7: “Don’t judge us as different from you”: Wyatt

Author:
Raven Bowen
Publication Date:
19 May 2021
Pages:
145–156
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447358831.ch007
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (GBP  £20.00)

This short chapter will summarise the major themes presented in this book and some issues that arose for contributors as they pertain to representation and power. The chapter will be split into two sections that will discuss the arising concerns under headings: ‘If sex workers were in control’ and ‘If sex workers were really treated as victims’. The book ends with a brief summary of major contributions and aims for future research.

Sex workers are diverse as we see here, and a single label or moniker masks (deliberately or otherwise) who really trades sex. Those who stand to gain from the mischaracterisation of sex workers and their industries benefit from ensuring that workers have little political power and no means to gain control over the industries that they work within. Keeping industry workers from enjoying the benefits of labour rights in the UK means that for many, their work will always be mediated by third parties, some of whom, but not all, are dangerous extortionists. We must acknowledge that there is work in exploitation and exploitation in work across all industries. Supporting sex industry workers in continuing to unionise and to self-regulate, as well as in setting policy and standards is critical for the future. This is crime prevention by environmental design, where sex workers can eliminate the conditions, roles and practices that cause them harm. The sex industry as a service industry will shift from being wholly a client and third party-driven industry to one with a more cooperative flavour, where workers’ rights are part of the ethos.

  • Abrahams, J. and Ingram, N. (2013) ‘The chameleon habitus: Exploring local students’ negotiations of multiple fields’, Sociological Research Online, 18(4): 213–26.

  • Adams, O. (2019) ‘Flaws and critics of the nightingale pledge’. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331453727_FLAWS_AND_CRITICS_OF_NIGHTINGALE_PLEDGE

  • Addams, J. (1895) ‘The settlement as a factor in the labor movement’, in C. Lemert (ed) Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings, Colorado: Wesleyan University, pp 68–70.

  • Afifi, W. and Caughlin, J. (2006) ‘A close look at revealing secrets and some consequences that follow’, Communications Research, 33(6): 467–88.

  • Alberti, G., Bessa, I., Hardy, K., Trappmann, V. and Umney, C. (2018) ‘In, against and beyond precarity: Work in insecure times’, Work, Employment and Society, 32(3): 447–57.

  • Allaboutlaw.co.uk (2020) Sex Work: The Proposed Legal Models. Available at: https://www.allaboutlaw.co.uk/commercial-awareness/legal-spotlight/prostitution-the-proposed-legal-models

  • Anzaldúa, G. (1987) ‘To live in the borderlands’, PoetryPower.org from Borderlands-La Frontera. The New Mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books, pp 194–5. Available at: https://powerpoetry.org/content/live-borderlands

  • Aral, S., Lawrence, J., Tikhonova, L., Safarova, E., Parker, K., Shakarishvili, A. and Ryan, C. (2003) ‘The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia’, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(1): 39–45.

  • Ashforth, B. and Kreiner, G. (1999) ‘“How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity’, Academy of Management Review, 24(3): 413–34.

  • Ashforth, B., Kreiner, G. and Fugate, M. (2000) ‘All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions’, Academy of Management Review, 25(3): 472–91.

  • Atchison, C. (2010) ‘Report on the preliminary findings for Johns’ voice: A study of adult Canadian sex buyers’, Canadian Institute for Health Research and the British Columbia Medical Services Foundation: 1–37.

  • Baker, L.M., Dalla, R.L. and Williamson, C. (2010) ‘Exiting prostitution: An integrated model’, Violence Against Women, 16(5): 579–600.

  • Banks, T.L. (2000) ‘Colorism: A darker shade of pale’, UCLA Law Review, 47(6): 1705–46.

  • Barreto, M. and Ellemers, N. (2003) ‘The effects of being categorised: The interplay between internal and external social identities’, European Review of Social Psychology, 14(1): 139–70.

  • Barreto, M., Ellemers, N. and Banal, S. (2006) ‘Working under cover: Performance-related self-confidence among members of contextually devalued groups who try to pass’, European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(3): 337–52.

  • Bartos, J. and Wehr, P. (2002) Understanding Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Beer, D. (2017) ‘Envisioning the power of data analytics’, Information, Communication & Society, 21(3): 465–79.

  • Beer, D. (2018) ‘Zuckerberg told Congress that the solution to the Cambridge Analytica crisis is giving Facebook more power’, Independent [Blog post]. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-congress-cambridge-analytica-more-power-a8299156.html

  • Bentolila, S., Dolado, J.J. and Jimeno, J.F. (2019) ‘Dual labour markets revisited’, CESifo Working Papers, Munich: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research. Available at: https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7479.pdf

  • Berg, B. van den and Leenes, R. (2010) ‘Audience segregation in social network sites’, 2010 IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing: 1111–16.

  • Bernstein, E. (2007) ‘Sex work for the middle classes’, Sexualities, 10(4): 473–88.

  • Bernstein, E. (2010) ‘Militarized humanitarianism meets carceral feminism: The politics of sex, rights, and freedom in contemporary antitrafficking campaigns’, Signs, 36(1): 45–72.

  • Bernstein, E. (2019) Brokered Subjects: Sex, Trafficking and the Politics of Freedom, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Bevan, M. (2014) ‘A method of phenomenological interviewing’, Qualitative Health Research, 24(1): 136–44.

  • Bindel, J. (2018) ‘Prostitution is not a job: The insight of a women’s body is not a workplace’, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/30/new-zealand-sex-work-prostitution-migrants-julie-bindel

  • Bosanquet, N. and Doeringer, P.B. (1973) ‘Is there a dual labour market in Great Britain?’, The Economic Journal, 83(330): 421–35.

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986) ‘Forms of capital’, in J. Richardson (ed) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York, NY: Greenwood, pp 241–58.

  • Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Bowen, R. (2013) They Walk among Us: Sex Work Exiting, Re-entry and Duality, MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University. Available at: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12899

  • Bowen, R. (2015) ‘Squaring up: Experiences of transition from off street sex work to square work and duality – concurrent involvement in both – in Vancouver, BC’, Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 52(4): 429–49.

  • Bowen, R. and O’Doherty, T. (2014) ‘Participant-driven action research (PDAR) with sex workers in Vancouver’, in C. Snowden and S. Majic (eds), Negotiating Sex Work, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp 53–74.

  • Brents, B., Jackson, C. and Hausbeck, K. (2010) The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex and Sin in the New American Heartland, London: Taylor & Francis.

  • Brooks-Gordon, B., Mai, N., Perry, G. and Sanders, T. (2015) Production, Income, and Expenditure from Commercial Sexual Activity as a Measure of GDP in the UK National Accounts, Report for the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Available at: https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/17962/1/17962.pdf

  • Brouwers, L. and Herrmann, T. (2020) ‘“We have advised sex workers to simply choose other options”: The response of Adult Service Websites to COVID-19’, Social Sciences, 9(10): 181.

  • Bruckert, C. (2012) ‘The mark of “disreputable” labour workin’ it: Sex workers negotiate stigma’, in S. Hannem and C. Bruckert (eds) Stigma Revisited: Implications of the Mark, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp 66–89.

  • Bruckert, C. and Hannem, S. (2013) ‘Rethinking the prostitution debates: Transcending structural stigma in systemic responses to sex work’, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 28(1): 43–63.

  • Bryan, J. (1965) ‘Apprenticeships in prostitution’, Social Problems, 12(3): 287–97.

  • Bungay, V., Halpin, M., Atchison, C. and Johnston, C. (2011) ‘Structure and agency: Reflections from an exploratory study of Vancouver indoor sex workers’, Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13(1): 15–29.

  • Campbell, R., Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Pitcher, J. and Cunningham, S. (2018) ‘Risking safety and rights: Online sex work, crimes and “blended safety repertoires”’, The British Journal of Sociology, 70(4): 1539–60.

  • Carmichael, H. (2020) ‘Matt Hancock tells Question Time he couldn’t live on sick pay’, The National, 19 March. Available at: https://www.thenational.scot/news/18319823.matt-hancock- tells-question-time-couldnt-live-sick-pay/

  • Chaudoir, S. and Quinn, D. (2010) ‘Revealing concealable stigmatized identities: The impact of disclosure motivations and positive first-disclosure experiences on fear of disclosure and well-being’, Journal of Social Issues, 66(3): 570–84.

  • Chaykowski, R. (2005) ‘Non-standard work and economic vulnerability’, Canadian Policy Research Network Inc. No. 3. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246963600_Non-Standard_Work_and_Economic_Vulnerability

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991) ‘Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color’, Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241–99.

  • Cruz, K., Hardy, K. and Sanders, T. (2016) ‘False self-employment, autonomy and regulating for decent work: Improving working conditions in the UK stripping industry’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(2): 274–94.

  • Cunningham, S., Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Campbell, R., Pitcher, J., Hill, K., Valentine-Chase, M., Melissa, C., Aydin, Y. and Hamer, R. (2018) ‘Behind the screen: Commercial sex, digital spaces and working online’, Technology in Society, 55: 47–54.

  • Cusick, L., Kinnell, H., Brooks-Gordon, B. and Campbell, R. (2009) ‘Wild guesses and conflated meanings? Estimating the size of the sex worker population in Britain’, Critical Social Policy, 29(4): 703–19.

  • Dalla, R. (2006) ‘“You can’t hustle all your life”: An exploratory investigation of the exit process among street-level prostituted women’, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(3): 276–90.

  • Day, S. and Ward, H. (2014) ‘Approaching health through the prism of stigma: A longer term perspective’, in S. Day and H. Ward (eds) Sex Work, Mobility and Health in Europe, London: Routledge, pp 161–77.

  • Dépelteau, F. (2008) ‘Relational thinking: A critique of co-deterministic theories of structure and agency’, Sociological Theory, 26(1): 51–73.

  • Diduck, A. and Wilson, W. (2003) ‘Prostitutes and persons’, Journal of Law and Society, 24(4): 504–25.

  • Dodsworth, J. (2014) ‘Sex worker and mother: Managing dual and threatened identities’, Child and Family Social Work, 19(1): 99–108.

  • Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903) [29 January 2008 ebook #408] The Souls of Black Folk, The Project Gutenberg Ebook. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/408/408-h/408-h.htm

  • Duggan, M. (2016) ‘The “whorearchy”’, Monique Duggan [blog post]. Available at: https://moniqueduggan.wordpress.com/2016/08/24/the-whorearchy/

  • Ebaugh, H. (1988) Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Emirbayer M. (1997) ‘Manifesto for a relational sociology’, The American Journal of Sociology, 103(2): 281–317.

  • Englander, M. (2012) ‘The interview: Data collection in descriptive phenomenological human scientific research’, Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(1): 13–35.

  • English Collective of Prostitutes (ECP) (2019) What’s a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Job Like This? Available at: https://www.redpepper.org.uk/whats-a-nice-girl-like-you-doing-in-a-job-like-this/

  • Fanon, F. (1967) Black Skin, White Masks, Finland: Grove Press.

  • Foucault, M. (1995) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, New York, NY: Vintage Books.

  • Freud, S. (2001) ‘A special type of choice of object made by men (1910)’, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud: Volume 11 (1910): Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo da Vinci and Other Work. Available at: https://icpla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Freud-S.-1910.-A-Special-Type-of-Choice-of-Object-made-by-Men-Contributions-to-the-Psychology-of-Love-I-Volume-XI-1910-163-176..pdf

  • Friedman, S. (2016) ‘Habitus clivé and the emotional imprint of social mobility’, The Sociological Review, 64(1): 129–47.

  • Geertz, C. (1973) Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture, New York, NY: Basic Books.

  • Ghilarducci, T. and Lee, M. (2005) ‘Female dual labour markets and employee benefits’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52(1): 18–37.

  • Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Gilfoyle, T. (1987) ‘The urban geography of commercial sex: Prostitution in New York City, 1790–1860’, Journal of Urban History, 13(3): 371–93.

  • Gilfoyle, T. (1992) City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920, New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.

  • Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Garden City: Doubleday.

  • Goffman, E. (1961) Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, Ann Arbor, MI: Bobbs-Merrill Company.

  • Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

  • Goffman, E. (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essay on Face-to-face Behavior, London: Routledge.

  • Gould, S. (1978) ‘Morton’s ranking of races by cranial capacity: Unconscious manipulation of data may be a scientific norm’, Science, 200(4341): 503–9.

  • GOV.UK (2018) Affordable Home Ownership Schemes. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/affordable-home-ownership-schemes/help-to-buy-isa

  • Green, J. (2020) Green’s Dictionary of Slang. Available at: https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/wqjejvy

  • Gysels, M., Pool, R. and Nnalusiba, B. (2002) ‘Women who sell sex in a Ugandan trading town: Life histories, survival strategies and risk’, Social Science & Medicine, 54(2): 179–92.

  • Hall, S. (1994) ‘Reflections on the encoding/decoding model: An interview with Stuart Hall’, in J. Cruz and J. Lewis (eds) Viewing, Reading, Listening, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp 253–74.

  • Hall, S. (2011) ‘Introduction: Who needs “identity”?’, Semantic Scholar Questions of Cultural Identity. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/041f/b0a3cf5b18e0ef7d4a549914d8540451d4d0.pdf

  • Hall, S. and Du Gay, P. (eds) (1996) Questions of Cultural Identity, London: Sage.

  • Ham, J. and Gilmour, F. (2017) ‘“We all have one”: Exit plans as a professional strategy in sex work’, Work, Employment & Society, 31(5): 748–63.

  • Harcourt, C. and Donovan, B. (2005) ‘The many faces of sex work’, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(3): 201–6.

  • Hedin, U. and Månsson, S. (2004) ‘The importance of supportive relationships among women leaving prostitution’, Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3–4): 223–37.

  • Hemynge, B. (2003) ‘Prostitution in London’, in R. Matthews and M. O’Neill (eds) Prostitution: A Reader, Farnham: Ashgate, pp 213–14.

  • Herek, G., Widaman, K. and Capitanio, J. (2005) ‘When sex equals AIDS: Symbolic stigma and heterosexual adults’ inaccurate beliefs about sexual transmission of AIDS’, Social Problems, 52(1): 15–37.

  • Hester, M. and Westmarland, N. (2004) ‘Tackling street prostitution: Towards a holistic approach’, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://dro.dur.ac.uk/2557/1/2557.pdf?DDD34+dss4ae+dss0nw+dul0jk

  • Hester, M., Mulvihill, N., Matolcsi, A., Sanchez, A.L. and Walker, S.-J. (2019) The Nature and Prevalence of Prostitution and Sex Work in England and Wales Today, Home Office and the Office of the South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/842920/Prostitution_and_Sex_Work_Report.pdf

  • Hill, M. (1993) Their Sisters’ Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830–1870, Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Hill-Collins, P. (1990) ‘Black feminist thought in the matrix of domination’, in C. Lemert (ed) Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classical Readings (3rd ed.), Colorado: Westview Press, pp 535–46.

  • Hochschild, A. (1979) ‘Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure’, American Journal of Sociology, 85(3): 551–75.

  • Hodges, G. (1997) ‘Flaneurs, prostitutes, and historians: Sexual commerce and representation in the nineteenth-century metropolis’, Journal of Urban History, 23(4): 488–97.

  • Hoigard, C. and Finstad, L. (1992) Backstreets: Prostitution, Money and Love, Cambridge: Polity.

  • Hughes, E.C. (1945) ‘Dilemmas and contradictions of status’, American Journal of Sociology, 50(5): 353–59.

  • Hughes, E.C. (1958) Men and Their Work, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

  • Hughes, L. (2001) The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: The Poems, 1941–1950, Columbia, MI: University of Missouri Press.

  • Hunter, M. (2002) ‘“If you’re light you’re alright”: Light skin color as social capital for women of color’, Gender and Society, 16(2): 175–93.

  • Kaushik, T. (2019) ‘For sex workers, mobile phone becomes a double-edged sword’, The Economic Times: Politics, 23 July. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/for-sex-workers-mobile-phone-becomes-a-double-edged-sword/articleshow/70340750.cms

  • Kelleher, P. (2020) ‘Sex workers’ rights group cruelly denied government funding unless it admits sex work “is inherently exploitative”’, Pink News, 7 August. Available at: https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/08/07/ireland-sex-work-alliance-deparment-of-justice-coronavirus-covid-19/

  • Kempadoo, K. (ed) (1999) Sun, Sex, and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

  • King, A. (1999) ‘Against structure: A critique of morphogenetic social theory’, Sociological Review, 42(7): 199–227.

  • Klair, A. (2019) Zero-hours contracts are still rife – it’s time to give all workers the rights they deserve, Trade Union Congress Blog. Available at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/zero-hours-contracts-are-still-rife-its-time-give-all-workers-rights-they-deserve

  • Knox, B. (2014) ‘Tearing down the Whorearchy from the inside’, Jezebel: a supposedly feminist website. Available at: https://jezebel.com/tearing-down-the-whorearchy-from-the-inside-1596459558

  • Koken, J. (2012) ‘Independent female escort’s strategies for coping with sex work related stigma’, Sexuality and Culture, 16(3): 209–29.

  • Koken, J., Bimbi, D., Parsons, J. and Halkitis, P. (2004) ‘The experience of stigma in the lives of male internet escorts’, Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 16(1): 13–32.

  • Law, T. (2013) ‘Transitioning out of sex work: Exploring sex workers’ experiences’, in E. van der Meulen, E. Durisin and V. Love (eds) Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy, and Research on Sex Work in Canada, Vancouver: UBC Press, pp 101–10.

  • Lemert, C. (ed) (2004) Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classical Readings (3rd ed.), Colorado: Westview Press.

  • Levin, S. (2018) ‘Sex workers fear violence as US cracks down on online ads: “Girls will die”, The Guardian [online] 10 April. Available at: https://amp.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/apr/10/sex-workers-fear-violence-as-us-cracks-down-on-online-ads-girls-will-die

  • Lowman, J. (2000) ‘Violence and the outlaw status of (street) prostitution in Canada’, Violence Against Women, 6(9): 987–1011.

  • Lowman, J. and Atchison, C. (2006) ‘Men who buy sex: A survey in the greater Vancouver regional district’, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 43(3): 281–96.

  • Lowman, J. and Fraser, L. (1995) Violence against Persons Who Prostitute: The Experience in British Columbia, Technical Report (Canada Department of Justice, Research, Statistics and Evaluation Directorate).

  • Lucas, A.M. (2005) ‘The work of sex work: Elite prostitutes’ vocational orientations and experiences’, Deviant Behavior, 26(6): 513–46.

  • Mac, J. and Smith, M. (2018) Revolting Prostitutes: The Fight for Sex Workers’ Rights, London: Verso.

  • Mai, N. (2009) Migrants in the UK Sex Industry: First Finding, July 2009, ISET, London Metropolitan University.

  • Mai, N. (2013) ‘Embodied cosmopolitanisms: The subjective mobility of migrants working in the global sex industry’, Gender, Place and Culture, 20(1): 107–24.

  • Månsson, S. and Hedin, U. (1999) ‘Breaking the Matthew effect – on women leaving prostitution’, International Journal of Social Welfare, 8(1): 67–77.

  • Martin, J. (2003) ‘What is field theory?’, American Journal of Sociology, 109(7): 1–49.

  • Marx, K. (1844) Estranged Labour. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm

  • Matthews, R., Easton, H., Reynolds, L., Bindel, J. and Young, L. (2014) Exiting Prostitution: A Study in Female Desistance, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Mavin, S. and Grandy, G. (2013) ‘Doing gender well and differently in dirty work: The case of exotic dancing’, Gender, Work and Organisation, 20(3): 232–51.

  • Mayhew, H. (1861) London Labour and the London Poor: The London Street-folk. Volume II. London: Griffin, Bohn and Company [Online, digitised by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Cornell University Libraries, 2007]. Available at: https://archive.org/details/londonlabourand01mayhgoog

  • McKay, S., Jefferys, S., Paraksevopoulou, A. and Keles, J. (2012) Study on Precarious Work and Social Rights, London: Working Lives Research Institute, London Metropolitan University.

  • Mcnaughton, C.C. and Sanders, T. (2007) ‘Housing and transitional phases out of “disordered” lives: The case of leaving homelessness and street sex work’, Housing Studies, 22(6): 885–900.

  • McNeill, M. (2012) ‘Whorearchy’, The Honest Courtesan [blog post] 10 May. Available at: https://maggiemcneill.wordpress.com/2012/05/10/whorearchy/

  • Mead, G. (1929) ‘The self, the I, and the me’, in C. Lemert (ed) Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classical Readings (3rd ed.), Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp 224–9.

  • Mead, G. (1930) ‘Cooley’s contribution to American social thought’, American Journal of Sociology, 35(5): 693–706.

  • Mead, G. H. (1932) The Philosophy of the Present, LaSalle: Open Court.

  • Meltzer, B.M. (2003) ‘Lying: Deception in human affairs’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(6/7): 61–79.

  • Miano, A. (2017) ‘Feminism 101: What is a SWERF?’ Available at: https://femmagazine.com/feminism-101-what-is-a-swerf/

  • Mishra, S. and Neupane, S. (2015) ‘Differentiated typology of sex work and implication for HIV prevention programs among female sex workers in Nepal’, Frontiers in Public Health, 3(36).

  • Moore, T. (2005) ‘A Fanonian perspective on double consciousness’, Journal of Black Studies, 35(6): 751–62.

  • Morris, M. (2018) Incidental Sex Work: Casual and Commercial Encounters in Queer Digital Spaces. PhD Thesis, University of Durham. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13098/

  • Musto, J. (2010) ‘Carceral protectionism and multi-professional anti-trafficking human rights work in the Netherlands’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(3–4): 381–400.

  • Nagesh, A. (2016) ‘Police officer sacked for working as a prostitute while on sick leave’, Metro: News, 23 December. Available at: https://metro.co.uk/2016/12/23/police-officer-sacked-for-working-as-prostitute-while-on-sick-leave-6342397/

  • Nagle, J. (1997) Whores and other Feminists, New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Nayar, K. (2016) ‘Sweetening the deal: Dating for compensation in the digital age’, Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3): 1–12.

  • Newton, F. (2020) ‘Why sex workers need two phones’, Vice World News, 7 October. Available at: https://www.vice.com/en/article/889zy3/why-do-sex-workers-need-two-phones

  • Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC) (2015) The Code Professional Standards of Practice and Behaviour for Nurses, Midwives and Nursing Associates. Available at: https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf

  • NUM (2019) NUM Response to the Department of Work and Pensions’ Inquiry Report into Universal Credit and Survival Sex. Available at: https://uglymugs.org/um/press-room/num-response-to-the-department-of-work-and-pensions-inquiry-report-into-universal-credit-and-survival-sex/

  • Ocha, W. and Earth, B. (2013) ‘Identity diversification among transgender sex workers in Thailand’s sex tourism industry’, Sexualities, 16(1–2): 195–216.

  • O’Connell-Davidson, J. (1998) Prostitution, Power and Freedom, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

  • O’Doherty, T. (2011) ‘Criminalization and off-street sex work in Canada’, Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 53(2): 217–45.

  • O’Doherty, T. (2015) Victimization in the Canadian Off-Street Sex Industry. PhD Dissertation, Simon Fraser University. Available at: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/16216

  • Office for National Statistics (2018) ‘Statistical bulletin: Wealth in Great Britain Wave 5: 2014 to 2016’, Office for National Statistics: Statistical Bulletin Wealth in Great Britain Wave 5: 2014 to 2016. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/bulletins/wealthingreatbritainwave5/2014to2016

  • O’Neill, M. (2007) ‘Community safety, rights and recognition: Towards a co-ordinated prostitution strategy?’ Safer Communities, 6(1): 45–52.

  • O’Neill, M. (2010) ‘Cultural criminology and sex work: Resisting regulation through radical democracy and participatory action research (PAR)’, Journal of Law and Society, 37(1): 210–32.

  • O’Neill M. and Campbell R. (2010) ‘Desistence from sex work: Feminist cultural criminology and intersectionality – the complexities of moving in and out of sex work’, in Y. Taylor, S. Hines and M.E. Casey (eds) Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality: Genders and Sexualities in the Social Sciences, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 163–89.

  • O’Neill, M., Jobe, A., Bilton, C. and Stockdale, K. (2017) ‘Peer talk: Hidden stories, a participatory research project with women who sell or swap sex in Teesside’. A way out. Available at: https://www.awayout.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hidden-Stories.pdf

  • Orchard, T., Farr, S., Macphail, S., Wender, C. and Young, D. (2012) ‘Sex work in the forest city: Experiences of sex work beginnings, types and clientele among women in London, Ontario’, Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9: 350–62.

  • Penney, T.L. (2013) The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. doi:10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj248.

  • Pheterson, G. (1993) ‘The whore stigma: Female dishonor and male unworthiness’, Social Text, 37: 39–64.

  • Phoenix, A. (2014) ‘Colourism and the politics of beauty’, Feminist Review, 108(1): 97–105.

  • Piscitelli, A. (2007) ‘Shifting boundaries: Sex and money in the north-east of Brazil’ Sexualities, 10(4): 489–500.

  • Pitcher, J. (2015) ‘Sex work and modes of self-employment in the informal economy: Diverse business practices and constraints to effective working’, Social Policy and Society, 14(1): 113–23.

  • Pitcher, J. (2018) ‘Intimate labour and the state: Contrasting policy discourses with the working experiences of indoor sex workers’, Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16: 138–50.

  • Potterat, J., Rothenberg, R., Muth, S., Darrow, W. and Phillips-Plummer, L. (1998) ‘Pathways to prostitution: The chronology of sexual and drug abuse milestones’, Journal of Sex Research, 35(4): 333–40.

  • Raguparan, M. (2017) ‘“If I’m gonna hack capitalism”: Racialized and indigenous Canadian sex workers’ experiences within the neo-liberal market economy’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 60: 69–76.

  • Razack, S.H. (2000) ‘Gendered racial violence and spatialized justice: The murder of Pamela George’, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 15(2): 91–130.

  • Reece, R. (2015) ‘The plight of the black Belle Knox: Race and webcam modelling’, Porn Studies, 2(2–3): 269–71.

  • Roach, J., Wood, K., Cartwright, A., Percy-Smith, B., Rogerson, M. and Armitage, R. (2020) An Independent Review of the Managed Approach to On-street Sex Working in Leeds 2014–2020, Safer Leeds and University of Huddersfield. Available at: https://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/documents/s208220/Managed%20Approach%20Independent%20Review%20Report%20Appendix%20080720.pdf

  • Rober, P., Walravens, G. and Versteynen, L. (2012) ‘In search of a tale they can live with: About loss, family secrets, and selective disclosure’, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3): 529–41.

  • Rubenhold, H. (2019) The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  • Rubin, G. (1992) ‘Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality’, in C.S. Vance (ed) Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, London: Pandora.

  • Sanders, T. (2007) ‘Becoming an ex-sex worker’, Feminist Criminology, 2(1): 74–95.

  • Sanders, T. (2012) ‘Policing commercial “sex work” in England and Wales’, in P. Johnson and D. Dalton (eds) Policing Sex, London: Routledge, pp 135–49.

  • Sanders, T. and Hardy, K. (2013) ‘Sex work: The ultimate precarious labour?’, Criminal Justice Matters, 93(1): 16–17.

  • Sanders, T., Connelly, L. and King, L. (2016) ‘On our own terms: The working conditions of internet-based sex workers in the UK’, Sociological Research Online: 21(4): 15.

  • Sanders, T., O’Neill, M. and Pitcher, J. (2018) Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy & Politics, London: Sage.

  • Scambler, G. (2007) ‘Sex work stigma: Opportunist migrants in London’, Sociology, 41(6): 1079–96.

  • Scambler, G. and Scambler, A. (1997) ‘Conspicuous and inconspicuous sex work: The neglect of the ordinary and mundane’, in G. Scambler and A. Scambler (eds) Rethinking Prostitution: Purchasing Sex in the 1990s, London; Routledge, pp 105–20.

  • Schütz, A. (1967) The Phenomenology of the Social World (F. Lehnert and G. Walsh, trans.), Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press (original work published 1932).

  • Sciortino, K. (2016) ‘Sex worker and activist Tilly Lawless, explains the whorearchy’, Slutever.com: Interviews [blog post] 23 May. Available at: https://slutever.com/sex-worker-tilly-lawless-interview/

  • Scottish Government (2018) ‘Equally Safe: Scotland’s strategy to eradicate violence against women’. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/equally-safe-scotlands-strategy-prevent-eradicate-violence-against-women-girls/

  • Scoular, J. and O’Neill, M. (2007) ‘Regulating prostitution: Social inclusion, responsibilization and the politics of prostitution reform’, British Journal of Criminology, 47(5): 764–78.

  • Seidler, V. (2018) Making Sense of Brexit: Democracy, Europe and Uncertain Futures, Bristol: Bristol University Press.

  • Shah, S. (2009) ‘Sexuality and “the left”: Thoughts on intersections and visceral others’, Feminist Scholar Online, 7(3): 1–11.

  • Sky News (2018) I was trained to get Universal Credit Claimants off the phone. Sky News Online. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/i-was-trained-to-get-universal-credit-claimants-off-the-phone-11535770

  • Smart, L. and Wegner, D.M. (1999) ‘Covering up what can’t be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3): 474–86.

  • Snow, D. and Machalek, R. (1983) ‘The convert as a social type’, Sociological Theory, 1: 259–89.

  • Standing, G. (2016) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, London: Bloomsbury Academic.

  • Sterling, A. and Van der Meulen, E. (2018) ‘“We are not criminals”: Sex work clients in Canada and the constitution of risk knowledge’, Canadian Journal of Law and Society/Revue Canadienne Droit Et Société, 33(3): 291–308.

  • Tait, W. (1840) Magdalenism: An Inquiry into the Extent, Causes, and Consequences, of Prostitution in Edinburgh, Edinburgh: Leopold Classic Library.

  • Taylor, S. and Tyler, M. (2000) ‘Emotional labour and sexual difference in the airline industry’, Work, Employment and Society, 14(1): 77–95.

  • Todorova, M. (1997) Imagining the Balkins, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Trottier, D. (2012) Social Media as Surveillance: Rethinking Visibility in a Converging World, Farnham: Ashgate.

  • TUC (2015) The Decent Jobs Deficit: The Human Cost of Zero-hours Working in the UK, Trade Union Congress. Available at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/DecentJobsDeficitReport_0.pdf

  • TUC (2020) ‘Insecure work: Why decent work needs to be at the heart of the UK’s recovery from coronavirus’, [online] Trade Union Congress. Available at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/research-analysis/reports/insecure-work-0

  • UNAIDS (2020) ‘Sex workers must not be left behind in the response to Covid-19’, April. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2020/april/20200408_sex-workers-covid-19

  • Van der Meulen, E., Durisin, E. and Love, V. (2013) Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy, and Research on Sex Work in Canada, Vancouver: UBC Press.

  • Van Gennep, A. (1960) The Rites of Passage, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Veenstra, G. and Burnett, P. (2014) ‘A relational approach to health practices: Towards transcending the agency-structure divide’, Sociology of Health & Illness, 36(2): 187–98.

  • Wacquant, L. (1990) ‘Exiting roles or exiting role theory? Critical notes on Ebaugh’s “Becoming an Ex”’, Acta Sociologica, 33(4): 397–404.

  • Walkowitz, J. (1980) Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class and the State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Walkowitz, J. (1992) City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, London: Virago Press.

  • Walkowitz, J. and Vicinus, M. (1977) The Making of an Outcast Group Prostitutes and Working Women in Nineteenth-Century Plymouth and Southampton, [Online June 2011] Cambridge University Press, pp 192–213. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/prostitution-and-victorian-society/making-of-an-outcast-group-prostitutes-and-working-women-in-plymouth-and-southampton/B279EAC6AE4ED7C3AC58918864558C49

  • Wedderburn, M., Bourne, D., Samuels-Dixon, V. and Robinson, N. (2011) ‘Study of female sex workers, client types and risk behavior in the sex work industry in Jamaica’, PSI. Available at https://www.psi.org/publication/jamaica-2011-study-of-female-sex-workers-client-types-and-risk-behavior-in-the-sex-work-industry-in-jamaica/

  • White, L. (1990) The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Zatz, N. (1997) ‘Sex work/sex act: Law, labor and desire in constructions of prostitution’, Signs, 22: 277–308.

  • Zimmerman, A. (2018) ‘Sex workers fear for their future: How SESTA is putting many prostitutes in peril’, Daily Beast, 4 April. Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/sex-workers-fear-for-their-future-how-sesta-is-putting-many-prostitutes-in-peril

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 25 24 1
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics