8: So what is a research university?

Author:
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter

This chapter provides a core definition of the research university based on the concept of four particular duties. It then turns to the question of excellence. Do recent developments in research promote more excellent research or not. This is a pressing question since excellent research will be one of the planet’s only lifelines as climate change bites. Four issues are examined: over-publication, research culture, discovery research and levelling up

  • Adams, R. (2021) ‘Tuition fees from undergraduate students fail to cover costs of undergraduate courses at UCL’ The Times, September 11th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Adekoya, R. (2021) Biracial Britain: A Different Way of Looking at Race. London: Constable.

  • Ahmed, S. (2021) Complaint! Durham: Duke University Press.

  • Aknes, D.W., Langfeldt, L., Wouters, P. (2019) ‘Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: an overview of basic concepts and theoriesSage Open, January–March, 117.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aldiss, B. (2013) Finches of Mars. London: Harper Collins.

  • Altman, D.G. (1994) ‘The scandal of poor medical research’ British Medical Journal, 308, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6924.283.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Amin, A., Thrift, N.J. (2013) Arts of the Political. Durham: Duke University Press.

  • Amrhein, V., Greenland, S., McShane, B. (2019) ‘Scientists rise up against statistical significanceNature, March 20th.

  • Amrhein, V., Trafimow, V., Greenland, S. (2019) ‘Inferential statistics as descriptive statistics: there is no replication crisis if we don’t expect replication’ The American Statistician, 73, 262270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anderson, P. (2020) ‘Ukania perpetua?’ New Left Review, 125, 35108.

  • Anderson, P. (2021) ‘The breakawayLondon Review of Books, January 21st.

  • Andreas, J. (2009) Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Appiah, K.A. (2010) The Honor Code. How Moral Revolutions Happen. New York: W.W. Norton.

  • Atewologun, D., Cornish, T., Tresh, F. (2018) ‘Unconscious bias training: an assessment of the evidence for effectiveness’ Equality and Human Rights Commission, Research Report, 113.

  • Augar, P., Palmer, J. (2002) The Rise of the Player Manager. How Professionals Manage While They Work .London: Penguin.

  • Bachan, R., Bryson, A. (2021) The Gender Wage Gap Among Vice-Chancellors in the UK. Bonn: IZA.

  • Back, L. (2016) Academic Diary. Or Why Higher Education Still Matters. London: Goldsmiths Press.

  • Baer, U. (2019) What Snowflakes Get Right. Free Speech, Truth, and Equality on Campus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Barber, M. (2013) An Avalanche Is Coming. Higher Education and the Revolution Ahead. London: IPPR.

  • Barber, M. (2021) Houses of Wisdom. Universities, Scholarship, and Diversity of Perspective. King’s College Commemoration Address.

  • Barnett, A., Mewburn, I., Schroter, S. (2019) ‘Working 9 to 5, not the way to make an academic living: observational analysis of manuscript and peer review submissions over time’ British Medical Journal, 367, 16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barnett, R. (2018) The Ecological University. A Feasible Utopia. London: Routledge.

  • Barnett, R., Peters, M.A. (eds.) (2018) The Idea of the University: Contemporary Perspectives. London: Peter Lang.

  • Barry, A. (2020) ‘What is an environmental problem?Theory Culture and Society, 38, 93117.

  • Bauerlein, M., Gad-el-Hak, M., Grody, W., McKelvey, B., Trimble, S.W. (2010) ‘We must stop the avalanche of low-quality researchThe Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Becher, T., Trowler, P. (2001) Academic Tribes and Territories. Second Edition. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.

  • Becker, H.S. (2014) What About Mozart? What About Murder? Reasoning from Cases. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Bekhradnia, B., Beech, D. (2019) Demand for Higher Education to 2030. London: Higher Education Policy Institute.

  • Bell, T. (2022) ‘Why be a poor version of Germany instead of doing what we do best?The Guardian, July 10th.

  • Ben-Porath, S. (2018) ‘Against endorsing the Chicago PrinciplesInside Higher Education, December 11th.

  • Bennett, R. (2021) ‘Mixed media: what universities need to know about journalists so that they can get a better press’ HEPI Debate Paper 26.

  • Berardi, F. (2009) The Soul at Work. From Alienation to Autonomy. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).

  • Berman, E.P. (2012) Creating the Market University. How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bhambra, G., Holmwood, J. (2021) Colonialism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Biagoli, M. (2018) ‘Quality to impact, text to metadata: publication and evaluation in the age of metricsKnow, 2, 249275.

  • Bjornerud, M. (2018) Timefulness. How Thinking Like a Geologist Can Help Save the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Blackburn, L.H. (2014) ‘The fairest of them all? The support for Scottish students in full-time higher education’ ESRC Working Paper.

  • Blanchard, O., Rodrik, D. (2019) ‘Reversing the rise in inequality’ Petersen Institute for International Economics. www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/we-have-tools-reverse-rise-inequality.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blastland, M. (2019) The Hidden Half. How the World Conceals Its Secrets. London: Atlantic Books.

  • Bloom, N., Jones, C.L., Van Reenen, J., Webb, M. (2017) ‘Ideas aren’t running out but they are getting more expensive to findVoxEU/CEPR, September 20th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bloom, N., Jones, C.L., Van Reenen, J., Webb, M. (2020) ‘Are ideas getting harder to find?’ American Economic Review, 110, 11041144.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bloom, N., Van Reenen, J., Williams, H. (2019) ‘A toolkit of policies to promote innovation’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33, 163184.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boliver, V., Gorard, S., Siddiqui, N. (2019) ‘Using contextualized admissions to widen access to higher education: a guide to the evidence base’ Durham Centre Evidence Centre for Education Research Briefing, 1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bolton, P. (2021a) ‘Higher education funding in England’ House of Commons Briefing Paper 7393.

  • Bolton, P. (2021b) ‘Higher education student numbers’ House of Commons Briefing Paper 7857.

  • Bornmann, L., Mutz, R. (2014). ‘Growth rates of modern science: a bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited referencesarxiv.org. http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4578.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boston, J. (2016) Governing for the Future: Designing Democratic Institutions for a Better Tomorrow .London: Emerald.

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984) Homo Academicus. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Brabner, R. (2021) ‘People want free speech to thrive at universities … just not for racists, Holocaust deniers or advocates of religious violenceHepi News, May 17th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brant, P. (2019) ‘It’s not (yet?) true that half of young people go to universityHEPI Blog, October 9th.

  • Brazil, R. (2021) What’s wrong with research culture?’ Chemistry World, September 28th.

  • Brighouse, H., McPherson, M. (eds) (2015) The Aims of Higher Education. Problems of Morality and Justice. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brink, C. (2018) The Soul of a University. Why Excellence Is Not Enough. Bristol: Bristol University Press.

  • British Academy (2019) Lessons from the History of UK Science Policy. London: British Academy.

  • British Academy (2020) Qualified for the Future: Quantifying Demand for Arts, Humanities and Social Science Skills. London: British Academy.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Britton, J., Dearden, L., Waltmann, B. (2021) The Returns to Undergraduate Degrees by Socio-Economic Group and Ethnicity. Research Report. London: Department for Education/Institute for Fiscal Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Broecke, S. (2015) ‘University rankings: do they matter in the UK?’ Education Economics, 23, 137161.

  • Brooks, D. (2020a) ‘The future of nonconformityNew York Times, July 23rd.

  • Brooks, D. (2020b) ‘2020 taught us how to fix thisNew York Times, December 31st.

  • Brown, A. (2022) What’s Next for National Security and Research? HEPI Report 147. London: Higher Education Policy Institute.

  • Brown, W. (2015) Undoing the Demos. Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. New York: Zone Books.

  • Brynjolfsson, E., McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: W.W. Norton.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Buckley, W.F. (1951/1986) God and Man at Yale. The Superstitions of Academic Freedom. New York: Gateway.

  • Bukodi, E., Goldthorpe, J.H. (2018) Social Mobility and Education in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Bull, J.W., Taylor, E., Biggs, I., Grub, H.J., Yearley, T., Waters, H., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2022) ‘Analysis: the biodiversity footprint of the University of OxfordNature, 604, 402424.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burnett, K., Thrift, N.J. (2015) The Future of Higher Vocational Education. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

  • Byrne, E., Clarke, C. (2020) The University Challenge. London: Pearson.

  • Cain, S. (2013) Quiet. The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking. London: Penguin.

  • Callon, M. (2021) Markets in the Making. Rethinking Competition, Goods, and Innovation. New York: Zone Books.

  • Cannadine, D. (2004) ‘John Harold Plumb 1911–2001’ Proceedings of the British Academy, 124, 269309.

  • Caplan, B. (2018) The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carey, K. (2016) The End of College. Creating the Future of Learning and the University of Everywhere. New York: Riverhead.

  • Carey, K. (2020a) ‘The bleak job landscape of adjunctopia for Ph.D.sNew York Times, March 5th.

  • Carey, K. (2020b) ‘Everybody ready for the big migration to online college? Actually, noNew York Times, March 13th.

  • Carnes, N., Lupu, N. (2015) ‘What good is a college degree? Education and leader quality reconsideredThe Journal of Politics, 78, 3549.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cartwright, N., Hardie, J. (2012) Evidence-Based Policy. A Practical Guide to Doing It Better. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Carvalho, A. (2017) ‘Wishful thinking about R&D policy targets: what governments promise and what they actually deliver’ Science and Public Policy, 45, 373391.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cassasus, B. (2020) ‘How France overcame the odds to build a research mega-campusNature, October 27th.

  • CDBU (2021) Academic Freedom as a Public Good. London: Council for the Defence of British Universities.

  • Chakrabarty, D. (2009) ‘The climate of history. Four thesesCritical Inquiry, 35, 197222.

  • Chakrabarty, D. (2014) ‘Climate and capital: on conjoined historiesCritical Inquiry, 41, 123.

  • Chandler, J., Housley, C., Rough, E., Hutton, G. (2021) Research and Development Funding Policy. London: House of Commons.

  • Charity Commission (2021) ‘Campaigning and political activity guidance for charities’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/610137/CC9.pdf.

  • Chawla, D.S. (2019) ‘Hyperauthorship: global projects spark surge in thousand author projectsNature, December 13th.

  • Chaytor, S., Gottlieb, G., Reid, G. (2021) Regional Policy and R and D. Evidence, Experiments and Expectations. HEPI Report 137. London: HEPI.

  • Chicago Principles (2014) Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression. Chicago: University of Chicago.

  • Chirikov, I., Semenova, T., Maloshonok, T., Bettinger, E., Kizilcec, R.F. (2020) ‘Online education platforms scale college STEM instruction with equivalent learning outcomes at lower costScience Advances, 6, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5324 (15), eaay5324.6Sci Adv.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chivers, T. (2020) ‘If it doesn’t say “registered report”, don’t trust itUnherd, February 6th.

  • Christophers, B. (2022) Rentier Capitalism. Who Owns the Economy and Who Pays For It? London: Verso.

  • Cicero, M.T. (1991) On Duties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Clark, T. (2015) Ecocriticism on the Edge. The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept. London: Bloomsbury.

  • Clark, W. (2009) Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Cole, J.R. (2009) The Great American University. New York: Public Affairs.

  • Collini, S. (2012) What Are Universities For? London: Penguin.

  • Collini, S. (2013) ‘Sold outLondon Review of Books, 35, 312.

  • Collini, S. (2017) Speaking of Universities. London: Verso.

  • Commission on the Future of Higher Education (2013) A Critical Path. Securing the Future of Higher Education in England. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Committee of Public Accounts (2022) Financial Sustainability of the Higher Education Sector in England. London: House of Commons.

  • Committee on Higher Education (1963) Higher Education: Report of the Committee Appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63, Cmnd. 2154. London: HMSO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Conlon, G. (2019) Fees, Funding and Fairness. London: London Economics.

  • Cook, M.C., Newman, N. (2022) ‘AI for HE: a student journey map’ HEPI Guest Post. https://wp.me/p5FB74-521.

  • Cope, J. (2022) ‘We’ve reached a tipping point on apprenticeshipsHEPI Guest Post, https://wp.me/p5FB74-4Ym.

  • Cornell, B. (2020) PhD Life: The UK Student Experience. HEPI Report 131. London: HEPI.

  • Corver, M. (2019) ‘Higher education is big business’ WonkHE, November 11th.

  • Corver, M. (2021) ‘High inflation could devastate universities and leave students overwhelmed by debt’ HEPI Blog, July 14th.

  • Cox, G. (2013) Overcoming Short-Termism in British Business. London: Labour Party.

  • Cramer, L. (2021) ‘Equity, diversion and inclusion: alternative strategies for closing the award gap between white and minority ethnic studentseLife, 10: e58971 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.58971.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crow, M.M., Dabars, W.B. (2015) Designing the New American University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

  • Crow, M.M., Dabars, W.B. (2020) The Fifth Wave. The Evolution of American Higher Education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

  • Currid-Halkett, E. (2017) The Sum of Small Things. A Theory of the Aspirational Class. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Daniels, R.J. (with Shreve, G., Spector, P.) (2021) What Universities Owe Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

  • Daston, L., Galison, P. (2007) Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.

  • Davies, W. (2022) ‘How many words does it take to make a mistake?London Review of Books, February 24th.

  • Davis, G. (2017) The Australian Idea of a University. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.

  • Davis, L.J. (2008) Obsession. A History. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

  • Davis, M. (2022) ‘Thanatos triumphantNLR Sidecar, March 7th.

  • Day, R.E. (2014) Indexing It All. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  • Delbanco, A. (2012) College. What It Was, Is, and Should Be. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Department for Education/Department for International Trade (2019) ‘International education strategy. global potential, global growth’ Policy Paper. London: Department for Education/Department for International Trade.

  • Deryugina, T., Shurchkov, O., Stearns, J. (2021) ‘Covid-19 disruptions disproportionately affect female academics’ NBER Working Paper 28360. www.nber.org/papers/w28360.

  • de Waal, E. (2021) Letters to Camondo. London: Chatto & Windus.

  • Dickinson, J. (2019) ‘When did decent student housing become a luxury?WonkHE, 10th December.

  • Dickinson, J. (2020) ‘Will more “free speech” regulation have unintended consequences?WonkHE, March 9th.

  • Dickinson, J. (2021a) ‘Is debate under threat on UK campusesWonkHE, January 20th.

  • Dickinson, J. (2021b) ‘Student finance: it’s the interest rate stupidWonkHE, May 31st.

  • Dickinson, J. (2021c) ‘Are universities the right vehicle for schools improvementWonkHE, November 29th.

  • Dickinson, J. (2021d) ‘Students shouldn’t pay for things they don’t useWonkHE, January 11th.

  • Dickinson, J. (2022) ‘Here’s how we get off the campus conflict see-sawWonkHE, February 21st.

  • Dobbin, F., Kalev, A. (2018) ‘Why doesn’t diversity training work? The challenge for industry and academiaAnthropology Now, 10, 4855.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2018) Love, Money, and Parenting. How Economics Explains the Way We Raise Our Kids .Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Donald, A. (2021) The Research and Technical Workforce in the UK. London: Royal Society.

  • Douthat, R. (2021) ‘How Michel Foucault lost the left and won the rightNew York Times, May 25th.

  • Duncan, E. (2021) ‘Britain needs more second-class universitiesThe Times, July 9th.

  • Duranti, A. (2013) ‘On the future of anthropology: fundraising, the job market and the corporate turnAnthropological Theory, 13, 201221.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Economist (2020a) ‘Are left-wing American professors indoctrinating their students?The Economist, January 9th.

  • Economist (2020b) ‘Britain’s mixed-race population blurs the lines of identity politics’ The Economist, October 12th.

  • Edgerton, D. (2009) ‘The ‘Haldane Principle’ and other invented traditions in science policyHistory and Policy, Policy Paper 88.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Edgerton, D. (2019) The Shock of the Old. Technology and Global History Since 1900. London: Profile.

  • Edsall, T. (2022) ‘America has split and it’s now in very dangerous territoryNew York Times, January 26th.

  • EHRC (2019) Tackling Racial Harassment: Universities Challenged. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission.

  • Ehrenreich, R. (1994) A Garden of Paper Flowers. An American at Oxford. London: Picador.

  • Elsevier (2020) The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens. London: Elsevier.

  • Epstein, D. (2019) Range. How Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World. New York: Macmillan.

  • Errington, T., Mathur, M., Soderbergh, C.K., Denis, A., Perfito, N., Iorns, E., Nosek, B.A. (2021) ‘Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology’ eLife, 10, e71601.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Estermann, T. (2015) ‘University autonomy in EuropeUniversity Education, 3, 2832.

  • Facer, K. (2020) ‘Beyond business as usual. Higher education in the age of climate change’ HEPI Debate Paper, 24.

  • Fanshawe, S. (2021) The Power of Difference: Where the Complexities of Diversity and Inclusion Meet Practical Solutions .London: Kogan Page.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Finn, M. (2022) ‘What’s the use of the staff:student ratio?’ WonkHE, May 24th.

  • Flaherty, N. (2019) ‘Death knell for trigger warnings?Inside Higher Ed, March 16th.

  • Fleming, N. (2019) ‘The microscopic advances that are opening big advances in cell biologyNature, November 27th.

  • Fleming, P. (2021) Dark Academia: How Universities Die. London: Pluto Press.

  • Forth, T., Jones, R.A.L. (2020) The Missing £4 Billion. Making R and D Work for the Whole of the UK. London: NESTA.

  • Frank, J., Gowar, N., Naef, M. (2019) English Universities in Crisis. Markets Without Competition. Bristol: Bristol University Press.

  • Fraser, F., Blagden, J., Holloway, W. (2021) Levelling Up Innovation. London: Onward.

  • Gabrys, J. (2016) Program Earth: Environmental Sensing Technology and the Making of a Computational Planet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gadd, E. (2020) ‘University rankings need a rethinkNature, November 24th.

  • Gadd, E. (2021a) ‘Mis-measuring our universities: why global university rankings don’t add upFrontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.680023.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gadd, E. (2021b) ‘Using REF results responsiblyWonkHE, September 27th.

  • Galison, P., Thompson, E. (eds.) (1999) The Architecture of Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  • Ganesh, J. (2019) ‘Parenthood should be taken off its pedestalFinancial Times, September 21st.

  • Garcia, T. (2021) We Ourselves. The Politics of Us. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Gastfriend, E. (2015) ‘90% of all the scientists that ever lived are alive todayfutureoflife.org. https://futureoflife.org/2015/11/05/90-of-all-the-scientists-that-ever-lived-are-alive-today/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern World .Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Glennie, P.D., Thrift, N.J. (2009) Shaping the Day. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Godin, B. (2015) Innovation Contested – The Idea of Innovation Over the Centuries. London: Routledge.

  • Godin, B. (2019) The Invention of Technological Innovation: Languages, Discourses and Ideology in Historical Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goldin, C., Katz, L.F. (2008) The Race Between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Goldthorpe, J. (2020) ‘The expert in social mobility who says that education cannot make it happen’. Interview with Peter Wilby’ The Guardian, March 17th.

  • Gombrich, R.F. (2000) ‘British higher education policy in the last twenty years: the murder of a profession’, www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/mem/papers/LHCE/uk-higher-education.html.

  • Gonzales, A.L., Calarco, J.M., Lynch, T. (2018) ‘Technology problems and student achievement gaps: a validation and extension of the technology maintenance constructCommunication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218796366.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodall, A. (2009) Socrates in the Boardroom: Why Research Universities Should Be Led by Top Scholars. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodhart, D. (2019) ‘How Boris can cement his new coalitionUnherd, December 31st.

  • Goodhart, D. (2020) Head, Hand, Heart. The Struggle for Dignity and Status in the 21st Century. London: Allen Lane.

  • Goodhart, D. (2021) Tony Blair is still wrong on his 50% university target’ Unherd, June 2nd.

  • Gordon, R. (2016) The Rise and Fall of American Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Gore, G. (2018) ‘UK Universities turn to private market as debts rack upInternational Finance Review, October 12th.

  • GOV.UK (2021) Entry Rates into Higher Education. London: Department of Education

  • Graeber, D. (2015) The Utopia of Rules. On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy. New York: Melville House.

  • Graeber, D. (2018) Bullshit Jobs. A Theory. London: Allen Lane.

  • Grafton, A. (1997) The Footnote. A Curious History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Graham, S., Thrift., N.J. (2007) ‘Out of order: understanding repair and maintenanceTheory Culture and Society, 24, 125.

  • Grant, J. (2021) The New Power University. The Social Purpose of Higher Education in the Twenty First Century. London: Pearson.

  • Grant, J., Hewlett, K., Nir, T., Duffy, B. (2019) Freedom of Expression in UK Universities. London: King’s College Policy Institute.

  • Gray, J. (2018) ‘The problem of hyper-liberalismTimes Literary Supplement, March 30th.

  • Green, S. (2013) ‘Innovation: the history of a buzzwordThe Atlantic, June 20th.

  • Green, T.L., Hagiwara, N. (2020) ‘The problem with implicit bias trainingScientific American, August 28th.

  • Griffiths, S. (2021) ‘Britain’s brightest plot a course across the pondThe Times, May 30th.

  • Grove, J. (2020) ‘Mark Griffiths: the professor who published a paper every two daysTimes Higher Education, October 22nd.

  • Gschwandtner, A., McManus, R. (2018) ‘University vice chancellor pay, performance and (asymmetric) benchmarking’ University of Kent School of Economics Discussion Paper 1807.

  • Haldane, A. (2018) Ideas and Institutions – A Growth Story. Speech to The Guild Society, Oxford.

  • Halsey, A.H. (1995) The Decline of Donnish Dominion. The British Academic Professions in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Halsey, A.H., Trow, M. (1971) The British Academics. London: Faber.

  • Haraway, D. (2018) ‘Making kin in the cthulucene: reproducing multispecies justice’ in Clarke, A.E., Haraway, D. (eds.) Making Kin Not Population. Chicago, Prickly Paradigm Press, 67100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hayes, C. (2021) ‘On the internet we’re always famousThe New Yorker, September 24th.

  • Herb, U. (2019) ‘Steering science through Output Indicators & Data Capitalism’. Proceedings of the 23rd Congress of the European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, Turin 2019. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3333395.

  • HEFCE (2018) Differences in Student Outcomes: The Effect of Student Characteristics. London: HEFCE.

  • HESA (2020) Higher Education Staff Statistics: UK, 2018/19. Cheltenham: Higher Education Statistics Agency.

  • Hewitt, R. (2020) Demand for Higher Education to 2035. HEPI Report 134. London: HEPI.

  • Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., de Rijcke, S., Rafols, I. (2015) ‘Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics’ Nature, 520, 429431 .

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hillman, N. (2017) ‘Why we must protect university autonomy’ Speech to the inaugural G20 meeting at the University of Buckingham, April 3rd.

  • Hillman, N. (2020) From T to R Revisited: Cross-Subsidies from Teaching to Research after Augar and the 2.4% R&D Target. London: Higher Education Policy Institute.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hillman, N. (2021a) ‘A short guide to non-continuation in UK universities’ HEPI Policy Note 28.

  • Hillman, N. (2021b) ‘Sex and relationships among students: summary report’ HEPI Policy Note 30.

  • Hillman, N. (2022a) ‘Digging in: the changing tenure of UK vice-chancellors’ HEPI Policy Note 34.

  • Hillman, N. (2022b) ‘“You can’t say that”. What students really think of free speech on campus’ HEPI Policy Note 35.

  • Hinde, K. et al. (2021) ‘Education and outreach: March Mammal Madness and the power of narrative in science outreacheLife. doi: 10.7554/eLife.65066.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • HMG (2020) UK Research and Development Roadmap. London: Her Majesty’s Government.

  • HMG (2022) Levelling Up the United Kingdom. London: Her Majesty’s Government.

  • Hooper, R. (2021) How to Spend a Trillion Dollars Saving the World and Solving the Biggest Questions in Science. London: Profile.

  • Horgan, A. (2020) Public Higher Education for the Public Good. Addressing the Covid-19 Crisis. London: Common Wealth.

  • House, G. (2020) Postgraduate Education in the UK. HEPI Analytical Report 1. London: HEPI.

  • Hudson, L.J., Mansfield, I. (2020) Universities at the Crossroads. How Higher Education Leadership Must Act to Regain the Trust of Their Staff, Their Communities and the Whole Nation. London: Policy Exchange.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hutton, G. (2021) Research and Development Spending. London: House of Commons Library.

  • Ialenti, V. (2020) Deep Time Reckoning. How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  • Ioannidis, J.P.A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., Boyack, K.W. (2019) ‘A standardized citation metrics author database annotated for scientific fieldPLOS Biology, 17, 16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Irwin, A. (2018) ‘No PhDs needed: how citizen science is transforming researchNature, October 23rd.

  • Jaschik, S. (2017) ‘Professors and politics: what the research saysInside Higher Education, February 27th.

  • James, W. (1918/2010) ‘The Ph.D. octopus’ in Richardson, R. (ed.) The Heart of William James. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • James, W. (1890) The Principles of Psychology. Volume 1 .New York: Dover.

  • Jenkins, S. (2019) ‘What are our universities for? Taxpayers have a right to knowThe Guardian, 31st May.

  • Jinha, A.F. (2010) ‘Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existenceLearned Publishing, 25, 258263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, J. (2020) ‘Universities must do more to attract foreign students’ The Times, June 15th.

  • Johnson, J., Adams, J., Grant, J., Murphy, D. (2022) Stumbling Bear, Soaring Dragon. Russia, China and the Geopolitics of Global Science. London: King’s Policy Institute.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Joice, W., Tetlow, A. (2020) Ethnicity STEM Data for Students and Academic Staff in Higher Education, 2007/8 to 2018/19 .London: Royal Society.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, L., Hameiri, H. (2021) ‘COVID-19 and the failure of the neoliberal regulatory stateReview of International Political Economy, 28, 283-294

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, S., Blakey, M. (2020) Student Accommodation. The Facts. HEPI Analytical Report 2. London: HEPI.

  • Judge, P.G. (2021) ‘The enduring mystery of the solar coronaPhysics World, September 16th.

  • Kang, J.C. (2019) ‘Where does affirmative action leave Asian-Americans?New York Times Magazine, August 28th.

  • Kaplan, S. (2019) ‘Duke University to pay $112.5 million to settle claims of research misconductNew York Times, March 25th.

  • Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J.Y., Smith, N.R. (2020) ‘Ethnic, religious and gender differences in intragenerational economic mobility in England and WalesSociology, 54(5), 883903.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Katz, R., Ogilvie, S., Shaw, J., Woodhead, L. (2021) Gen Z, Explained. The Art of Living in a Digital Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kennedy, M. (2011) ‘Cultural formations of the public university. Globalization, diversity, and the state at the University of Michigan’ in Rhoten, D., Calhoun, C. (eds.) Knowledge Matters. The Public Mission of the Research University. New York: Columbia University Press, 457500.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kernohan, D. (2021a) ‘Gravity assist lacks forceWonkHE, February 25th.

  • Kernohan, D. (2021b) ‘Where next for higher education funding in Scotland?WonkHE, May 28th.

  • Kernohan, D. (2022) ‘This is fine: regulation, autonomy, and fear’ WonkHE, May 23rd.

  • Khan, S.R. (2016) ‘The education of elites in the United States’ L’Ann ée Sociologique, 66, 171192.

  • Khurana, R. (2007) From Higher Aims to Hired Hands. The Social Transformation of Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kim, E.T. (2020) ‘The perils of “people of colour’’’ The New Yorker, July 29th.

  • Kirby, P., Cullinane, C. (2016) ‘Class differences: ethnicity and disadvantageSutton Trust Research Brief, 14.

  • Knight, E., Jones, A., Gertler, M.S. (2020) ‘The public university and the retreat from globalisation: an economic geography perspective on managing local–global tensions in international higher educationEnvironment and Planning A, 53, 210218.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kozlowski, D., Larivière, V., Sugimoto, C., Monroe-White, T. (2022) ‘Intersectional inequalities in sciencePNAS 119(2) e2113067119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113067119.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krznaric, R. (2019) ‘Why we need to reinvent democracy for the long termBBC Future, March 19th.

  • Kznaric, R. (2020) ‘Four ways to redesign democracy for future generationsopenDemocracy, July 12th.

  • Lambert, H. (2019) ‘The great university con: how the British degree lost its valueNew Statesman, August 21st.

  • Lanchester, J. (2015) ‘The robots are comingLondon Review of Books, 5th March, 38.

  • Landis, S., Amara, S., Asadullah, K. et al. (2012) ‘A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research’ Nature, 490, 187191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11556.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lapworth, S. (2018) ‘Having regard to institutional autonomyOffice for Students blog, October 26th.

  • Lashuel, H. (2020) ‘The busy lives of academics have hidden costs – and universities must take better care of their faculty membersNature, March 5th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laslett, P. (1967) ‘The university in high industrial society’ in Crick, B. (ed.) Essays on Reform. London: Oxford University Press, 120143.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Latchman, D. (2021) ‘Bringing universities into the 21st century: supporting onsite teaching with virtual learningHEPI Guest Post. https://wp.me/p5FB74-4O4.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Latour, B. (1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Latour, B. (2013) An Inquiry into Modes of Existence. An Anthropology of the Moderns. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Latour, B. (2016) ‘Is Geo-logy the new umbrella for all the sciences? Hints for a neo-Humboldtian university’ Lecture at Cornell University, 25th October 2016.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lepore, J. (2020) If Then: How One Data Company Invented the Future. London: John Murray.

  • Leroi, A.M. (2014) The Lagoon. How Aristotle Invented Science. London: Bloomsbury.

  • Leslie, J., Shah, K. (2021) Wealth Gap Year. The Impact of the Coronavirus on UK Household Wealth. London: Resolution Foundation.

  • Lewis, D. (2019) ‘Global political climate of fear threatens ecologists’ workNature, 1st April.

  • Leyshon, A., Thrift, N.J. (2007) ‘The capitalization of almost everythingTheory Culture and Society, 24, 97115.

  • Livingstone, D.N. (2003) Putting Science in its Place. Geographies of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Lockee, B. (2021) ‘Online education in the post-COVID era’ Nature Electronics, 4, 56.

  • London Economics (2017) The Economic Impact of Russell Group Universities. London: Russell Group.

  • Lopez, B. (2019) Horizon. New York: Vintage.

  • Lucey, B.M., Urquhart, A., Zhang, H. (2020) ‘UK Vice Chancellor compensation: do they get what they deserve?SSRN, January 20th.

  • Lury, C. (2021) Problem Spaces. How and Why Methodology Matters. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • MacFarquhar, L. (2011) ‘How to be goodNew Yorker, September 5th.

  • McCarthy, I.P., Silvestre, B.S., Nordenflych, A., Breznitz, S.M (2018) ‘A typology of university research park strategies: What parks do and why it matters’ Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 47, 110122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.01.004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McFarlane, B., Burg, D. (2019) ‘Women professors and the academic housework trap’ Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41, 262274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McGettigan, A. (2013) The Great University Gamble. Money, Markets and the Future of Higher Education. London: Pluto Press.

  • Mckenzie, C. (2021) ‘The re-balancing act of public research and developmentHEPI Blog. https://wp.me/p5FB74-4JI.

  • Malchow, H. (2011) Special Relations? The Americanization of Britain. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  • Mandler, P. (2015) Lecture to the Australian Historical Society.

  • Mandler, P. (2020) The Crisis of the Meritocracy. Britain’s Transition to Mass Education Since the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mandler, P. (2021) ‘(Yet another) crisis of the humanitiesHEPI Guest Post, September 28th. https://wp.me/p5FB74-4FW.

  • Mannix, L. (2022) ‘Desperate, despondent, ignored: Australian science at crisis point’ Sydney Morning Herald, March 20th.

  • Marcus, J. (2020) ‘How technology is changing the future of higher educationNew York Times, February 24th.

  • Marginson, S. (2018) Higher Education as Self-Formation. London: IOE Press.

  • Markovits, D. (2019) The Meritocracy Trap. London: Penguin.

  • Marriott, J. (2021a) ‘Can’t even: how millennials became the burnout generationThe Times, January 7th.

  • Marriott, J. (2021b) ‘The new elites are working class wannabe’sThe Times, January 20th.

  • Marriott, J. (2021c) ‘If you want to get ahead, ditch your creativityThe Times, May 12th.

  • Marriott, J. (2021d) ‘Modern life has set us all free in our twentiesThe Times, October 21st.

  • Martin, M. (2020) ‘5 reasons diversity training usually failsFast Company, August 3rd.

  • Masschelein, J. (2019) ‘Turning a city into a milieu of study: university pedagogy as “frontline”’. Educational Theory, 69, 185-203.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Matthews, D. (2020) ‘Pandemic lockdown holding back female academics, data showTimes Higher Education, June 25th.

  • Matthews, D. (2021) ‘Drowning in the literature? These software tools can helpNature, September 1st.

  • Mazur, E. (2013) Peer Instruction. A User’s Manual. London: Pearson.

  • Mazzucato, M. (2020) ‘We socialize bailouts. We should socialize successes tooNew York Times, July 1st.

  • Menard, A.D., Trant, J.F. (2020) ‘A review and critique of lab safetyNature Chemistry, 12, 1275.

  • Millward, C. (2021) White Students Who Are Left Behind: The Importance of Place. London: Office for Students.

  • Mirowski, P. (2011) Science-Mart. Privatizing American Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Mitchell, T. (2015) ‘Economentality: how the future entered governmentCritical Inquiry, 40, 479507.

  • Moller, V. (2019) The Map of Knowledge. How Classical Ideas Were Lost and Found: A History in Seven Cities. London: Picador.

  • Morphew, C.C., Eckel, P.D (eds) (2009) Privatizing the Public University. Perspectives from Across the Academy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Morse, A. (2017) ‘Preface to National Audit OfficeThe Higher Education Market. London: National Audit Office.

  • Mulhern, F. (2020) ‘In the academic counting house’ New Left Review, 123, 115132.

  • National Audit Office (2022) Regulating the Financial Sustainability of Higher Education Providers in England. London: National Audit Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997) Higher Education in the Learning Society. London: HMSO.

  • Nature (2020) ‘Editorial: Nature will publish peer review reports as a trialNature, February 5th.

  • Nature (2021) ‘Protect precious scientific collaboration from geopoliticsNature, May 27th.

  • Nature (2022) ‘Research evaluation needs to change with the times’ Nature, January 11th.

  • Nelson, N.C. (2021) ‘Understand the real reasons reproducibility reform failsNature, 600, 191.

  • Nietzsche, F. (1990) Twilight of the Idols. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

  • Norris, P. (2021) ‘Cancel culture: myth or reality?Political Studies. doi.org/10.1177/00323217211037023.

  • Nurse, P. (2021) ‘Biology must generate ideas as well as dataNature, 597, 305.

  • Nussbaum, M. (2010) Not for Profit. Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Nuwer, R. (2019) ‘This Tarantula became a scientific celebrity. Was it poached from the wild?New York Times, April 1st.

  • O’Sullivan, S. (2021) The Sleeping Beauties: And Other Stories of Mystery Illness. London: Picador.

  • OfS (2019) ‘Unconditional offers: serving the interests of students?Insight, 1. London: Office for Students.

  • ONS (2022) ‘Estimating suicide among higher education students, England and Wales: experimental statistics: 2017 to 2020’. London: Office for National Statistics.

  • Orben, A., Przybylski, A.K. (2019) ‘The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology useNature Human Behaviour, 3, 173182.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oreskes, N. (2019) Why Trust Science? Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Osterloh, M., Frey, B.S. (2014) ‘Ranking gamesEvaluation Review, 39, 102-129.

  • Oswald, A. (2001) ‘An Economist’s View of University League Tablesandrewoswald.com. www.andrewoswald.com/docs/leaguetablespmm.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oswald, A. (2017) ‘How much should university vice-chancellors be paid?andrewoswald.com. www.andrewoswald.com/docs/VCpayOswaldTimesHigherSeptember2017.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Packer, G. (2020) ‘The enemies of writingThe Atlantic, January 23rd.

  • Page, B. (2020) ‘Streaming is stalling: Can music keep up in the attention economy? Billboard, December 16th.

  • Pelfrey, P.A. (1984) A Brief History of the University of California. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • Peters, M.A., Barnett, R. (eds.) (2018) The Idea of the University: A Reader. London: Peter Lang.

  • Plumer, B., Davenport, C. (2019) ‘Science under attack: how the Trump administration is sidelining researchers and their workNew York Times, December 28th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Poskett, J. (2022) Horizons. A Global History of Science. London: Viking.

  • Price, C.C., Edwards, K. (2020) ‘Trends in income from 1975 to 2018Rand Working Paper WR-A516-1.

  • Rawlinson, S. (2019) ‘Growing pains: It is possible that the UK higher education sector is approaching “peak campus”?Building, September 9th.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reich, J. (2020) Failure to Disrupt. Why Technology Can’t Transform Education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Reisz, M (2015) ‘Humanities crisis? What crisis?’ Times Higher Education, July 6th, 10.

  • Ribeiro, L.C., Rapini, M., Silva, L.A., Albuquerque, L. (2018) ‘Growth patterns of the network of international collaboration in scienceScientometrics, 114, 159179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Riskin, J. (2016) The Restless Clock. A History of the Centuries-Long Argument Over What Makes Living Things Tick. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ritchie, S. (2020) Science Fictions. Exposing Fraud, Bias, Negligence and Hype in Science .London: Bodley Head.

  • Rivera, L.A. (2015) Pedigree. How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Roberts, A. (2022) The This. London: Gollancz.

  • Roberts, G. (2021) The Humanities in Modern Britain: Challenges and Opportunities. HEPI Report 141. London: HEPI.

  • Roberts, J. (2009) Wilhelm von Humboldt and German Liberalism. Oakville: Mosaic Press.

  • Robinson, K.S. (2020) The Ministry for the Future. London: Orbit.

  • Rose, N. (2019) Our Psychiatric Future. The Politics of Mental Health. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Russell Group (2020) Russell Group Analysis Based on Data from the OfS Shows Declining Funding for Undergraduate Teaching. London: Russell Group.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Russell Group (2021) Realising Our Potential. Backing Talent and Strengthening UK Research Culture and Environment. London: Russell Group.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Şahin, M., Kurban C.F. (2019) The New University Model: Scaling Flipped Learning in Higher Education. New York: Global Publishing.

  • Salovey, P. (2019) ‘A culture of curiosity’ https://president.yale.edu/president/speeches/culture-curiosity

  • Sandel, M. (2020) The Tranny of Merit. What’s Become of the Common Good? London: Penguin.

  • Savage, M. (2021) The Return of Inequality. Social Change and the Weight of the Past. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Schmidgen, H. (2015) Bruno Latour in Pieces. An Intellectual Biography. New York: Fordham University Press.

  • Schmidgen, H. (2018) ‘History of the beginnings of the laboratory in the modern worldbrewminate.com. https://brewminate.com/history-of-the-beginnings-of-the-laboratory-in-the-early-modern-world/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schweinsberg, M. et al. (2021) ‘Same data, different conclusions: radical dispersion in empirical results when independent analysts operationalize and test the same hypothesisOrganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 165, 228249.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Scott, P. (2021) Retreat or Resolution? Tackling the Crisis of Higher Education. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Seldon, A. (2018) The Fourth Education Revolution. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press.

  • Seldon, A. (2019) Universities have lost the country. Here’s how UUK must reform to win it back’ HEPI Blog, March 14th.

  • Senior, J. (2020) ‘95 per cent of representatives have a degree. Look where that’s got usNew York Times, December 21st.

  • Shapin, S. (1994) A Social History of Truth. Civility and Science in Seventeenth Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Shapin, S. (2012) ‘The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses’ British Journal of the History of Science, 45, 127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087412000118.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shapin, S. (2020) ‘The rise and rise of creativityAeon, October 16th. https://aeon.co/essays/how-did-creativity-become-an-engine-of-economic-growth?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shattock, M., Horvath, A. (2019) The Governance of British Higher Education. London: Bloomsbury.

  • Shostya, A. (2015) ‘The use of time among college students: a US–China comparisonInternational Journal of Education, 7, 195208.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Simpson, R. (1983) How the PhD Came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education .Guildford: Society for Research into Higher Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Simpson, R. (2009) The Development of the PhD Degree in Britain, 1917–1959 and Since. An Evolutionary and Statistical History in Higher Education. New York: Edward Mellon Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Singal, J. (2019) ‘Rightside norms, accuracy norms, and internet garbage-fightsSubstack, January 20th.

  • Sloterdijk, P. (2011) Neither Sun nor Death. New York: Semiotext(e).