9: Conclusion

Publication Date:
20 Sep 2022
Pages:
161–170
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529204308.ch009
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (
GBP  £20.00
)

This final chapter returns to the four themes established in Chapter 1: tensions between pragmatic and ideological responses to events; Labour’s understanding of socialism; distinctions between revolutionary and parliamentary socialism; and the relationship between the party and the trade unions. It demonstrates how crises have shaped the party’s economic ideology and challenged contemporary understandings of socialism and the means of achieving it. It traces the different strands of Labour’s socialism and argues that the party’s commitment to socialism has drawn from an ethical rather than economic or Marxist lineage. It highlights some differences between the experiences of the party in government and opposition but rejects simple classifications of Old and New Labour, arguing that throughout its history Labour’s economic policy has been guided more by pragmatic concerns than ideology.

  • Abrams, M., Rose, R. and Hinden, R. (1960). Must Labour Lose? Harmondsworth: Penguin.

  • Acharya, V.V., Drechsler, I. and Schnabl, P. (2011). A Pyrrhic Victory? Bank Bailouts and Sovereign Credit Risks. Retrieved 11 August 2013 from: http://archive.nyu.edu/fda/bitstream/2451/31331/2/ADS_Paper_Aug2011.pdf

  • Addison, P. (1977). The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War. London: Quartet Books.

  • Adelman, P. (2014). The Rise of the Labour Party 1880–1945. London: Routledge.

  • Aldcroft, D.H. and Oliver, M.J. (2000). Trade Unions and the Economy: 1870–2000. Aldershot: Ashgate.

  • Alderman, K. and Carter, N. (1994). The Labour Party and the Trade Unions: Loosening the Ties. Parliamentary Affairs, 47(3), 321–337.

  • Alderman, K. and Carter, N. (1995). The Labour Party Leadership and Deputy Leadership Elections of 1994. Parliamentary Affairs, 48(3), 438–455.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Allen, W.A. (2014). Monetary Policy and Financial Repression in Britain 1951–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Artis, M. and Cobham, D. (1991). Labour’s Economic Policies 1974–79. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Artus, J.A. (1975). The 1967 Devaluation of the Pound Sterling. Staff Papers (International Monetary Fund), 22(3), 595–640.

  • Attlee, C. (1937). The Labour Party in Perspective. London: Victor Gollancz.

  • Attlee, C. (2019). As It Happened. London: Sharpe Books.

  • Bale, T. and Webb, P. (2015). The Conservatives: Their Sweetest Victory? In A. Geddes and J. Tonge (eds) Britain Votes 2015 (pp 41–53). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ball, S. (1988). Baldwin and the Conservative Party. London: Yale University Press.

  • Balls, E. and O’Donnell, G. (2002). Reforming Britain’s Economic and Financial Policy: Towards Greater Economic Stability. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bank of England. (2021). What Is Quantitative Easing? Retrieved 14 July 2022 from: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/quantitative-easing

  • Banks, R.F. (1969). The Reform of British Industrial Relations: The Donovan Report and the Labour Government’s Policy Proposals. Industrial Relations, 24(2), 333–382.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barberis, P. (2006). The Labour Party and Mr Keynes in the 1930s: A Partial Keynesian Revolution without Mr Keynes. Labour History Review, 71(2), 145–166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barker, R. (1976). Political Myth: Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Party. History, 61(201), 46–56.

  • Bartley, P. (2019). Labour Women in Power: Cabinet Ministers in the Twentieth Century. Cham: Springer International.

  • Batroini, D. (2021). The Battle of Ideas in the Labour Party: From Attlee to Corbyn and Brexit. Bristol: Bristol University Press.

  • BBC News. (1998, 5 October). Brown Pushes for IMF Reform. Retrieved 14 June 2021 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/imf/184918.stm

  • BBC News. (2014, 3 December). Government to Pay off WW1 Debt. Retrieved 29 June 2021 from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-3030657

  • BBC News. (2015, 22 July). Margaret Beckett: I was Moron to Nominate Jeremy Corbyn. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33625612

  • Beech, M. and Hickson, K. (2007). Labour’s Thinkers: The Intellectual Roots of Labour from Tawney to Gordon Brown. London: Tauris Academic Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beech, M. and Hickson, K. (2014). Blue or Purple? Reflection on the Future of the Labour Party. Political Studies Review, 12, 75–87.

  • Beech, M. and Page, R.M. (2015). Blue and Purple Labour Challenges to the Welfare State: How Should ‘Statist’ Social Democrats Respond? Social Policy and Society, 14(3), 341–356.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beer, S. (1965). Modern British Politics. London: Faber & Faber.

  • Beers, L. (2008). Book Review: Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson Labour’s Thinkers: The Intellectual Roots of Labour from Tawney to Gordon Brown. Journal of British Studies, 47(3), 727–728.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bell, D.N. and Blanchflower, D.G. (2014). UK Unemployment in the Great Recession. National Institute Economic Review, 214, R3–R25.

  • Bell, P. (2004). The Labour Party in Opposition 1970–1974. London: Routledge.

  • Benn, T. (1996). The Benn Diaries 1940–1990. London: Arrow Books.

  • Bevan, A. (2008). In Place of Fear. Weybridge: The Aneurin Bevan Society.

  • Beveridge, W. (1942). Social Insurance and Allied Services. London: HMSO.

  • Blaazer, D. (1999). ‘Devalued and Dejected Britons’: The Pound in Public Discourse in the Mid 1960s. History Workshop Journal, 47(1), 121–140.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blair, T. (1994a). Socialism Fabian Pamphlet 565. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:har787wav

  • Blair, T. (1994b). Leader’s Speech, Blackpool 1994. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=200

  • Blair, T. (1997, 31 March). We Won’t Look Back to the 1970s. The Times, p 20.

  • Blair, T. (1998, 21 September). New Politics for the New Century. Retrieved 10 May 2022 from: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/new-politics-for-the-new-century-1199625.html

  • Blair, T. (2004). Foreword. In P. Diamond, New Labour’s Old Roots (p v). Exeter: Imprint Academic.

  • Blewett, N. (1972). The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910. London: Macmillan.

  • Blick, A. (2006). Harold Wilson, Labour and the Machinery of Government. Contemporary British History, 20(3), 343–362.

  • Blyth, M. (1997). ‘Any More Bright Ideas?’ The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy. Comparative Politics, 29(2), 229–250.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Bogdanor, V. (2016). The IMF Crisis of 1976. Retrieved 23 August 2021 from: https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-imf-crisis-1976

  • Booth, A. (1996). How Long are Light Years in British Politics? The Labour Party’s Economic Ideas in the 1930s. Twentieth Century British History, 7(1), 1–26.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brittan, S. (1977). The Economic Consequences of Democracy. London: Temple Smith.

  • Brooke, S. (1991). Problems of ‘Socialist Planning’: Evan Durbin and the Labour Government of 1945. The Historical Journal, 34(3), 687–702.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brooke, S. (1992). Labour’s War: The Labour Party and the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Brookes, R. (1985). The Little Man and the Slump: Sidney Strube’s Cartoons and the Politics of Unemployment 1929–1931. Oxford Art Journal, 8(1), 49–61.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brown, G. (1966). Letter to Harold Wilson. Retrieved 7 October 2020 from: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/sixties-britain/failure-national-plan/

  • Brown, G. (1999). Equality - Then and Now. In D. Leonard (ed) Crosland and New Labour (pp 35–48). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Brown, G. (2001). The Conditions for High and Stable Growth and Employment. The Economic Journal, 111(471), C30–C44.

  • Brown, G. (2003). State and Market: Towards a Public Interest. The Political Quarterly, 74(3), 266–284.

  • Brown, G. (2010). Beyond the Crash: Overcoming the First Crisis of Globalization. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  • Brown, G. (2017). My Life, Our Times. London: The Bodley Head.

  • Bull, P. (2000). New Labour, New Rhetoric? An Analysis of the Rhetoric of Tony Blair. In C. De Landtsheer and O. Feldman (eds) Beyond Public Speech and Symbols: Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media (pp 3–16). Westport: Praeger.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burk, K. and Cairncross, A. (1992). Goodbye, Great Britain: The 1976 IMF Crisis. London: Yale University Press.

  • Butler, D. and Freeman, J. (1969). British Political Facts 1900–1968. London: Macmillan.

  • Butler, D. and Kavanagh, D. (1974). The British General Election of February 1974. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Butler, D. and Kavanagh, D. (1980). The British General Election of 1979. London: Macmillan.

  • Butler, D. and Kavanagh, D. (1992). The British General Election of 1992. London: Macmillan.

  • Butler, D. and Kavanagh, D. (1997). The British General Election of 1997. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Byrne, L. (2019). How Jeremy Corbyn Brought Labour Back to the Future: Visions of the Future and Concrete Utopia in Labour’s 2017 General Election Campaign. British Politics, 14(3), 250–268.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Caincross, A. and Eichengreen, B. (2003). Sterling in Decline: The Devaluations of 1931, 1949 and 1967. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Callaghan, J. (1976). Leader’s Speech Blackpool, 1976. Retrieved 24 July 2020 from: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=174

  • Campbell, A. and McIlroy, J. (2018). ‘The Trojan Horse’: Communist Entrism in the British Labour Party, 1933–43. Labor History, 59(5), 513–554.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cannan, E. (1910). Review: Socialism and Government by J. Ramsay MacDonald. The Economic Journal, 77, 63–66.

  • Carter, M. (2003). T.H. Green and the Development of Ethical Socialism. Exeter: Imprint Academic.

  • Castle, B. (1969). In Place of Strife. Retrieved 7 August 2020 from: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/sixties-britain/place-strife/

  • Castle, B. (1993). Fighting all the Way. London: Macmillan.

  • Castle, B. (1995). Lessons for Labour. Soundings, 1, 35–45.

  • Clarke, H.D., Stewart, M. and Whiteley, P.F. (1998). New Models for New Labour: The Political Economy of Labour Party Support January 1992– April 1997. The American Political Science Review, 92(3), 559–575.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Clarke, H.D., Sanders, D., Stewart, M.C. and Whiteley, P. (2004). Political Choice in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Clegg, H.A. (1985). A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Volume II: 1911–33. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Clegg, H.A. (1994). A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889: Volume III: 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Clegg, H.A., Fox, A. and Thompson, A.F. (1977). A History of British Trade Unions since 1889 Vol I 1899–1910. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cliff, B. and Tomlinson, J. (2002). Tawney and the Third Way. Journal of Political Ideologies, 7(3), 315–331.

  • Clifford, C. (1997). The Rise and Fall of the Department of Economic Affairs: British Government and Indicative Planning. Contemporary British History, 11(2), 94–116.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coates, D. (2003). The Failure of the Socialist Promise. In D. Coates, Paving the Third Way: The Critique of Parliamentary Socialism (pp 137–156). London: The Merlin Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coates, D. (2005). Prolonged Labour: The Slow Birth of New Labour in Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Coates, D. (2008). ‘Darling, It Is Entirely My Fault!’ Gordon Brown’s Legacy to Alistair and Himself. British Politics, 3, 3–21.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coates, D. (2013). Labour after New Labour: Escaping the Debt. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15, 38–52.

  • Cobham, D. (1997). Inevitable Disappointment? The ERM as the Framework for UK Monetary Policy 1990–92. International Review of Applied Economics, 11(2), 213–228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coderre-LaPalme, G. and Greer, I. (2018). Dependence on a Hostile State: UK Trade Unions before and after Brexit. In S. Lehndorff, H. Dribbusch and T. Schulten (eds) Rough Waters: European Trade Unions in a Time of Crises (pp 259–284). Brussels: ETUI Printshop.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, S. (2012). Equal Pay – or What? Economics, Politics and the 1968 Ford Sewing Machinists Strike. Labor History, 53(1), 51–68.

  • Cole, G.D.H. (1929). The Next Ten Years in British Social and Economic History. London: Macmillan.

  • Cole, G.D.H. (1948). A History of the Labour Party from 1914. New York: Routledge.

  • Cole, G.D.H. (2011). Self-Government in Industry. London: Routledge

  • Conservative Party. (1918). The Manifesto of Lloyd George and Bonar Law. Retrieved 30 June 2021 from: Conservative Party Manifestos: http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1918/1918-conservative-manifesto.shtml

  • Cowley, P. and Kavanagh, D. (2018). The British General Election of 2017. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Crafts, N.F.R. (1995). ‘You’ve Never Had It so Good?’ British Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–60. In B. Eichengreen (ed) Europe’s Post-war Recovery (pp 246–270). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crafts, N.F.R. (1998). The British Economy: Missing Out or Catching Up? In B. Foley (ed) European Economies since the Second World War (pp 1–24). Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cribb, J. (2013). Income Equality in the UK. Retrieved 17 June 2021 from: https://ifs.org.uk/docs/ER_JC_2013.pdf

  • Crines, A. (2014). The Oratory of Ed Miliband. In A. Crines and R. Hayton (eds) Labour’s Orators from Bevan to Miliband (pp 187–199). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crines, A. (2015). Reforming Labour: The Leadership of Jeremy Corbyn. Political Insight, 6(3), 4–7.

  • Cromby, J. (2018). The Myths of Brexit. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 29(1), 56–66.

  • Crosland, A. (1975a). Socialism Now. In D. Leonard (ed) Socialism Now and Other Essays (pp 15–58). London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Crosland, A. (1975b). Government and Industry. In D. Leonard (ed) Socialism Now and Other Essays (pp 246–256). London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Crosland, A. (2006). The Future of Socialism. London: Constable.

  • Crossman, R. (1977). The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume Three: Secretary of State for Social Services 1968–70. London: Hamish Hamilton.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crouch, C. (2011). The Strange Non-Death of Neoliberalism. Cambridge: Polity.

  • Crowcroft, R. and Theakston, K. (2013). The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951. In T. Heppell and K. Theakston (eds) How Labour Governments Fall (pp 61–82). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtice, J., Fisher, S., Ford, S. and English, P. (2018). The Results Analysed. In P. Cowley and D. Kavanagh (eds) The British General Election of 2017 (pp 449–496). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cushion, S. and Lewis, J. (2016). Scrutinising Statistical Claims and Constructing Balance: Television News Coverage of the 2016 EU Referendum. In D. Jackson, E. Thorsen and D. Wring (eds) EU Referendum Analysis 2016: Early Reflections from Leading UK Academics (pp 40–41). Poole: Bournemouth University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dalton, H. (1945). Practical Socialism. London: George Routledge and Sons.

  • Daniels, P. (1998). From Hostility to ‘Constructive Engagement’ to Europeanisation of the Labour Party. West European Politics, 21(1), 72–96.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Darling, A. (2012). Back from the Brink. London: Atlantic Books.

  • Davis, M. (2003). ‘Labourism’ and the New Left. In J. Callaghan, S. Fielding and S. Ludlam (eds) Interpreting the Labour Party (pp 39–56). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, R. (2015). Labour’s Conservative Tradition. In I. Geary and A. Pabst (eds) Blue Labour: Forging a New Politics (pp 195–202). London: I.B. Tauris.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. (2013). Gordon Unbound: The Heresthetic of Central Bank Independence in Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 43(2), 263–293.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Denis, J. (2020). A Party Within a Party Posing as a Movement? Momentum as a Movement Faction. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 17(2), 97–113.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Department of Economic Affairs. (1965). Labour’s National Plan. Retrieved 10 July 2020 from: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/sixties-britain/national-plan/

  • Diamond, P. (2004). New Labour’s Old Roots. Exeter: Imprint Academic.

  • Diamond, P. (2021). The British Labour Party in Opposition and Power 1979–2019: Forward March of Labour Halted. Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Dolphin, T. (2011). Debts and Deficit: How Much Is Labour to Blame? London: Institute for Public Policy Research.

  • Dorey, P. (1999). The Blairite Betrayal: New Labour and the Trade Unions. In G.R. Taylor (ed) The Impact of New Labour (pp 190–207). Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dorey, P. (2017). Jeremy Corbyn Confounds His Critics: Explaining the Labour Party’s Remarkable Resurgence in the 2017 Election. British Politics, 12, 308–334.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dorey, P. and Denham, A. (2016). ‘The Longest Suicide Vote in History’: The Labour Party Leadership Election of 2015. British Politics, 11, 259–282.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.

  • Dowse, R.E. (1974). Introduction. In R.E. Dowse (ed) From Serfdom to Socialism, James Keir Hardie; Labour and the Empire, James Ramsay MacDonald; The Socialist’s Budget, Philip Snowden. Hassocks: Harvester Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duca, J.V., Muellbauer, J. and Murphy, A. (2010). Housing Markets and the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009: Lessons for the Future. Journal of Financial Stability, 6(4), 203–217.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duckworth, A. (2008, 10 December). Gordon Brown ‘We not only saved the world …’. Retrieved 23 July 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/audio/2008/dec/10/gordon-brown-saves-the-world

  • Dunleavy, P. (2010, 7 May). 2010 Election Analysis – Nobody has Won in Terms of Votes, But the Last-Minute Momentum was to Labour. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/2010-election-analysis-%E2%80%93-nobody-has-won-in-terms-of-votes-but-the-last-minute-momentum-was-to-labour/

  • Durbin, E. (1933). Purchasing Power and Trade Depression: A Critique of Under-Consumption Theories. London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Durbin, E. (1940). Politics of Democratic Socialism. London: Routledge.

  • Durbin, E. (1985). New Jerusalems: Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism. London: Routledge.

  • Eatwell, R. and Wright, A. (1978). Labour and the Lessons of 1931. History, 63(207), 38–53.

  • Edgerton, D. (2002). Public Ownership and the British Arms Industry 1920–50. In R. Millward and J. Singleton (eds) The Political Economy of Nationalisation in Britain 1920–50 (pp 164–188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ellision, N. (1996). Consensus Here, Consensus There … But not Consensus Everywhere: The Labour Party, Equality and Social Policy in the 1950s. In H. Jones and M. Kandiah (eds) The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History (pp 17–39). Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Engelen, E., Ertuk, I., Froud, J., Johal, S., Moran, M., Nilddon, A. and Williams, K. (2011). After the Great Complacence: Financial Crisis and the Politics of Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fairman, C. (1942). The Law of Martial Rule and the National Emergency. Harvard Law Review, 55(8), 1253–1302.

  • Favretoo, I. (2000). ‘Wilsonism’ Reconsidered: Labour Party Revisionism 1952–64. Contemporary British History, 14(4), 54–80.

  • Fielding, S. (1992). Labourism in the 1940s. Twentieth Century British History, 3(2), 138–153.

  • Fielding, S. (1994). Neil Kinnock: An Overview of the Labour Party. Contemporary Record, 8(3), 589–601.

  • Fielding, S. (2003). The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the Making of ‘New Labour’. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Fielding, S. (2010). Labour’s Campaign: Things Can Only Get … Worse? Parliamentary Affairs, 63(4), 653–666.

  • Finlayson, A. (2013). From Blue to Green and Everything in Between: Ideational Change and Left Political Economy after New Labour. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15, 70–88.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Foot, M. (1973). Aneurin Bevin, 1945–1960. London: Davis-Poynter.

  • Foot, M. (1977). Book Review: Ramsay MacDonald by David Marquand. Bulletin - Society for the Study of Labour History, 35, 67–71.

  • Foote, G. (1997). The Labour Party’s Political Thought: A History. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Francis, M. (1996). ‘Not Reformed but … Democratic Socialism’: The Ideology of the Labour Leadership, 1945–51. In H. Jones and M. Kandiah (eds) The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History 1945–64 (pp 40–57). Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Francis, M. (1997). Ideas and Policies under Labour, 1945–51: Building a New Britain. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Franklin, M., van der Eijk, C. and Marsh, M. (1994). Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht. Western European Politics, 18(3), 101–118.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • French, S. and Hodder, A. (2016). Plus ca Change: The Coalition Government and the Trade Unions. In S. Williams and P. Scott (eds) Employment Relations under Coalition Government: The UK Experience, 2010–15 (pp 165–184). Abingdon: Routledge

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • French, S.L. and Thrift, N. (2009). A Very Geographical Crisis: The Making and Breaking of the 2007–2008 Financial Crisis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2(2), 287–302.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Froud, J., Moran, M., Nilsson, A. and Williams, K. (2010). Wasting a Crisis? Democracy and Markets in Britain After 2007. The Political Quarterly, 81(1), 25–38.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gaffney, J. and Lahel, A. (2013). Political Performance and Leadership Persona: The UK Labour Party Conference of 2012. Government and Opposition, 48(4), 481–505.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gaitskell, H. (1956). Socialism and Nationalism Fabian Tract 300. London: Fabian Society.

  • Gamble, A. (2005). The Meaning of the Third Way. In A. Seldon and D. Kavanagh (eds) The Blair Effect 2001–2005 (pp 430–438). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gamble, A. (2009). The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Gamble, A. (2010). New Labour and Political Change. Parliamentary Affairs, 63(4), 639–652.

  • Giddens, A. (1994). Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. Cambridge: Polity.

  • Glasman, M. (2010). Labour as a Radical Tradition: Labour’s Renewal Lies in its Traditions of Mutualism, Reciprocity and the Common Good. Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture, 46.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Glasman, M. (2011). Labour as a Radical Tradition. In M. Glasman, J. Rutherford, M. Stears and S. White (eds) The Labour Tradition and the Politics of Paradox (pp 14–34). London: The Oxford–London Seminars/Soundings.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goes, E. (2016). The Labour Party under Ed Miliband: Trying but Failing to Renew Social Democracy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goes, E. (2018). ‘Jez, We Can!’ Labour’s Campaign: Defeat with a Taste of Victory. Parliamentary Affairs, 71(S1), 59–71.

  • Goes, E. (2020). Labour’s 2019 Campaign: Defeat of Epic Proportions. In J. Tonge, S. Wilks-Heeg and L. Thompson (eds) Britain Votes: The 2019 General Election (pp 84–102). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goldstein, M. and Veron, N. (2011) Too Big to Fail: The Transatlantic Debate Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper No. 11-2, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1746982

  • Goodhart, A.L. (1927). The Legality of the General Strike in England. The Yale Law Journal, 36(4), 464–485.

  • Goodhart, C. (2008). The Background to the 2007 Financial Crisis. International Economics and Economic Policy, 4(4), 331–346.

  • Gouge, E. (2012). Michael Foot 1980–3. In T. Heppell (ed) Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron (pp 126–141). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Graham, A. and Beckerman, W. (1972). Introduction: Economic Performance and the Foreign Balance. In W. Beckerman (ed) The Labour Government’s Economic Record 1964–70 (pp 11–28). London: Gerald Duckworth and Company.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Griffiths, S. (2009). The Public Services under Gordon Brown – Similar Reforms, Less Money. Policy Studies, 30(1), 53–67.

  • Griffiths, S. (2012). Neil Kinnock 1983–92. In T. Heppell (ed) Leaders of the Opposition (pp 142–154). London: Palgrave.

  • Hain, P. (2015). Back to the Future of Socialism. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Hall, P. (1993). Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25(3), 275–296.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hancke, B. (2009). Debating Varieties of Capitalism: A Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Hannah, S. (2018). A Party with Socialists in It: A History of the Labour Left. London: Pluto Press.

  • Hardie, J.K. (1974). From Serfdom to Socialism. In R.K. Dowse (ed) From Serfdom to Socialism, James Keir Hardie; Labour and the Empire, James Ramsay MacDonald; The Socialist’s Budget, Philip Snowden (pp 1–130). Hassocks, Nr Brighton: The Harvester Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harrison, R. (1971). The War Emergency Workers’ National Committee, 1914–1920. In A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds) Essays in Labour History 1886–1923. London: Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harrop, M. and Shaw, A. (1989). Can Labour Win? London: HarperCollins.

  • Harvey, C. and Press, J. (2000). Management and the Taff Vale Strike of 1900. Business History, 42(2), 63–86.

  • Haseler, S. (1969). The Gaitskellites: Revisionism in the British Labour Party, 1951–64. London: Macmillan.

  • Hay, C. (1994). Labour’s Thatcherite Revision: Playing the ‘Politics of Catch-up’. Political Studies, 42(4), 700–707.

  • Hay, C. (1996). Narrating Crisis: The Discursive Construction of the ‘Winter of Discontent’. Sociology, 30(2), 253–277.

  • Hay, C. (1999). The Political Economy of New Labour: Labouring under False Pretences? Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Hay, C. (2010). Chronicles of a Death Foretold: The Winter of Discontent and Construction of the Crisis of British Keynesianism. Parliamentary Affairs, 63(3), 446–470.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hay, C. (2011). Pathology without Crisis? The Strange Demise of the Anglo-Liberal Growth Model. Government and Opposition, 46 (1 ), 1–31.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hay, C. (2013). Treating the Symptom Not the Condition: Crisis Definition, Deficit Reduction and the Search for a New British Growth Model. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15(1), 23–37.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hayter, D. (2005). Fightback! Labour’s Traditional Right in the 1970s and 1980s. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • HC Deb (1978, 12 13). HC Deb, 13 December 1978, vol 960, cc673-810. Retrieved 28 January 2013 from: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1978/dec/13/counter-inflation-policy

  • Heath, A., Jowell, R. and Curtice, J. (1994). Labour’s Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond. Aldershot: Dartmouth.

  • Heffernan, R. and Marqusee, M. (1992). Defeat from the Jaws of Victory: Inside Neil Kinnock’s Labour Party. London: Verso.

  • Hennessey, P. (2000). The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders since 1945. London: Allen Lane.

  • Hindmoor, A. and McConnell, A. (2013). ‘Why Didn’t They See It Coming?’ Political Studies, Warning Signs, Acceptable Risks and the Global Financial Crisis, 61(3), 543–560.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HM Government (1944). Employment Policy. London: HMSO.

  • Hobsbawm, E. (1978). The Forward March of Labour Halted. Marxism Today, 279–286.

  • Hodson, D. and Mabbett, D. (2008). UK Economic Policy and the Global Financial Crisis: Paradigm Lost? Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(5), 1041–1061.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holden, R. (1999). Labour’s Transformation: Searching for the Point of Origin – The European Dynamic. Politics, 19(2), 103–108.

  • Holland, S. (1975). The Socialist Challenge. London: Quartet Books.

  • Holland, S. (1976). Regional Problem. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Holland, S. (1987). The Global Economy: From Meso to Macroeconomics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

  • Holton, R.J. (1985). Revolutionary Syndicalism and the British Labour Movement. In W.J. Mommsen and H. Husung (eds) The Development of Trade Unionism in Great Britain and Germany 1880–1914 .London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Lords (2021). Economic Affairs Committee: 1st Report of Session 2021–22 Quantitative Easing: A Dangerous Addiction. Retrieved 9 October 2021 from: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5802/ldselect/ldeconaf/42/42.pdf

  • Howell, D. (1980). British Social Democracy: A Study in Development and Decay. London: Croom Helm.

  • Howell, C. (2005). Trade Unions and the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Howell, C. (2007a). Trade Unions and the State: The Construction of Industrial Relations Institutions in Britain 1890–2000. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Howell, C. (2007b). The British Variety of Capitalism: Institutional Change, Industrial Relations and British Politics. British Politics, 2, 239–263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hutton, G. and Shalchi, A. (2021). Financial Services: Contribution to the UK Economy. Retrieved 10 May 2022 from: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06193/SN06193.pdf

  • Inglehart, R. (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Inman, P. (2012). Black Wednesday 20 Years on: How the Day Unfolded. Retrieved 25 March 2020 from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/sep/13/black-wednesday-20-years-pound-erm

  • Institute for Fiscal Studies (2010). Public Spending under Labour: 2010 Election Briefing Note No. 5. Retrieved 25 August 2021 from: https://ifs.org.uk/bns/bn92.pdf

  • International Monetary Fund (2021). Policy Responses to COVID-19: United Kingdom. Retrieved 31 August 2021 from: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#top

  • Jackson, B. (2007). Equality and the British Left: A Study in Progressive Political Thought 1900–64. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jessop, B. (2018). Valid Construals and/or Correct Readings? On the Symptomatology of Crises. In B. Jessop and K. Kino (eds) The Pedagogy of Economic, Political and Social Crises (pp 49–72). London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jobson, R. (2013). ‘Waving the Banners of a Bygone Age’: Nostalgia and Labour’s Clause IV Controversy, 1959–60. Contemporary British History, 27(2), 123–144.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jobson, R. and Wickham-Jones, M. (2011). Reinventing the Block Vote? Trade Unions and the 2010 Labour Party Leadership Election. British Politics, 6, 317–344.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, B. and Keating, M. (1985). Labour and the British State. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Jones, T. (1994). Neil Kinnock’s Socialist Journey: From Clause Four to the Policy Review. Contemporary Record, 8(3), 567–588.

  • Jones, T. (1996). Remaking the Labour Party: From Gaitskell to Blair. London: Routledge.

  • Jones, T. (1997). ‘Taking Genesis out of the Bible’: Hugh Gaitskell, Clause IV and Labour’s Socialist Myth. Contemporary British History, 11(2), 1–23.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Joyce, P. (1999). Realignment of the Left? A History of the Relationship between the Liberal Democrat and Labour Parties. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jupe, R. (2011). ‘A Poll Tax on Wheels’: Might the Move to Privatise Rail in Britain Have Failed? Business History, 53(3), 324–343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kavanagh, D. and Cowley, P. (2010). The British General Election of 2010. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Kenny, M. and Smith, M.J. (1997). (Mis)understanding Blair. Political Quarterly, 68(3), 220–230.

  • King, A. (1975). Overload: Problems of Governing in the 1970s. Political Studies, 23(2–3), 284–296.

  • Kinnock, N. (1984). Leader’s Speech, Blackpool 1984. Retrieved 16 June 2021 from: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=190

  • Kinnock, N. (1985a). The Future of Socialism: Fabian Tract 509. Retrieved 2 July 2020 from: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:yek232haj

  • Kinnock, N. (1985b). Leader’s Speech, Bournemouth 1985. Retrieved 23 June 2020 from: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=191

  • Kinnock, N. (1988). Statement of Democratic Socialist Aims and Values. London: Labour Party.

  • Kinnock, N. (1994). Reforming the Labour Party. Contemporary Record, 8(3), 535–554.

  • Kirkland, C. (2015). Thatcherism and the Origins of the 2007 Crisis. British Politics, 10(4), 514–535.

  • Kirkland, C. (2017). The Political Economy of Britain in Crisis: The Trade Unions and the Banking Sector. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Klarman, M.J. (1989). Parliamentary Reversal of the Osborne Judgement. The Historical Journal, 32(4), 893–924.

  • Kollewe, J. (2016, 4 August). UK Interest Rate Moves Since 2007 – Timeline. Retrieved 16 June 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/14/uk-interest-rates-timeline-bank-of-england-uk-economy

  • Labour Party. (1900). 1900 Labour Party General Election Manifesto. Retrieved 27 August 2021 from: http://labourmanifesto.com/1900/1900-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1910). January 1910 Labour Party General Election Manifesto. Retrieved 27 August 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1910/jan/1910-jan-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1918). 1918 Labour Party General Election Manifesto: Labour’s Call to the People. Retrieved 25 June 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1918/1918-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1928). Labour and the Nation. London: Labour Party.

  • Labour Party. (1934). For Socialism and Peace. London: Labour Party.

  • Labour Party. (1935). 1935 Labour Party General Election Manifesto. Retrieved 23 August 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1935/1935-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1945). Let Us Face the Future: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation. Retrieved 19 August 2020 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1945/1945-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1950). Let Us Win through Together. Retrieved 6 July 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1950/1950-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1959). 1959 Labour Party Election Manifesto. Retrieved 6 July 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1959/1959-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1964). The New Britain: 1964 Labour Party Election Manifesto. Retrieved 14 July 2021 from: http://labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1964/1964-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1970). Now Britain Is Strong – Let’s Make It Great to Live In: 1970 Labour Party Manifesto. Retrieved 8 July 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1970/1970-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1974). Labour’s Programme: Campaign Document 1974. London: Labour Party.

  • Labour Party. (1979). The Labour Way Is the Better Way: 1979 Labour Party Manifesto. Retrieved 8 July 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1979/1979-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1983). The New Hope for Britain: Labour’s Manifesto 1983. London: Labour Party.

  • Labour Party. (1987). 1987 Labour Party Manifesto: Britain Will Win with Labour. Retrieved 25 June 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1987/1987-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (1992). It’s Time to Get Britain Working Again: The 1992 Labour Party Manifesto. Retrieved 27 July 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1992/1992-labour-manifesto.shtml#dem

  • Labour Party. (1997). New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better. Retrieved 8 July 08 2021 from: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml

  • Labour Party. (2005). Britain Forward Not Back: The Labour Party Manifesto 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2021 from: http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/LAB_uk_manifesto.pdf

  • Labour Party. (2010). A Future Fair for All: The Labour Party Manifesto 2010. London: Labour Party.

  • Labour Party. (2015). Britain Can Be Better: The Labour Party Manifesto 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2021 from: https://b.3cdn.net/labouruk/e1d45da42456423b8c_vwm6brbvb.pdf

  • Labour Party. (2017). For the Many Not the Few: The Labour Party 2017 Manifesto. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/labour-manifesto-2017.pdf

  • Labour Party. (2019). It’s Time for Real Change. Retrieved 17 August 2021 from: https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Real-Change-Labour-Manifesto-2019.pdf

  • Lamb, P. (2004). Harold Laski: Problems of Democracy, the Sovereign State, and International Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Laski, H. (1933). Democracy in Crisis. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

  • Lawrence, J. (2013). Blue Labour, One Nation Labour and the Lessons of History. Renewal, 21(2), 6–13.

  • Lee, G. (2019, 25 November). The Gaps in Labour’s Spending Plans. Retrieved 11 June 2021 from: https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-the-gaps-in-labours-spending-plans

  • Leonard, D. (1975). Foreword. In D. Leonard, Socialism Now and Other Essays (pp 7–12). London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Leopold, D. (2007). Socialism and (the Rejection of) Utopia. Journal of Political Ideologies, 12(3), 219–237.

  • Lovell, J. (1986). British Trade Unions 1875–1933. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Ludlam, S. (2001). New Labour and the Unions: The End of the Contentious Alliance? In S. Ludlam and M. Smith (eds) New Labour in Government. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MacKenzie, N. and MacKenzie, J. (1979). The First Fabians. London: Quartet Press.

  • Manwaring, R. and Smith, E. (2020). Corbyn, British Labour and Policy Change. British Politics, 15(1), 25–47.

  • Marquand, D. (1977). Ramsay MacDonald. London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Martin, C. and Milas, C. (2013). Financial Crises and Monetary Policy: Evidence from the UK. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 654–661.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, D. (1985). Ideology and Composition. In K.D. Brown (ed) The First Labour Party 1906–1914 (pp 17–37). Beckenham: Croom Helm.

  • Marx, K. and Engles, F. (1848 [1888]). The Communist Manifesto, authorized English translation edited by Friedrich Engels. New York: New York Labor News, 1888.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mason, A. (1969). The Government and the General Strike of 1926. International Review of Social History, 14(1), 1–21.

  • McAnulla, S. (2006). British Politics: A Critical Introduction. London: Continuum.

  • McAnulla, S. (2012). Tony Blair, 1994–7. In T. Heppell (ed) Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron (pp 168–183). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McCafferty, I. (2017, 5 October). Speech: Twenty Years of Bank of England Independence: The Evolution of Monetary Policy. Retrieved 16 June 2021 from: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/speech/2017/twenty-years-of-boe-independence-the-evolution-of-monetary-policy.pdf

  • McCord, N. (1993). Taff Vale Revisited. History, 78(253), 243–260.

  • McDonnell, J. (2015, 11 December). John McDonnell – 2015 Speech to Labour Party Conference. Retrieved 7 July 2021 from: https://www.ukpol.co.uk/john-mcdonnell-2015-speech-to-labour-party-conference/

  • McDonnell, J. (2018). Introduction. In J. McDonnell, Economics for the Many. London: Verso.

  • McIlory, J. (1998). The Enduring Alliance? Trade Unions and the Making of New Labour 1994–1997. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 36(4), 537–564.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKenzie, R. and Silver, A. (1968). Angels in Marble: Working Class Conservatives in Urban England. London: University of Chicago Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKibbin, R. (1970). James Ramsay MacDonald and the Problem of the Independence of the Labour Party 1910–1914. Journal of Modern History, 42(2), 216–235.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKibbin, R. (1984). Why Was There No Marxism in Great Britain? The English Historical Review, 99(391), 297–331.

  • McSmith, A. (1996). New Labour: The Inside Story. London: Verso.

  • Miliband, E. (2017). Inequality and Left Politics. Renewal, 25(2), 6–11.

  • Miliband, R. (1961). Parliamentary Socialism. London: George Allen & Unwin.

  • Miliband, R. (1969). The State in Capitalist Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

  • Miliband, R. (1994). Socialism for a Sceptical Age. Cambridge: Polity.

  • Miliband, R. (2003). The Climax of Labourism. In D. Coates (ed) Paving the Third Way: The Critique of Parliamentary Socialism (pp 12–45). London: The Merlin Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Miliband, R. (2009). Parliamentary Socialism. Pontypool: The Merlin Press.

  • Millward, R. (1997). The 1940s Nationalizations in Britain: Means to an End or the Means of Production. Economic History Review, 2, 209–234.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Millward, R. and Singleton, J. (1995). The Ownership of British Industry in the Post-War Era: An Explanation. In R. Millward and J. Singleton (eds) The Political Economy of Nationalisation in Britain 1920–1950 (pp 309–320). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Minkin, L. (1974). British Labour Party and the Trade Unions: Crisis and Compact. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 28(1), 7–37.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Minkin, L. (1991). The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  • Mitchell, A. (1979). Can Labour Win Again? Fabian Tract 463. London: Fabian Society.

  • Mitchell, J. and Jump, R.C. (2020). Labour, the ‘Red Wall’ and the Vicissitudes of Britain’s Voting System. Retrieved 31 August 2021 from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/labour-red-wall-and-vicissitudes-britains-voting-system/

  • Moher, J.G. (2009). The Osborne Judgement of 1909: Trade Union Funding of Political Parties in Historical Perspective. Retrieved 5 August 2021 from: https://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/the-osborne-judgement-of-1909-trade-union-funding-of-political-parties-in-h

  • Moran, M., Johal, S. and Williams, K. (2010). The Financial Crisis and Its Consequences. In N. Allen and J. Bartle (eds) Britain at the Polls (pp 89–119). London: Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morgan, K.O. (1985). Labour in Power, 1945–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Morgan, K.O. (1997). Callaghan: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Morgan, K.O. (2004). United Kingdom: A Comparative Case Study of Labour Prime Ministers Attlee, Wilson, Callaghan and Blair. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 10(2–3), 38–52.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morgan, K.O. (2011). The New Liberal Party from Dawn to Downfall 1906–1924. Retrieved 30 June 2021 from: https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/671?lang=fr

  • Morrison, H. (1933). Socialisation and Transport. London: Constable.

  • Morrison, H. (1940). Economic Organisation HC Debate, vol 356, cc1309–438. Retrieved 2 August 2021 from: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/feb/01/economic-organisation

  • Murray, B.K. (1973). The People’s Budget 1909/10: Lloyd George and Liberal Politics. New York: Clarendon Press.

  • Nairn, T. (1964). The Nature of the Labour Party (Part I). New Left Review, 1(27).

  • Nason, J.M. and Vahey, S.P. (2007). The McKenna Rule and UK World War I Finance. The American Economic Review, 97(2), 290–294.

  • National Archives. (nd). The First World War: Aftermath. Retrieved 29 June 2021 from: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/aftermath/brit_after_war.htm

  • National Archives. (2020). Sterling Devalued and the IMF loan. Retrieved 11 March 2021 from: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm

  • National Audit Office. (2020). Tax Payer Support for UK Banks. Retrieved 25 August 2021 from: https://www.nao.org.uk/highlights/taxpayer-support-for-uk-banks-faqs/

  • Neef, F. and Holland, R. (1967). Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964–66. Monthly Labor Review, 90(4), 18–20.

  • Newton, C.C. (1984). The Sterling Crisis of 1947 and the British Response to the Marshall Plan. The Economic History Review, 37(3), 391–408.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nijhuis, D.O. (2009). Rethinking the Beveridge Strait-Jacket: The Labour Party, the TUC and the Introduction of Superannuation. Twentieth Century British History, 20(3), 370–395.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nordlinger, E.A. (1967). The Working Class Tories: Authority, Deference and Stable Democracy. London: MacGibbon and Kee.

  • O’Connor, J. (1987). The Meaning of Crisis: A Theoretical Introduction. New York: Basil Blackwell.

  • O’Hara, G. (2018, 26 November). How Did New Labour Become ‘Neoliberal’? Ed Miliband’s Efforts to Break with the Party’s Past. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/ed-miliband-new-labour/

  • Office for National Statistics. (2015, 6 July). Mid-1851 to Mid-2014 Population Estimates for United Kingdom. Retrieved 30 June 2021 from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/004356ukpopulationestimates1851to2014

  • Office for National Statistics. (2019a). Long-Term Trends in UK Employment: 1861 to 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2021 from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/april2019/longtermtrendsinukemployment1861to2018#public-and-private-sector-employment

  • Office for National Statistics. (2019b). Changes in the Economy since the 1970s. Retrieved 23 August 2021 from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/articles/changesintheeconomysincethe1970s/2019-09-02

  • Panitch, L. (2003). Socialists and the Labour Party: A Reappraisal. In D. Coates (ed) Paving the Third Way: The Critique of Parliamentary Socialism (pp 159–180). London: Merlin Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Panitch, L. and Leys, C. (2020). Searching for Socialism: The Project of the Labour New Left from Benn to Corbyn. London: Verso.

  • Parish, J. (1999, 1 January). It Was Tax What Lost It for Labour. Retrieved 28 July 2021 from: https://web.archive.org/web/20110606022117/http://www.newstatesman.com/199901010027

  • Parkin, F. (1967). Working-class Conservatives: A Theory of Political Defiance. The British Journal of Sociology, 18, 278–290.

  • Partington, R. (2019, 8 March). The Verdict on 10 years of Quantitative Easing. Retrieved 6 June 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/08/the-verdict-on-10-years-of-quantitative-easing

  • Payne, S. (2015). Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall Put In Strong Performances at Fabian Hustings. Retrieved 17 May 2021 from: https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/yvette-cooper-and-liz-kendall-put-in-strong-performances-at-fabian-hustings

  • Pelling, H. (1982). The Politics of the Osborne Judgement. The Historical Journal, 25(4), 889–909.

  • Pelling, H. (1984). The Labour Governments, 1945–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Pelling, H. and Reid, J.A. (1996). A Short History of the Labour Party. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Pettifor, A. (2018). To Secure a Future Britain Needs a Green New Deal. In J. McDonnell (ed) Economics for the Many (pp 43–55). London: Verso.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Philpot, R. (2011a) The Purple Book: A Progressive Future for Labour. London: Biteback Publishing.

  • Philpot, R. (2011b). Introduction: Todays Choice Before Labour. In R. Philpot, The Purple Book: A Progressive Future for Labour. London: Biteback Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pigou, A.C. (1918). A Special Levy to Discharge War Debt. The Economic Journal, 28(110), 135–156.

  • Pimlott, B. (1971). The Socialist League: Intellectuals and the Labour Left in the 1930s. Journal of Contemporary History, 6(3), 12–38.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pimlott, B. (1985). Hugh Dalton. London: Jonathan Cape.

  • Pimlott, B. (1993). Harold Wilson. London: HarperCollins.

  • Porritt, E. (1910). The British Labour Party in 1910. Political Science Quarterly, 25 (10 ), 297–316.

  • Pym, H. and Kocham, N. (1998). Gordon Brown: The First Year in Power. London: Bloomsbury.

  • Quinn, T. (2010). New Labour and the Trade Unions in Britain. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20(3), 357–380.

  • Radice, G. (1978). The Industrial Democrats: Trade Unions in an Uncertain World. London: George Allen & Unwin.

  • Rawnsley, A. (2010, 21 February). The Weekend Gordon Brown Saved the Banks from the Abyss. Retrieved 17 June 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/feb/21/gordon-brown-saved-banks

  • Rayson, S. (2020). The Fall of the Red Wall. Self-published.

  • Rentoul, J. (2019, 12 November). Now We Know What We Already Suspected: Labour’s Fully Costed Plans Were Full of Holes. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-labour-2017-election-campaign-nhs-spending-plans-a8555621.html

  • Richards, B. (2019, 9 October). British People Hardly Ever Thought about the EU before Brexit, Now It Dominates Their Lives. Retrieved 19 August 2021 from: https://theconversation.com/british-people-hardly-ever-thought-about-the-eu-before-brexit-now-it-dominates-their-lives-123784

  • Riddell, N. (1995). ‘The Age of Cole?’ G.D.H. Cole and the British Labour Movement 1929–1933. The Historical Journal, 38(4), 933–957.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Riddell, N. (1999). Labour in Crisis: The Second Labour Government. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Robertson, A. (1987). The Bleak Midwinter, 1947. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Rodgers, W. (1984). Government under Stress: Britain’s Winter of Discontent 1979. The Political Quarterly, 55(2), 171–179.

  • Roe-Crines, A. (2016). Explainer: What Is Momentum and What Does It Want? Retrieved 19 August 2021 from: https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-momentum-and-what-does-it-want-56408

  • Rogan, T. (2017). The Moral Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson and the Critique of Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rogers, C. (2009). From Social Contract to ‘Social Contrick’: The Depoliticisation of Economic Policy-Making under Harold Wilson, 1974–75. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11(4), 634–651.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ross, T., Dominiczak, P. and Riley-Smith, B. (2015). Death of New Labour as Jeremy Corbyn’s Party Begins a Period of Civil War. Retrieved 26 March 2021 from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2015/09/12/death-new-labour-jeremy-corbyns-socialist-party-begins-period/

  • Runciman, W.G. (1966). Relative Deprivation and Social Justice. London: Routledge.

  • Sandbrooke, D. (2012). Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain 1974–79. London: Allen Lane.

  • Sanders, D. (2004). Vote Functions and Popularity Functions in British Politics. Electoral Studies, 23(2), 307–313.

  • Saville, J. (1967). Labourism and the Labour Government. The Socialist Register, 4, 43–71.

  • Schmidt, W., Muller, A., Ramos-Vielba, I., Thornqvist, A. and Thornqvist, C. (2019). Austerity and Public Sector Trade Union Power: Before and After the Crisis. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 25(2), 129–145.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Seaman, L.C. (1993). Post-Victorian Britain 1902–1951. London: Routledge.

  • Seyd, P. and Whiteley, P. (1992). Labour’s Grassroots: The Politics of Party Membership. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Seymour, R. (2017). Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics. London: Verso.

  • Shaw, E. (1988). Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party: The Politics of Managerial Control. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shinwell, E. (1944). When the Men Come Home. London: Victor Gollancz.

  • Shipman, A. (2015, 21 August). Explainer: Would Jeremy Corbyn’s Quantitative Easing for the People Work? Retrieved 11 June 2021 from: https://theconversation.com/explainer-would-jeremy-corbyns-quantitative-easing-for-the-people-work-46368

  • Simpson, B. (1973). Labour the Unions and the Party. London: George Allen & Unwin.

  • Singleton, J. (1995). Labour, the Conservatives and Nationalisation. In R. Millward and J. Singleton (eds) The Political Economy of Nationalisation in Britain, 1920–1950 (pp 13–33). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Skelton, D. (2013). Margaret Thatcher: Friend of the Unions? Retrieved 24 August 2021 from: https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/margaret-thatcher-friend-of-the-unions-

  • Snowden, P. (1934). An Autobiography Volume Two 1919–1934. London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson.

  • Snowden, P. (1974). The Socialist’s Budget. In R.E. Dowse (ed) From Serfdom to Socialism James Keir Hardie; Labour and the Empire, James Ramsay MacDonald; The Socialist’s Budget, Philip Snowden. Hassocks: The Harvester Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sobolewska, M. and Ford, R. (2020). Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stears, M. (1998). Guild Socialism and Ideological Diversity on the British Left, 1914–1926. Journal of Political Ideologies, 3(3), 289–306.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steele, G.R. (2008). Harold Wilson’s Devaluation: A Salutary Lesson. Economic Affairs, 28(3), 68–69.

  • Stewart, H. and Allegretti, A. (2021). Cooper, Lammy and Nandy among Beneficiaries of Starmer’s Reshuffle. Retrieved 6 December 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/nov/29/keir-starmer-to-reshuffle-labour-frontbench-for-second-time-in-a-year

  • Stewart, M. (1974). Protest or Power? A Study of the Labour Party. London: George Allen & Unwin.

  • Stewart, M. (1977). The Jekyll and Hyde Years: Politics and Economic Policy Since 1964. London: J.M. Dent and Sons.

  • Stuart, M. (2012). John Smith 1992–4. In T. Heppell (ed) Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron (pp 155–167). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tanner, D. (1990). Political Change and the Labour Party 1900–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Tawney, R.H. (1921). The Acquisitive Society. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.

  • Taylor, A. (2001). The Stepping Stones Programme: Conservative Party Thinking on Trade Unions, 1975–9. Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 11, 109–133.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Economist. (2011, 16 January). Ed Miliband Says Sorry for Everything Apart from Spending too Much. Retrieved 12 February 2021 from: https://www.economist.com/blighty/2011/01/16/ed-miliband-says-sorry-for-everything-apart-from-spending-too-much

  • The Guardian. (2013, 1 February). David Cameron Rebuked by Statistics Watchdog over Debt Claims. Retrieved 11 June 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/feb/01/david-cameron-rebuked-over-debt-claims

  • The Times. (1909, 17 November). Mr. Pease and the Labour Party. The Times, p 10.

  • The Times (2021). The Times’ View on Sir Keir Starmer’s Reshuffle. Retrieved 6 December 2021 from: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-times-view-on-sir-keir-starmers-reshuffle-new-labour-76tkj3k82

  • The World Bank. (2021, 29 January). Unemployment, Total (% of Total Labour) (Modeled ILO Estimate) – United Kingdom. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=GB

  • Thatcher, M. (1993). The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins.

  • Thatcher, M. (1995). The Path to Power. London: HarperCollins.

  • Thomas, J. (2007). Bound by History: The Winter of Discontent in British Politics 1979–2004. Media, Culture and Society, 29(2), 263–283.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thompson, E.P. (1980). The Making of the English Working Class. London: Penguin.

  • Thompson, G., Hawkins, O., Dar, A. and Taylor, M. (2012). Olympic Britain: Social and Economic Changes since the 1908 and 1948 London Games. Retrieved 30 June 2021 from: https://www.parliament.uk/contentassets/3e62059d076142959d5190e1711451d1/olympicbritain.pdf#page=111

  • Thompson, H. (2013). Austerity as Ideology: The Bait and Switch of the Banking Crisis. Comparative European Politics, 11(6), 729–736.

  • Thompson, J. (2011). The Liberal Party, Liberalism and Trade Unions 1906–1924. Cercles, 21, 27–38.

  • Thorpe, A. (1991). The British General Election of 1931. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Thorpe, A. (1999). The Labour Party and the Trade Unions. Retrieved 24 July 2020 from: https://eric.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/20752/Final%20unions%20article.pdf?sequence=1

  • Thorpe, A. (2015). A History of the British Labour Party. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Tidey, A. (2019, 24 November). The Death of the Left? UK’s Labour Fights for Survival after Election Drubbing. Retrieved 11 April 2022 from: https://www.euronews.com/2019/12/21/uk-s-labour-descends-into-civil-war-can-it-survive-its-election-drubbing

  • Tomlinson, J. (1993). Mr Attlee’s Supply Side Socialism. The Economic History Review, 46(1), 1–22.

  • Tomlinson, J. (1996). Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years 1945–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Tomlinson, J. (2002). The Limits of Tawney’s Ethical Socialism: A Historical Perspective on the Labour Party and the Market. Contemporary British History, 16(4), 1–16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Toye, R. (2002). ‘The Gentleman in Whitehall’ Reconsidered: The Evolution of Douglas Jay’s Views on Economic Planning and Consumer Choice, 1937–1947. Labour History Review, 67(2), 187–204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Toye, R. (2013). The Labour Party and the Planned Economy, 1931–1951. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Treanor, J. and Syal, R. (2013). George Osborne under Pressure as Britain Loses AAA Rating for First Time. Retrieved 14 August 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/23/george-osborne-britain-aaa

  • TUC (2016). Our Brexit Campaign. Retrieved 6 July 2021 from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/campaigns/our-brexit-campaign

  • Turner, H.A. (1969). The Donovan Report. The Economic Journal, 79(313), 1–10.

  • Tyler, R. (2006). ‘Victims of Our History?’ Barbara Castle and In Place of Strife. Contemporary British History, 20(3), 461–476.

  • Vaitilngam, R. (2009). Recession Britain: Findings from Economic and Social Research. Swindon: Economic and Social Research Council.

  • Ward, A. and Oakley, D. (2009, 27 August). Bankers Watch as Sweden goes Negative. Retrieved 17 June 2021 from: https://www.ft.com/content/5d3f0692-9334-11de-b146-00144feabdc0

  • Ward, M. (2020). UK Trade, 1948–2019: Statistics, House of Commons Briefing Paper CBP 8261. Retrieved 12 January 2021 from: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8261/CBP-8261.pdf

  • Watts, J. and Bale, T. (2019). Populism as an Intra-party Phenomenon: The British Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 21(1), 99–115.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webb, S. (1918a). Labour and the New Social Order. Retrieved 15 July 2021 from: http://webbs.library.lse.ac.uk/563/

  • Webb, S. (1918b). New Constitution of the Labour Party. Retrieved 7 September 2020 from: webbs.library.lse.ac.uk/124/1/NewConstitutionOfTheLabourParty1918.pdf

  • Webb, S. (1931). What Happened in 1931: A Record. Retrieved 12 July 2021 from: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:fik817jel/read/single#page/6/mode/2up

  • Wickman-Jones, M. (1996). Economic Strategy and the Labour Party 1970–1983. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Wickman-Jones, M. (2014). Introducing OMOV: The Labour Party–Trade Union Review Group and the 1994 Leadership Contest. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(1), 33–56.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Williams, G.L. and Williams, A.L. (1989). Labour’s Decline and the Social Democrats’ Fall. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Williams, M. (1975). Inside Number 10. London: New English Library.

  • Wilson, T. (1964). The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918. The Journal of Modern History, 36(1), 28–42.

  • Wintour, P. (2015a, 3 June). The Undoing of Ed Miliband – and How Labour Lost the Election. Retrieved 11 June 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/03/undoing-of-ed-miliband-and-how-labour-lost-election

  • Wintour, P. (2015b). Jeremy Corbyn’s late Nomination Shakes up Labour Leadership Contest. Retrieved 30 August 2021 from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/15/labour-leadership-contest-jeremy-corbyn

  • Wootton, B. (1945). Freedom under Planning. London: Forgotten Books.

  • Wren-Lewis, S. (2018). Labour’s Fiscal Credibility Rule in Context. In J. McDonnell (ed) Economics for the Many (pp 12–22). London: Verso.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wright, A. (1987). R.H. Tawney. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Wright, T. (1999). New Labour, Old Crosland? In D. Leonard (ed) Crosland and New Labour (pp 193–202). Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Wyatt, W. (1977). What’s Left of the Labour Party. London: Sidgwick and Jackson Limited.

  • Zeigler, P. (1993). Wilson. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 263 174 9
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics