3: Contemporary challenges: views from local authorities and ‘the field’

Authors:
Mary Baginsky
,
Jenny Driscoll
,
Carl Purcell
,
Jill Manthorpe
, and
Ben Hickman
Publication Date:
27 Jul 2022
Pages:
38–58
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447358299.ch003
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (GBP  £20.00)

This chapter is based on the views of 68 professionals working in children’s social care or education services in England and an additional 26 interviews with people working in regional and national agencies involved in different aspects of safeguarding and education policy. These interviews contributed to a much better understanding of how schools and other agencies were responding to the concerns identified in our historical analysis in Chapter 2, as well as identifying the new challenges with which they were grappling. They also commented on the impact of the policies of academisation and austerity on local authorities, including their concerns that schools were losing the staff that support children’s welfare or were redeploying them to other areas of school life. They also reflect on the increasing expectations of schools and the changing nature of the problems that face them including poor parental and child mental health, radicalisation, social media, domestic violence and alcohol and substance abuse.

  • Alfandari, R. (2019) Multi-professional work in child protection decision-making: An Israeli case study. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 51–7.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Allen-Kinross, P. (2019) Tighten rules on parental consultation before academy conversion, DfE told. Schools Week, 12 July.

  • Anning, A., Cottrell, D., Frost, N., Green, J. and Robinson, M. (2006) Developing Multiprofessional Teamwork for Integrated Children’s Services. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Association of Directors of Children’s Services (2018) Safeguarding Pressures Phase 6 Research Report. Manchester: Association of Directors of Children’s Services.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Association of Directors of Children’s Services (2019) Elective Home Education Survey 2019 .Manchester: Association of Directors of Children’s Services.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Association of Directors of Children’s Services (2020) ADCS Elective Home Education Survey 2020 .Manchester: Association of Directors of Children’s Services.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Association of Directors of Children’s Services (2021) ADCS Elective Home Education Survey 2021. Manchester: Association of Directors of Children’s Services.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Association of Directors of Social Services (ADSS) (1978) Social Work Services for Children in Schools. London: ADSS.

  • Atkinson, M., Doherty, P. and Kinder, K. (2005) Multi-agency working. Models, challenges and key factors for success. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 3, 1, 7–17.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Audit Commission (1994) Watching their Figures .London: HMSO.

  • Baginsky, M. (2000) Child Protection and Education. London: NSPCC.

  • Baginsky, M. (2003) Responsibility Without Power. London: NSPCC.

  • Baginsky, M. (2005) Evaluation of NSPCC’s School Teams (unpublished – available from author).

  • Baginsky, M. (2007) Schools, Social Services and Safeguarding Children: Past Practice and Future Challenges .London: NSPCC.

  • Baginsky, M. (2018) Integrated Care and Support for Children: Analysis of Practices .Brussels: European Social Network.

  • Baginsky, M., Driscoll, J., Manthorpe, J. and Purcell, C. (2019) Perspectives on safeguarding and child protection in English schools: The new educational landscape explored. Educational Research, 61, 4, 469–81.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baginsky, M. and Holmes, D. (2015) A Review of Current Arrangements for the Operation of Local Safeguarding Children Boards. London: Local Government Association.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baginsky, M. and Manthorpe, J. (2020a) The impact of COVID-19 on children’s social care in England. Child Abuse and Neglect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104739

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baginsky, M. and Manthorpe, J. (2020b) Keeping children and young people safe during a pandemic: Testing the robustness of multi-agency child protection and safeguarding arrangements for schools. NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce, The Policy Institute, King’s College London.

  • Baginsky, M. and Manthorpe, J. (2021) Multiagency working between children’s social care and schools during COVID-19: Case study experiences from English local authorities and international reflections. Journal of Integrated Care, https://doi.org/10.1108/JICA-01-2021-0004

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baginsky, M., Teague, C., Emsley, L., Price, C., Sames, K. and Truong, Y. (2011) A Summative Report on the Qualitative Evaluation on the Eleven Remodelling Pilots. Leeds: Children’s Workforce Development Council.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ball, S. (2021) The Education Debate: Fourth Edition .Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Barclay, P. (1982) Social Workers: Their Roles and Tasks. London: Bedford Square Press.

  • Barnes, J. and Melhuish, E. with Guera, J. C., Karwowska-Struczyk, M. K. Petrogiannis, K., Wyslowska, O. and Zachrisson, H. D. (2017) Inter-Agency Coordination of Services for Children and Families – Initial Literature Review. Brussels: Inclusive Education and Social Support to Tackle Inequalities in Society (ISOTIS).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beddoe, L. and de Haan, I. (2018) Addressing concerns about child maltreatment in schools: A brief research report on social work involvement in reporting processes. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 30, 1, 58–64.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bell, M. M. and Singh, M. I. (2017) Implementing a collaborative support model for educators reporting child maltreatment. Children and Schools, 39, 7–14.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bennett, D, L., Schlüter, D. K., Melis, G., Bywaters, P., Barr, B., Wickham, S. and Taylor-Robinson, D. C. (2022) Child poverty and children entering care: A natural experiment using longitudinal area-level data in England, 2015–2020. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3972210 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3972210

  • Bernstein, B. (1970) Education cannot compensate for society. New Society, 15, 387, 344–7.

  • Body, A. (2020) Children’s Charities in Crisis: Early Intervention and the State. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Brandon, M., Howe, A., Dagley, V., Salter, C. and Warren, C. (2006) What appears to be helping or hindering practitioners in implementing the Common Assessment Framework and lead professional working? Child Abuse Review, 15, 6, 396–413.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Braun, D. (1988) Responding to Child Abuse: Action and Planning for Teachers and Other Professionals .London: Bedford Square Press.

  • Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 2, 77–101.

  • Brindle, D. (2009) No one said it would be easy. The Guardian, 28 January.

  • Brown, R. (2018) Mental Health and Wellbeing Provision in Schools: Review of Published Policies and Information. London: Department for Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bunting, L., Lazenbatt, A. and Wallace, I. (2010) Information sharing and reporting systems in the UK and Ireland: Professional barriers to reporting child maltreatment concerns. Child Abuse Review, 19, 187–202.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Butler, P. (2014) How Alan Wood became the ‘go-to fixer’ for child protection. The Guardian, 9 July.

  • Butler-Sloss, E. (1988) Report of the Inquiry into Child Abuse in Cleveland 1987 .London: HMSO.

  • Bywaters, P., Brady, G., Bunting, L., Daniel, B., Featherstone, B., Jones, C., Morris, K., Scourfield, J., Sparks, T. and Webb, C. (2018) Inequalities in English child protection practice under austerity: A universal challenge? Child and Family Social Work, 23, 1, 53–61.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bywaters, P., Bunting, L., Davidson, G., Hanratty, J., Mason, W., McCartan, C. and Steils, N. (2016) The Relationship between Poverty, Child Abuse and Neglect: An Evidence Review .York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bywaters, P., Scourfield, J., Jones, C., Sparks, T., Elliott, M., Hooper, J., Mccartan, C., Shapira, M., Bunting, L. and Daniel, B. (2020) Child welfare inequalities in the four nations of the UK. Journal of Social Work, 2, 193–215.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cameron, A. and Lart, R. (2003) Factors promoting and obstacles hindering joint working: A systematic review of the research evidence. Journal of Integrated Care, 11, 9–17.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Care of Children Committee (Curtis Committee) Report of the Care of Children Committee. cmd.6922. London: HMSO.

  • Carroll, C., Brackenbury, G., Lee, F., Esposito, R. and O’Brien, T. (2020) Professional Supervision: Guidance for SENCOs and School Leaders. London: UCL Institute of Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Central Advisory Council for Education (1967) The Plowden Report – Children and their Primary Schools. London: HMSO.

  • Central Policy Review Staff (1975) A Joint Framework for Social Policies. London: HMSO.

  • Centre for Cities (2019) Cities Outlook 2019. London: Centre for Cities.

  • Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (1996) Integrating Services for Children at Risk: Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom (England and Wales). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Child Safeguarding Review Panel (2021) Annual report 2020: Patterns in practice, key messages and 2021 work programme. The Child Safeguarding Review Panel, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/child-safeguarding-practice-review-panel

  • Children’s Commissioner (2019) Skipping School: Invisible Children .London: Children’s Commissioner for England.

  • Children’s Workforce Development Council (CWDC) (2009) The Team Around the Child (TAC) and the Lead Professional. Leeds: CWDC.

  • Cockburn, J. S., King, H. P. F. and McDonnell, K. G. T. (1969) A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth Century, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp213-240

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cox, F. and Garvin, C. (1970) The relation of social forces to the emergence of community organization practice: 1865–1968 in F. Cox, J. Erlich, J. Rothman and J. Tropman (eds) Strategies of Community Organization. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crane, J. (2018) Child Protection in England 1960–2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Creighton, S. (1987) Quantitative assessment of child abuse in P. Maher (ed) Child Abuse: The Educational Perspective. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crin, R. (2014) Do Academies Make Use of Their Autonomy? London: Department for Education.

  • Crockett, R., Gilchrist, G., Davies, J., Henshall, A., Hoggart, L., Chandler, V., Sims, D. and Webb, J. (2013) Assessing the Early Impact of Multi Agency Safeguarding Hubs (MASH) in London. London: London Councils.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cummins, I. (2018) Poverty, Inequality and Social Work: The Impact of Neo-liberalism and Austerity Politics on Welfare Provision. Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Daniel, B., Taylor, J. and Scott, J. (2011) Recognizing and Helping the Neglected Child: Evidence Based Practice for Assessment and Intervention London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davies, C. and Ward, H. (2012) Safeguarding Children Across Services: Messages from Research .London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher.

  • Davies, R. (2015) Home education: Then and now. Oxford Review of Education, 41, 4, 534–48.

  • Dearden, L. (2019) Number of far-right referrals to counter-extremism programme hits record high. The Independent, 19 December.

  • Department for Communities and Local Government (2015) English Indices of Deprivation 2015 .London: Department for Communities and Local Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department for Education (2010) The Importance of Teaching: The Schools White Paper 2010 .London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2016) Educational Excellence Everywhere .London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2018a) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter-agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children .London: Department for Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department for Education (2018b) Elective home education: Call for evidence, https://consult.education.gov.uk/school-frameworks/home-education-call-for-evidence-and-revised-dfe-a/

  • Department for Education (2018c) Experimental Statistics: Children and Family Social Work Workforce in England, Year Ending 30 September 2018 .London: Department for Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department for Education (2019) Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics: January 2019. London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2020a) Statistics: Children in Need and Child Protection. London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2020b) Supporting vulnerable children and young people during the Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak – Actions for educational providers and other partners, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people

  • Department for Education (2021a) Keeping Children Safe in Education .London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2021b) Statistics: Children in Need and Child Protection. London: Department for Education.

  • Department for Education (2021c) Attendance in education and early years settings during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/attendance-in-education-and-early-years-settings-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak/2021-week-19

  • Department for Education (2021d) Government action following murder of Arthur Labinjo-Hughes, Press release, 5 December, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-action-following-murder-of-arthur-labinjo-hughes

  • Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (1997) Excellence in Schools .London: DfEE.

  • Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (1998) Teaching: High Status, High Standards (Circular 4/98). London: DfEE.

  • Department for Education and Science (DES) (1988) Working Together for the Protection of Children from Abuse: The Role of Educational Service (Circular 4/88). London: DES.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department for Education and Skills (2001) Schools Achieving Success. London: Department for Education and Skills.

  • Department of Health (2002) Safeguarding Children: A Joint Chief Inspectors’ Report on Arrangements to Safeguard Children. London: Department of Health.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health and Department for Education (2017) Transforming Children and Young People’s Mental Health Provision .London: Department of Health and Department for Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment and Home Office (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. London: The Stationery Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health, Home Office and Department for Education and Employment (1999) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter-agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children .London: The Stationery Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) (1974a) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Care and Supervision Provided in Relation to Maria Colwell. London: HMSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) (1974b) AMemorandum on Non-accidental Injury to Children. London: Department of Health and Social Security.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) (1987) The Law on Child Care and Family Services. London: HMSO.

  • Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) (1988) Working Together: A Guide to Inter-Agency Co-operation for the Protection of Children from Abuse. London: HMSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dickinson, R. (2019) Let austerity end for the children first. Management Journal of Local Authority Business, 28 May.

  • Dingwell, R., Eekelaar, J. M. and Murray, T. (1984) Childhood as a social problem: A survey of the history of legal regulation. Journal of Law and Society, 11, 2, 207–32.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Driscoll, J., Lorek, A., Kinnear, E. and Hutchinson, A. (2020) Multi-agency safeguarding arrangements: Overcoming the challenges of Covid-19 measures. Journal of Children’s Services, 15, 4, 267–74.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Driscoll, J., Hutchinson, A., Lorek, A. and Kiss, K. (2021) Protecting children at a distance: Summary of findings from Stage 2: A multi-agency investigation of child safeguarding and protection responses consequent upon COVID-19 lock-down/social distancing measures’, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/ecs/assets/projects/protecting-children-at-a-distance-executive-summary-of-stage-2-findings-summary-and-conclusions.pdf

  • Dunne, J. F. and Finalay, F. (2016) G625 Multi-agency safeguarding hub – a new way of working. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 101, A369–A370.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Economist (1943) Spotlight on poverty. The Economist, 144, 545–6.

  • Edwards, A., Barnes, M., Plewis, I. and. Morris, K. (2006) Working to Prevent the Social Exclusion of Children and Young People: Final Lessons from the National Evaluation of the Children’s Fund. London: DfES Research Report 734.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Edwards, A., Daniels, H., Gallagher, T., Leadbetter, J. and Warmington, P. (2009) Improving inter-professional collaborations: multi-agency working for children’s wellbeing .London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Edwards, A., Gharbi, R., Berry, A. and Duschinsky, R. (2021) Supporting and Strengthening Families Through Provision of Early Help. London: National Children’s Bureau.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Farquharson, C., Sibieta, L., Tahir, I. and Waltmann, B. (2021) 2021 Annual Report on Education Spending in England. London: Institute of Fiscal Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ferguson, H. (1992) Cleveland in history: The abused child and child protection 1880–1914 in R. Cooter (ed) In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare 1880–1940. London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fink, E., Patalay, P. and Sharp, H. (2015) Mental health difficulties in early adolescence: A comparison of two cross-sectional studies in England from 2009–2014. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 502–7.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Firmin, C. (2017) Contextual Safeguarding: An Overview of the Operational, Strategic and Conceptual Framework. Bedford: University of Bedfordshire, https://uobrep.openrepository.com/handle/10547/624844

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Friedman, S. R., Reynolds, J., Quan, M. A., Call, S., Crusto, C. A. and Kaufman, J. S. (2007) Measuring changes in interagency collaboration: An examination of the Bridgeport Safe Start Initiative. Evaluation and Program Planning, 30, 294–306.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gallagher-Mackay, K. (2014) The duty to report child abuse and neglect and the paradox of non-compliance: Relational theory and ‘compliance’ in the human services. Journal of Law and Policy, 36, 3, 256–89.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gamarnikow, E. and Green, A. G. (1999) The third way and social capital: Education action zones and a new agenda for education, parents and community? International Studies in Sociology of Education, 9, 1, 3–22.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Giddens, A. (1998) The Third Way. Cambridge: Polity.

  • Gilbert, R., Kemp, A., Thoburn, J., Sidebotham, P., Radford, L., Glaser, D. and MacMillan, H. L. (2009) Recognising and responding to child maltreatment. The Lancet, 373(9658), 167–80.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Glisson, C. and Green, P. D. (2011) Organizational climate, services and outcomes in child welfare systems. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35, 582–91.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gove, M. (2012) The failure of child protection and the need for a fresh start, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-failure-of-child-protection-and-the-need-for-a-fresh-start

  • Grover, C. (2020) Understanding material assistance in the Children and Young Persons Act 1963: Idealism and classical liberalism in England and Wales. Qualitative Social Work, 19, 5–6, 1238–57.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Halford, P. (1994) The Education Welfare Service / Education Social Work Service in England and Wales: A Critique of its Organisation and Role. Unpublished MPhil thesis. Southampton: University of Southampton.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hall, J. (1979) Report of an independent inquiry commissioned by the County Councils and Area Health Authorities of Berkshire and Hampshire into the death of Lester Chapman. Reading: Royal County of Berkshire.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hallett, C. and Birchall, E. (1992) Coordination and Child Protection: A Review of the Literature. Edinburgh: HMSO.

  • Hallett, C. and Stevenson, O. (1980) Child Abuse: Aspects of Interprofessional Co-operation .London: George Allen and Unwin.

  • Halpern, R. (1991) Supportive services for families in poverty: Dilemmas of reform. Social Services Review, 65, 3, 343–64.

  • Hansard (1988) House of Lords Debate, 6 December, vol 502 cc487–540.

  • Hansard (2016) Schools that Work for Everyone Debate, 12 September, vol 614 cc601–633.

  • Hastings, A., Bailey, N., Bramley, G. and Gannon, M. (2017) Austerity urbanism in England: The ‘regressive redistribution’ of local government services and the impact on the poor and marginalised. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 49, 9, 2007–24.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HM Government (2003) Every Child Matters (Green Paper). London: The Stationery Office.

  • HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Next Steps .London: The Stationery Office.

  • HM Government (2006) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter-agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children .London: The Stationery Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HM Government (2010) The Coalition: Our Programme for Government .London: Cabinet Office.

  • Home Office (1945) Report by Sir William Monckton on the Circumstances which Led to the Boarding Out of Dennis and Terence O’Neill at Bank Farm, Minsterly and the Steps Taken to Supervise Their Welfare (Cmd 6636). London: Home Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Home Office (2011) Prevent Strategy. London: Home Office.

  • Home Office (2014) Multi Agency Working and Information Sharing Project: Final Report .London: Home Office.

  • Home Office, Department of Health, Department of Education and Science and Welsh Office (1991) Working Together Under the Children Act 1989: A Guide to Arrangements for Inter-Agency Co-operation for the Protection of Children from Abuse. London: HMSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hood, R., Goldacre, A., Gorin, S. and Bywaters, P. (2020) Screen, ration and churn: Demand management and the crisis in children’s social care. The British Journal of Social Work, 50, 868–89.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, P. (2010) The Victorian and Edwardian Schoolchild. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.

  • Horwath, J. and Morrison, T. (2007) Collaboration, integration and change in children’s services: Critical issues and key ingredients. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 1, 55–69.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horwath, J. and Morrison, T. (2011) Effective inter-agency collaboration to safeguard children: Rising to the challenge through collective development. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2, 368–375.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Children’s Schools and Families Select Committee (2009) Training of Children and Families Social Workers .London: House of Commons.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts (2015) School Oversight and Intervention. Thirty-second Report of Session 2014–15 .London: House of Commons.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons: Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee (2019) Funding of Local Authorities’ Children’s Services. London: House of Commons.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Lords Public Services Committee (2021) The Role of Public Services in Addressing Child Vulnerability .London: UK Parliament.

  • Independent Jersey Care Inquiry (2014) Independent Jersey Care Inquiry Report .Jersey: Independent Jersey Care Inquiry.

  • Intriligator, B. A. (1990) Designing effective inter-organisational networks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Minneapolis.

  • Jay, A. (2014) Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham (1997–2013), https://www.rotherham.gov.uk/downloads/download/31/independent-inquiry-into-child-sexual-exploitation-in-rotherham-1997---2013

  • James, L. R., Demaree, R. G. and Wolf, G. (1993) rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.306

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jennings, H. (1947) Voluntary social services in urban areas in H. Mess (ed) Voluntary Social Services since 1918. London: Kegan Paul.

  • Jones. C. and Leverett, S. (2008) ‘Policy into practice: Assessment, evaluation and multi-agency working with children’ in P. Foley and A. Rixon (eds) Changing Children’s Services: Working and Learning Together. Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, D. N. and Blyth, M. (2016) Does child protection need a rethink? The Guardian, 13 January.

  • Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2021) UK Poverty 2020–21. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

  • Kagan, S. L. (1993) Integrating Services for Children and Families: Understanding the Past to Shape the Future. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kahn, A. J. and Kamerman, S. B. (1992) Integrating Services Integration: An Overview of Initiatives, Issues and Possibilities. New York: Columbia University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P. J. (1990) Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley.

  • Krugman, P. (2015) The case for cuts was a lie. Why does Britain still believe it? The Guardian, 29 April, www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Labour Party (1997) New Labour. Because Britain Deserves Better. Election Manifesto. London: Labour Party.

  • Laming, W. H. (2003) The Victoria Climbié Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Laming (Cm. 5730). London: The Stationery Office.

  • Lancet (1943) An urban close-up. Lancet, i, 631.

  • Leadbetter, J. (2008) Learning in and for interagency working: Making links between practice development and structured reflection. Learning in Health and Social Care, 7, 4, 198–208.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leathard, A. (1994) Going Inter-professional for Health and Welfare .London: Routledge.

  • Legewie, N. (2013) An introduction to applied data analysis with qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14, 3, https://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1961

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leiba, T. and Weinstein, J. (2003) Who are the participants in the collaborative process and what makes collaboration succeed or fail? In J. Weinstein, C. Whittington and T. Leiba (eds) Collaboration in Social Work Practice .London: Jessica Kingsley.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lessof, C., Ross, A., Brind, R., Bell, E. and Newton, S. (2016 )Longitudinal Study of Young People in England Cohort 2: Health and Wellbeing at Wave 2. London: Department of Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • LGA (2019) Children’s Social Care Budgets: A Survey of Lead Members for Children’s Services, February 2019: Local Government Association (LGA) Research and Information.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Local Government Training Board (1974) Ralphs Report: The Role and Training of Education Welfare Officers. London: HMSO.

  • London Borough of Brent (1985) A Child in Trust: The Report of the Panel of Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of Jasmine Beckford. London: London Borough of Brent.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lucas, S. and Archard, P. J. (2021) Early help and children’s services: Exploring provision and practice across English local authorities. Journal of Children’s Services, 16, 1, 74–86.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Maher, P. (ed) (1987) Child Abuse: The Educational Perspective. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

  • McDonald, J., Murphy, A. and Payne, W. (2001) Ballarat Health Consortium: A case study of influential factors in the development and maintenance of a health partnership. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 7, 2, 75–82.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McTavish, J. R., Kimber, M., Devries, K., Colombini, M., MacGregor, J. C. D. and Wathen, C. (2017) Mandated reporters’ experiences with reporting child maltreatment: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMJ Open, 7, 10.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Milbourne, L. (2005) Children, families and inter-agency work: Experiences of partnership work in primary education settings. British Educational Research Journal, 31, 6, 675–95.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government (2019) English Indices of Deprivation, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/english-indices-of-deprivation

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morris, K., Mason, W., Bywaters, P., Featherstone, B., Daniel, B., Brady, G., Hooper, J., Mirza, N., Scourfield, J. and Webb, C. (2018) Social work, poverty, and child welfare interventions. Child and Family Social Work, 23, 364–72.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Munro, E. (2011) The Munro Review of Child Protection: Final Report. London: Department for Education.

  • Nass, N. and Yen, C. (2010) The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What We Can Learn About Ourselves from Our Machines .London: Current Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Audit Office (2014a) Academies and Maintained Schools: Oversight and Intervention. London: National Audit Office.

  • National Audit Office (2014b) Children in Care. London: National Audit Office.

  • National Audit Office (2018a) Converting Maintained Schools to Academies. London: National Audit Office.

  • National Audit Office (2018b) Financial Sustainability of Local Authorities. London: National Audit Office.

  • National Crime Agency (NCA) (2018) County Lines Drug Supply, Vulnerability and Harm. London: NCA.

  • National Health Service Digital/Office of National Statistics (2018) Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017, https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2017/2017

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NSPCC (2020) How Safe Are Our Children? London: NSPCC.

  • Norgate, R., Traill, A. and Osbourne, C. (2009) Common Assessment Framework (CAF) – early views and issues. Educational Psychology in Practice, 25, 2, 139–50.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • O’Connell, S. (2018) Safeguarding Changes: Will They Make a Difference? SecEd., https://www.sec-ed.co.uk/best-practice/safeguarding-changes-will-they-make-a-difference/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ofcom (2018) The Communications Market 2018 .London: Ofcom.

  • Office of Health Economics (1962) Lives of Our Children: A Study of Childhood Mortality. London: Office of Health Economics.

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2015a) The Common Inspection Framework: Education, Skills and Early Years .Manchester: Ofsted.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2015b) Early Help: Whose Responsibility? Manchester: Ofsted.

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2017) School Inspection Handbook. Manchester: Ofsted.

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2019) School Inspection Handbook. Manchester: Ofsted.

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2021) Review of Sexual Abuse in Schools and Colleges. Manchester: Ofsted.

  • Office of Standards in Education (Ofsted), the Care Quality Commission (CQC), HMI Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services (HMICFRS) and HMI Probation (HMIP) (2020) The Multi-agency Response to Child Sexual Abuse in the Family Environment .Manchester: Ofsted.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oldfield, J., Hebron, J. and Humphrey, N. (2016) The role of school level protective factors in overcoming cumulative risk for behaviour difficulties in children with special educational needs and disabilities. Psychology in the Schools, 53, 8, 31–847.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oliver, C., Statham, J. and Mooney, A. (2010) Integrated Working: A Review of the Evidence. Leeds: Children’s Workforce Development Council.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oxfordshire Safeguarding Board (2015) Serious Case Review into Child Sexual Exploitation in Oxfordshire: From the Experiences of Children A, B, C, D, E, and F, http://www.oscb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Serious-Case-Review-into-Child-Sexual-Exploitation-in-Oxfordshire-FINAL-Updated-14.3.15.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parton, N. (1991) Governing the Family: Child Care, Child Protection and the State. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Parton, N. (2009) From Seebohm to Think Family: Reflections on 40 years of policy change of statutory children’s social work in England. Child and Family Social Work, 14, 1, 68–78.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parton, N. (2014) The Politics of Child Protection. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Parton, N. (2016) The contemporary politics of child protection: Part two (the BASPCAN founder’s lecture 2015) Child Abuse Review, 25, 1, 9–16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parton, N. and Berridge, D. (2011) Child protection in England in N. Gilbert, N. Parton and M. Skivenes (eds) Child Protection Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pearce, J. and Miller, C. (2020) Safeguarding children under Covid-19: What are we learning? Journal of Children’s Services, 15, 4, 287–93, DOI: 10.1108/JCS-06-2020-0021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pitchforth, J., Fahy, K., Ford, T., Wolpert, M., Viner, R. and Hargreaves, D. (2019) Mental health and well-being trends among children and young people in the UK, 1995–2014: Analysis of repeated cross-sectional national health surveys. Psychological Medicine, 49, 8, 1275–85.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Place2Be (2020) Huge rise in number of school-based counsellors over past three years, https://www.place2be.org.uk/media/rnuf5drw/place2be-and-naht-research-results.pdf

  • Pritchard, C., Cotton, A., Bowen, D. and Williams, R. (1998) A consumer study of young people’s views on their education social worker: Engagement is a measure of an effective relationship. British Journal of Social Work, 28, 6, 915–38.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Puffett, N. (2010) Government confirms ban on Every Child Matters. Children and Young People Now, 9 August.

  • Purcell, C. (2020) The Politics of Children’s Services Reform: Re-examining Two Decades of Policy Change .Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Ragin, C. (1987) The Comparative Method. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Ragin, C. (2000) Fuzzy-set Social Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Ragin, C., Drass, K. A. and Davey, S. (2006) Fuzzy-Set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis 2.0. Tucson, AZ: Department of Sociology, University of Arizona.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rasasingham, R. (2015) The risk and protective factors of school absenteeism. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 195–203.

  • Reid, K. (2008) The education welfare service: The case for a review in England. Educational Studies, 34, 3, 175–89.

  • Robinson, M. (1978) Schools and Social Work. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

  • Romanou, E. and Belton, E. (2020) Isolated and struggling: Social isolation and the risk of child maltreatment, in lockdown and beyond, NSPCC, https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/research-resources/2020/social-isolation-risk-child-abuse-during-and-after-coronavirus-pandemic

  • Rose, J. (1993) Willingly to school: The working-class response to elementary education in Britain, 1875–1918. Journal of British Studies, 32, 2, 114–38.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rushmer, R. K. and Pallis, G. (2002) Inter-professional working: The wisdom of integrated working and the disaster of blurred boundaries. Public Money and Management, 23, 1, 59–66.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ryan, M., Tunnard, J. and Brown, L. (2008) Learning Development and Support Services Project. An Audit of the needs of 197 Children in Touch with Education Welfare Services in 4 Local Authority Areas .London: Ryan, Tunnard and Brown.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schneider, C. Q. and Claudius, W. (2010) Standards of good practice in qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy-sets. Comparative Sociology, 9, 3, 397–418.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Seebohm Committee (1968) Report of the Committee on Local Authority and Allied Personal Social Services. London: HMSO.

  • Sibieta, L. (2020) 2020 Annual Report on Education Spending in England: Schools .London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

  • Simpson, F. (2020) Five key things the Children’s Minister told the Education Select Committee. Children and Young People Now, 22 April, https://www.cypnow.co.uk/news/article/five-key-things-the-children-s-minister-told-the-education-select-committee

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Simpson, F. (2021) Arthur Labinjo-Hughes: Zahawi launches national review into murder of six-year-old. Children and Young People Now, 6 December, https://www.cypnow.co.uk/news/article/arthur-labinjo-hughes-zahawi-launches-national-review-into-murder-of-six-year-old

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Social Care Institute for Excellence (2012 )Introduction to Children’s Social Care. London: Social Care Institute for Excellence.

  • Social Exclusion Unit (1998) Truancy and School Exclusion. London: Social Exclusion Unit.

  • Society of Education Officers (SEO) (1979) The Education Welfare Service – A Reply to the ADSS Paper ‘Social Work Services for Children in School’. London: SEO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sosa, L. V., Cox, T. and Alvarez, M. (2016) School Social Work: National Perspectives on Practice in Schools .New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spiker, P. (2000) The Welfare State: A General Theory. London: Sage.

  • Statham, J. (2011) Working Together for Children: A Review of International Evidence on Interagency Working, to Inform the Development of Children’s Services Committees in Ireland .Dublin: Department of Children and Youth Affairs.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stewart, W. and Clews, M. (2021) Sir Kevan Collins resigns over catch-up plan. Times Education Supplement, 2 June, https://www.tes.com/news/exclusive-sir-kevan-collins-resigns-over-covid-catch-up-schools-plan

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stokes, L., Dorsett, R., Manzoni, C., Runge, J. and Xu, L. (2021) Supervision of Designated Safeguarding Leads in Primary Schools in Bolton. London: What Works for Children’s Social Care.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tomlinson, K. (2003) Effective Interagency Working: A Review of the Literature and Examples from Practice .Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Walsh, K. (2020) Complicating the Duality: Reconceptualising the Construction of Children in Victorian Child Protection Law. Journal of Historical Sociology, 33, 2, 263–77.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webb, C. and Bywaters, P. (2018) Austerity, rationing and inequity: Trends in children’s and young peoples’ services expenditure in England between 2010 and 2015 .Local Government Studies, 44, 1, 1–25.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webster, R. (1991) Issues in school-based child sexual abuse prevention. Children and Society, 5, 2, 146–64.

  • Welshman, J. (1999) Evacuation, hygiene and social policy: The Our Towns Report of 1943. The Historical Journal, 42, 3, 781–807.

  • Williams, M. and Franklin, J. (2021) Children and Young People’s Services: Spending 2010–11 to 2019–20. London: Children’s Services Funding Alliance.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Williamson, G. (2021) Education secretary speech to the Confederation of School Trusts, 28 April, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/education-secretary-speech-to-the-confederation-of-school-trusts

  • Wilson, H. and Waddell, S. (2020) Covid-19 and Early Intervention: Understanding the Impact, Preparing for Recovery .London: Early Intervention Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, V. and Perrie, A. (2000) Multidisciplinary Teamworking: Beyond the Barriers? A Review of the Issues .Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wonnacott, J. (2012) Mastering Social Work Supervision. London: Jessica Kingsley.

  • Wood, A. (2016) Wood Review of Local Safeguarding Children Boards. London: Department for Education.

  • Wood, A. (2021) Wood Report: Sector Expert Review of New Multi-agency Safeguarding Arrangements .Department for Education, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wood-review-of-multi-agency-safeguarding-arrangements

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wright, S. (2009) The work of teachers and others in and around a Birmingham slum school 1891–1920. History of Education, 38, 6, 729–46.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wright, S. (2012) Teachers, family and community in the urban elementary school: Evidence from English school log books c.1880–1918. History of Education, 41, 2, 155–73.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yin, R. K. (2009) Case Study Research, Design and Method. 4th edition. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 71 71 9
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics