FOUR:
Forced familial separation via detention and deportation is a looming threat facing the 6 million US-citizen children who currently live in households with at least one undocumented parent. Today’s immigration landscape is characterized by a complex proliferation and intensification of existing immigration enforcement tactics at the federal, state, and local level separating tens of thousands of children from their parents and producing irreparable harm. In FY 2022 alone, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)—carried out 142,750 arrests, imprisoned a daily average of 30,000 individuals in one of the nation’s immigration prisons, and deported over 70,000 persons. While these numbers are lower than record highs of 2019 (nearly a quarter million removals), rates have steadily increased each month since early 2022 as the world recovers from a global pandemic. Likely, we will continue to see increases in the imprisonment and removal of non-citizens in the forthcoming years. Many of these detentions and deportations are made possible via “crimmigration.” Although criminal law and immigration law are two separate systems, crimmigration is a term used by scholars to describe the process of blending the two whereby non-citizens who are convicted of a criminal offense may also have their current and future immigration statuses jeopardized. Specifically, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA) created a loophole for immigrants to experience dual punishment for the same act by placing all non-citizens who are arrested by police (criminal law) at risk of imprisonment in a detention facility and removal proceedings (civil law).
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Amuedo-Dorantes, C. and Lopez, M. J. (2015) Falling through the cracks? Grade retention and school dropout among children of likely unauthorized immigrants. American Economic Review, 105(5): 598–603.
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Chaudry, A., Capps, R., Pedroza, J. M., Castaneda, R. M., Santos, R., and Scott, M. M. (2010) Facing our future: children in the aftermath of immigration enforcement. Urban Institute (NJ1). Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED508226
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Cruz Nichols, V., LeBrón, A. M., and Pedraza, F. I. (2018) Spillover effects: immigrant policing and government skepticism in matters of health for Latinos. Public Administration Review, 78(3): 432–43.
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Dreby, J. (2012) The burden of deportation on children in Mexican immigrant families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4): 829–45.
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Golash-Boza, T. (2019) Punishment beyond the deportee: the collateral consequences of deportation. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(9): 1331–49.
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Gonzalez, G. and Patler, C. (2021) The educational consequences of parental immigration detention. Sociological Perspectives, 64(2): 301–20.
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Gulbas, L. E., Zayas, L. H., Yoon, H., Szlyk, H., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., and Natera, G. (2016) Deportation experiences and depression among US citizen-children with undocumented Mexican parents. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(2): 220–30.
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Patler, C. and Gonzalez, G. (2021) Compounded vulnerability: the consequences of immigration detention for institutional attachment and system avoidance in mixed-immigration-status families. Social Problems, 68(4): 886–902.
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Rojas-Flores, L., Clements, M. L., Hwang Koo, J., and London, J. (2017) Trauma and psychological distress in Latino citizen children following parental detention and deportation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(3): 352.
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Vargas, E. D., Juárez, M., Sanchez, G. R., and Livaudais, M. (2019) Latinos’ connections to immigrants: how knowing a deportee impacts Latino health. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(15): 2971–88.
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