Policy Press, pp 189–208.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, C. (2009). ‘Ethnic inequalities: another 10 years of the same?’. in Hills, Sefton and Stewart (eds) Towards a More Equal Society. Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pleace, N. and Quilgars, D. (2017). The Inspiring Change Manchester Housing First Pilot. York: University of York.

  • Power, A. (1972). A Battle Lost: Barnsbury 1972. London: Friends House.

  • Power, A. (1973). David and Goliath: Barnsbury 1973. London: Holloway Neighbourhood Law Centre.

  • Power, A. (1987). Property before People: The Management of Twentieth-Century Council Housing. London: Routledge.

  • Power, A. (1993). Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe since 1850. London: Routledge.

  • Power, A. (2007). City Survivors: Bringing Up Children in Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Power, A. (2019). ‘Housing’. in Morgan and Sinclair (eds) Charles Booth’s London Poverty Maps: A Landmark Reassessment of Booth’s Social Survey. London: Thames and Hudson.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A. and Bergin, E. (1999). Neighbourhood Management. London: CASE, LSE.

  • Power, A. and Houghton, J. (2007). Jigsaw Cities: Big Places, Small Spaces. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Power, A. and Mumford, K. (1999). The Slow Death of Great Cities? Urban Abandonment or Urban Renaissance. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A. and Mumford, K. (2002). Boom or Abandonment: Resolving Housing Conflicts in Cities. London: CIH.

  • Power, A. and Rogers, R. (2000). Cities for a Small Country. London: Faber and Faber.

  • Power, A. and Tunstall, R. (1995). Swimming against the Tide: Polarisation or Progress on 20 Unpopular Council Estates, 1980– 1995. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A. and Zulauf, M. (2011). Cutting Carbon Costs: Learning from Germany’s Energy Saving Programme. London: LSE.

  • Power, A., Herden, E., Provan, B., and Lane, L. (2012). Bigger than Business: Housing Associations and Community Investment in an Age of Austerity. London: LSE Housing and Communities.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A., Willmot, H., and Davidson, R. (2011). Family Futures: Childhood and Poverty in Urban Neighbourhoods. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Provan, B. (2022). Rough Sleeping in Newham. Policy into Practice, 2019–2022. CASE Report 143. London: LSE. https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport143.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Provan, B. and Power, A. (2019). Estate Regeneration and Social Value. CASE Report 124. London: LSE Housing and Communities, LSE.

  • Ratcliffe, P., with Harrison, M., Hogg, R., Line, B., Phillips, D. and Tomlins, R., and with Action Plan by Power, A. (2001). Breaking Down the Barriers: Improving Asian Access to Social Rented Housing. Bradford: CIH, on behalf of Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford Housing Forum, the Housing Corporation, and the Federation of Black Housing Organisations.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Regulator of Social Housing (2023). Damp and Mould in Social Housing: Initial Findings. London: UK Government.

  • Robertson, D. (2014). Regeneration and Poverty in Scotland: Evidence and Policy Review. Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research: Sheffield Hallam University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rogers, R. and Power, A. (2000). Cities for a Small Country. London: Faber & Faber.

  • Rowntree, S. (1901). Poverty: A Study of Town Life. London: Macmillan.

  • Royal Commission on Housing of the Working Classes (1885). First Report of Her Majesty’s Commissioners for Inquiring into the Housing of the Working Classes. London: Eyre and Spottiswood.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sampson, R. (2012). Great American City and the Enduring Neighbourhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Sampson, R. (2021). Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Short, J. and Basset, K. (1978). ‘Housing Action Areas: an evaluation’. The Royal Geographical Society 10(2): 153–7.

  • Silverman, E., Lupton, R., and Fenton, A. (2005). A Good Place for Children? Attracting and Retaining Families in Inner Urban Mixed Income Communities. London: Chartered Institute of Housing; Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Slocock, C. (2015). Whose Society? The Final Big Society Audit. London: Policy Exchange.

  • Social Exclusion Unit (1998). Bringing Britain Together: National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal. London: HMSO.

  • Society of Women Housing Managers (1938). Housing Estate Management by Women (being an account of the development of the work initiated by Octavia Hill). London: The Society.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010 (2010). Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review. London: The Marmot Review.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Swenarton, M. (1981). Homes Fit For Heroes: The Politics of Early State Housing in Britain. London: Heinemann Educational.

  • Swenarton, M. and Taylor, S. (1985). ‘The scale and nature of the growth of owner-occupation in Britain between the wars’. The Economic History Review. New Series, 38(3): 373–92.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Pensions Commission (2005). Implementing an Integrated Package of Pensions Reform. The Final Report of the Pensions Commission. London: TSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Traynor, J. (2019). EnerPHit: A Step-by-step Guide to Low Energy Retrofit. London: RIBA.

  • Tunstall, R. (2016). ‘Housing’. in Lupton, R., T. Burchardt, J. Hills, K. Stewart, and P. Vizard (eds) Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and their Consequences since the Crisis. Bristol: Bristol University Press, pp 125–46.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tunstall, R. (2020). The Fall and Rise of Social Housing: 100 years on 20 Estates. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • UK Government (1988). Housing Act 1988. London: UK Government.

  • United Nations General Assembly (1992). Report on the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992. Geneva: UN.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • United Nations General Assembly (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Treaty Series, 999, 171. Geneva: UN.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UNESCO (1967). Statement on Race and Racial Prejudice. Paris: Meeting of Experts on Race and Racial Prejudice.

  • Urban Task Force (1999). Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final Report of the Urban Task Force. London: HMSO.

  • Vizard, P. and Hills, J. (eds). (2021). The Conservative Government’s Record on Social Policy from May 2015 to pre-COVID 2020: Policies, Spending and Outcomes. Overview Paper. London: CASE, LSE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • WATMOS Community Homes (2013). The Story of WATMOS Community Homes: The First 10 Years. Walsall: Watmos.

  • Watts, B., Bramley. G., Pawson, H., Young, G., Fitzpatrick, S., and McMordie, L. (2022). The Homeless Monitor: England 2022. London: Crisis.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Whelan, R. (ed.) (2005). Octavia Hill’s Letters to Fellow – Workers 1872–1911: Together with an Account of the Walmer Street Industrial Experiment. London: Kyrle Books.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • White, J. (2003). Rothschild Buildings: Life in an East End Tenement Block, 1887–1920. London: Penguin.

  • Wilson, W. (2022). Research Briefing: Private Rented Housing: The Rent Control Debate. London: House of Commons Library.

  • Young, M. andWilmott, P. (1957). Family and Kinship in East London. London: Routledge.

  • Yunus, M. (1999). Banker to the Poor. New York: PublicAffairs.

  • Apps, P. (2024). ‘When I look back on 14 years of Tory rule, there is one awful housing policy that stands out’. The Guardian. 5 June: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/jun/05/14-years-tory-housing-benefit-homelessness-poor-cities

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bennet, E. (2004). ‘Race riot towns bring in Northern Irish mediators’, Building. 2 April: www.building.co.uk/race-riot-towns-bring-in-northern-irish-mediators/3033695.article

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Booth, R. (2023). ‘Landlord L&Q told to pay out to tenants after finding of severe mismanagement’. The Guardian. 27 July: www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jul/27/landlord-lq-told-to-pay-out-to-tenants-after-finding-of-severe-mismanagement

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Britannica (2023). ‘The Blitz’: www.britannica.com/event/the-Blitz.

  • Brown, G. (2004). ‘Tables without food, bedrooms without beds. Grinding child poverty in Britain calls for anger – and a plan’. The Guardian. 8 February: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/feb/08/child-poverty-britain-anger-gordon-brown

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Capener, D. (2017). ‘Belfast’s housing policy still reflects religious and economic division’. The Guardian. 3 October: www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2017/oct/03/northern-ireland-shared-communities-economic-inequality-religion-neighbourhood

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chakrabortty, A. and Robinson-Tillet, S. (2014). ‘The truth about gentrification: regeneration or con trick?’. The Guardian. 18 May: www.theguardian.com/society/2014/may/18/-sp-truth-about-gentrification-how-woodberry-down-became-woodberry-park

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • CIH (2022). UK Housing Review 2022: www.ukhousingreview.org.uk/ukhr22/index.html

  • CIH (2022). UK Housing Review 2023: www.ukhousingreview.org.uk/ukhr22/index.html

  • Clarion Housing Group. Clarion Futures Charitable Foundation: www.clarionhg.com/about-us/what-we-do/clarion-futures-charitable-foundation

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Collinson, P. (2017). ‘Four in 10 right-to-buy homes are now owned by private landlords’. The Guardian. 8 December: www.theguardian.com/society/2017/dec/08/right-to-buy-homes-owned-private-landlords

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cook, C. (2018). ‘Ronan Point: a fifty-year building safety problem’. BBC News. 15 June: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44498608

  • Coop News (2014). Housing Case Study 3: Watmos: www.thenews.coop/85067/sector/housing/housing-case-study-3-watmos

  • Co-operative Heritage Trust (2023). Who We Are: www.co-operativeheritage.coop/who-we-are

  • DCLG (2014). Social Housing Sales, England: 2013–14. Housing Statistical Release. London: DCLG. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/363935/Social_housing_sales_in_England_2013_to_2014.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (2024). ‘Statutory Homelessness Live Tables. October to December 2023. England’. Homelessness Statistics: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/662f69387278ec7b2c8696a9/StatHomeless_202312.ods

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dodd, V. (2020). ‘Black people nine times more likely to face stop and search than white people’. The Guardian. 27 October: www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/27/black-people-nine-times-more-likely-to-face-stop-and-search-than-white-people

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dodd, V. (2021). ‘Use of stop and search rises 24% in England and Wales in a year’. The Guardian. 18 November: www.theguardian.com/law/2021/nov/18/stop-and-search-rose-by-24-in-england-and-wales-during-lockdowns

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DWP (2023). Universal Credit: 29 April 2013 to 13 July 2023. Official Statistics. London: DWP. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/universal-credit-statistics-29-april-2013-to-13-july-2023/universal-credit-29-april-2013-to-13-july-2023

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eldonian Community Based Housing Association. Our History: www.eldonians.org.uk/our-history

  • Fitzpatrick, S. (2016). The Right to Housing and How Homelessness Responses Can be Reshaped. I-SPHERE Presentation. Edinburgh: Institute for Social Policy, Housing, Environment and Real Estate, Heriot-Watt University. www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/SPSW/Housing/2016/conference-presentations/social-housing-suzanne-fitzpatrick.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Foyer Foundation: www.foyer.net

  • Full Fact (2018). Sure Start, School Building and Tuition Fees: The Conservative and Coalition Record: https://fullfact.org/education/sure-start-schools-tuition-fees/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Giroscope. History: https://giroscope.org.uk/history/

  • Grenfell Action Group (2016). ‘KCTMO – Playing with fire!’. Grenfell Action Group Blog. 20 November: https://assets.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk/TMO00835660_GAG%20blog%20post%20-%20KCTMO%20Playing%20with%20fire..pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Grenfell Tower Inquiry (2019). Grenfell Tower Inquiry: Phase 1 Report: www.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk/phase-1-report

  • Hewitt, D. (2021). ‘Britain’s housing shame: a story of shocking conditions and tenants’ despair at a lack of action’. ITV News: www.itv.com/news/2021-09-12/britains-housing-shame-shocking-conditions-and-despair-at-a-lack-of-action. Also see various documentaries by Daniel Hewitt, produced for ITV.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Historic England (2022). ‘A brief history of prefabs’. The Historic England Blog. 4 August: https://heritagecalling.com/2022/08/04/a-brief-history-of-prefabs

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Housing Plus Academy headline reports: www.traffordhall.com/housing-plus-academy/

  • Inside Housing (2005). ‘Northern Way could scale back demolition numbers’. 10 June: www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/northern-way-could-scale-back-demolition-numbers-8094

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Inside Housing (2017). ‘Exclusive: 7% rise in former Right to Buy homes now rented privately’. 7 December: www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/news/exclusive-7-rise-in-former-right-to-buy-homes-now-rented-privately-53507

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Inside Housing (2022). ‘Is the sector in a reputational crisis?’. 7 December: www.insidehousing.co.uk/home/home/is-the-sector-in-a-reputational-crisis-78725

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Inside Housing (2022). ‘Council to reintroduce lifetime tenancies after changing political party’. 26 September: www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/council-to-reintroduce-lifetime-tenancies-after-changing-political-party-78269

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Inside Housing (2022). ‘L&Q hires 180 neighbourhood leads in staffing restructure’. 28 November: www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/lq-hires-180-neighbourhood-leads-in-staffing-restructure-79088

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • In a speech at the second reading of the Housing Bill, 16 March 1949: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1949/mar/16/housing-bill

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Labour (2024). ‘Get Britain Building Again’, Labour Party Manifesto: https://labour.org.uk/updates/stories/labours-housing-plan-how-well-protect-our-natural-spaces-and-free-up-grey-belt-land-for-building

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liverpool Echo (2012). ‘Edge Lane redevelopment campaigner Elizabeth Pascoe says she will never get over her home eviction’. 4 January: www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/edge-lane-redevelopment-campaigner-elizabeth-3354311

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • London School of Economics. Charles Booth’s London: Poverty Maps and Police Notebooks: https://booth.lse.ac.uk/notebooks/b363#?cv=25&c=0&m=0&s=0&z=2144.6926%2C302.5379%2C5064.0156%2C2137.1528

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MHCLG (2018). Table 671: Social Housing Sales: Annual Right to Buy Sales for England: 1980–81 to 2017–18: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5bfd60b4e5274a0fd5f9fa10/Social_Housing_Sales_2017-18.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MHCLG (2020). English Housing Survey: Social Rented Sector, 2019–2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1004105/EHS_19-20_Social_rented_sector_report.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MHCLG (2020). English Housing Survey: Social Rented Sector, 2020–2021: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/62c562758fa8f54e8d8ac950/EHS20-21_Social_Rented_Sector_Report.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Housing Federation. About Housing Associations: www.housing.org.uk/about-housing-associations

  • Ofgem. Energy Company Obligation (ECO): www.ofgem.gov.uk/environmental-and-social-schemes/energy-company-obligation-eco

  • Olusoga, D. (2015). ‘The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long’. The Guardian. 8 September: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/08/european-racism-africa-slavery

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2020). One in Eight British Households Has No Garden: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/oneineightbritishhouseholdshasnogarden/2020-05-14

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2021). Census 2021 – Ethnic Group Distribution (high-level categories), England and Wales: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2022). Ethnic Group, England and Wales: Census 2021: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2023). Ethnic Group Differences in Health, Employment, Education and Housing, Shown in England and Wales’ Census 2021: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicgroupdifferencesinhealthemploymenteducationandhousingshowninenglandandwalescensus2021/2023-03-15

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2023). How Life Has Changed in Milton Keynes: Census 2021: www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E06000042

  • ONS (2023). How the Population Changed in Stevenage: Census 2021: www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E07000243

  • ONS (updated September 2023). Table 1a – House Building: Permanent Dwellings Started and Completed, by Sector, United Kingdom, Quarterly: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/datasets/ukhousebuildingpermanentdwellingsstartedandcompleted

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2023). How Life Has Changed in Redbridge: Census 2021: www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E09000026

  • Placeshapers. What Is a Place-based Housing Association?: www.placeshapers.org/about-us/what-is-a-place-based-housing-organisation

  • Powell, E. (1968). ‘“Rivers of Blood” speech’. Race Relations Bill. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 763. HC. 23 April. col. 53–198.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A. (2017). ‘How Tenant Management Organisations have been wrongly associated with Grenfell’. LSE British Politics and Policy Blog, 6 September: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-truth-about-tmos

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, A. (2016). ‘Rayners Lane: estate regeneration that puts residents first’. The Guardian. 23 May: www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/may/23/rayners-lane-estate-regeneration-that-puts-residents-first

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Regulator of Social Housing (2023). Damp and Mould in Social Housing: Initial Findings: www.gov.uk/government/publications/damp-and-mould-in-social-housing-initial-findings/damp-and-mould-in-social-housing-initial-findings-accessible-version

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Regulator of Social Housing (2024). Fire Safety Remediation in Social Housing in England: www.gov.uk/government/publications/fire-safety-remediation-in-social-housing-in-england-february-2024

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Resonance Consulting (2024). World’s Best City Report: www.worldsbestcities.com/rankings/worlds-best-cities

  • Ripley, J. (2018). ‘The right homes in the right places – a resident-led approach to development’. Phoenix Community Homes: www.phoenixch.org.uk/blogs/right-homes-right-places-resident-led-approach-development

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rowntree, J. (1904). quoted in the Evening Press, December: https://democracy.york.gov.uk/(S(1k21sm45uuwe5q553puamsve))/documents/s40571/New%20Earswick%20applications%20additional%20info.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Royal British Legion. Why the World Needing Rebuilding After World War 2: www.britishlegion.org.uk/stories/why-the-world-needed-rebuilding-after-ww2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shelter (2022). When Main Housing Duty Ends: https://england.shelter.org.uk/professional_resources/legal/homelessness_applications/ending_duties/ending_main_housing_duty

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Statista (2023). Simple Average Price of Housing Units in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2000 to 2022, by Type of Property: www.statista.com/statistics/1106842/average-dwelling-price-in-the-united-kingdom-uk-by-type-

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Today Programme, BBC Radio 4 (29 June 1991), as cited in Matarasso, F., A place in the city’, in Hristova, S., M. Dragićević Šešić and N. Duxbury (eds) Culture and Sustainability in European Cities: Imagining Europolis. Abingdon: Routledge. p 136.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tower Hamlets (2007). Boundary Estate Conservation Area: www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Planning-and-building-control/Development-control/Conservation-areas/Boundary-EstateV1.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UK Government (2014). English Housing Survey. Chapter 1: Trends in tenure, p 23: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/461440/Chapter_1_Trends_in_tenure.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UK Government (2023). Press Release: Social Housing Managers Must Be Qualified Under New Laws to Protect Residents: www.gov.uk/government/news/social-housing-managers-must-be-qualified-under-new-laws-to-protect-residents

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UK Housing Review. Table 21 Right to Buy in Great Britain and House Sales in Northern Ireland: www.ukhousingreview.org.uk/ukhr24/tables-figures/excel/24-021-Right-to-buy.xls

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UNTOLD for Channel 4 . Help! My Home is Disgusting: www.channel4.com/programmes/help-my-home-is-disgusting-untold/on-demand/74288-001

  • Urban Splash (2023). Chimney Pot Park Salford: www.urbansplash.co.uk/regeneration/projects/chimney-pot-park

  • Walk Free’s Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/findings/global-findings

  • Ward, C. (2004). The Hidden History of Housing: https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/colin-ward-the-hidden-history-of-housing

  • Weinreich, M. (2021). Cycling Copenhagen: The Making of a Bike Friendly City. Brussels: Heinrich Böll Stiftung. https://eu.boell.org/en/cycling-copenhagen-the-making-of-a-bike-friendly-city

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webster, D. A Critical Analysis of the Use of Disallowances and Sanctions in the UK Unemployment Benefit System since 1911: www.gla.ac.uk/schools/socialpolitical/research/urbanstudies/projects/ukbenefitdisallowances

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webster, D. Regular briefings on benefit sanctions: https://cpag.org.uk/policy-and-research/latest-policy-briefings-and-reports/david-webster-briefings

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Habitat Awards ( 2004). The Eldonian Village, Liverpool: https://world-habitat.org/world-habitat-awards/winners-and-finalists/the-eldonian-village-liverpool

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 38 38 32
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics

Cover Beyond Bricks and Mortar
Beyond Bricks and Mortar
Building Homes, Communities, and Neighbourhoods
Author:
Anne Power
Series:
CASE Studies on Poverty, Place and Policy
Keywords:
Community; People; Place; History of housing; Housing Plus
Global Social Challenges:
Cities and Communities
Sustainable Development Goals:
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities