2: Interest, Actors and Intent: Studying the Global by Understanding the Domestic

Author:
Shaun Breslin
Publication Date:
18 Feb 2021
Pages:
63–90
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529215830.ch002
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (
GBP  £20.00
)

The primary aim of Chapter 1 was to understand how different ways of studying China lead to different conclusions and predictions. It would be rather disingenuous, though, to pretend that it was a totally neutral analysis, and this chapter starts from the assumption that a full and sophisticated understanding of China’s rise ‘requires us to capture some of the key complex and simultaneous interactions between the global and domestic levels in the study of China’s external relations’ (Foot, 2013: 1). In short, the argument here is that studying the domestic can tell us things that question a number of the assumptions of those studies that focus more on the international/global level.

This rather simple statement immediately generates two important responses. The first is that it is indeed rather simple. Students of Chinese domestic politics will certainly find it an unremarkable and underwhelming re-statement of the very obvious. However, the reason that it needs to be made is that what is obvious to one scholarly community is frequently absent in scholarship that emerges from other intellectual endeavours. As Hameiri and Lee (2015) have argued, much IR scholarship on China still starts from the assumption of a single Chinese national interest and sees Chinese action as the result of state control to attain state goals. Furthermore, as suggested in Chapter 1, the neglect of domestic diversity in generating transnational activity seems to be more pronounced in the study of China than it is with the study of other states.

  • Abrami, R., Kirby, W. and McFarlan, W. (2014) Can China Lead? Reaching the Limits of Power and Growth, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.

  • Acharya, A. and Buzan, B. (2007) ‘Why is there no non-Western international relations theory? An introduction’, International Relations of Asia Pacific, 7(3): 285–6.

  • ADB (2014) Money Matters: Local Government Finance in the People’s Republic of China, Manila: Asian Development Bank.

  • Akpaninyie, M. (2019) ‘China’s “Debt Diplomacy” is a misnomer. Call it “Crony Diplomacy”’, The Diplomat, 12 March, https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/chinas-debt-diplomacy-is-a-misnomer-call-it-crony-diplomacy/

  • Alden, C. and Alves, A.C. (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy: the ‘new’ face of China-African co-operation’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115): 43–58.

  • Alden, C. and Hughes, C. (2009) ‘Harmony and discord in China’s Africa strategy: some implications for foreign policy’, The China Quarterly, 199: 563–84.

  • Allison, G. (2017) Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap?, New York: Houghton Mifflin.

  • Ambrose, J. (2019) ‘China’s appetite for coal power returns despite climate pledge’, The Guardian, 20 November, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/20/china-appetite-for-coal-power-stations-returns-despite-climate-pledge-capacity

  • Amcham China (2017) China Business Climate Report, Beijing: American Chamber of Commerce in China/Bain and Co.

  • Amighini, A., Rabellotti, R. and Sanfilippo, M. (2013) ‘Do Chinese state-owned and private enterprises differ in their internationalization strategies?’, China Economic Review, 27: 312–25.

  • Angelo, P. and Chavez, R. (2020) ‘Gracias China!!!’, New York Times, 21 April, www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/opinion/china-latin-america-covid.html

  • Anon (2020a) ‘Systèmes politiques et lutte contre l’épidémie: le grand dilemma [Political systems and the fight against the epidemic: the great dilemma]’, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in France, 28 March, www.amb-chine.fr/fra/zfzj/t1762848.htm

  • Anon (2020b) ‘Rétablir des faits distordus: observations d’un diplomate chinois en poste à Paris [Restoring distorted facts: observations of a Chinese diplomat stationed in Paris]’, Embassy of the PRC in Paris, 12 April, www.amb-chine.fr/fra/zfzj/t1768712.htm

  • Anthony, I., Zhou Jiayi and Su Fei (2020) ‘EU security perspectives in an era of connectivity: implications for relations with China’, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/sipriinsight2003_0.pdf

  • Aspers, P. and Kohl, S. (2016) ‘Economic theories of globalization’ in B. Turner and R. Holten (eds), The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies: Second Edition, London: Routledge, pp 41–59.

  • Babbin, J. and Timperlake, E. (2006) Showdown: Why China Wants War with the United States, Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Bachman, D. (1986) ‘Differing visions of China’s post-Mao economy: the ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang’, Asian Survey, 26(3): 292–321.

  • Bai Chong-En, Hsieh Chang-Tai and Song Zheng (2019) ‘Special deals with Chinese characteristics’, NBER Working Paper (25839), www.nber.org/papers/w25839

  • Baker McKenzie (2018) ‘Chinese FDI squeezed in 2017 by regulatory crackdowns at home and abroad’, 17 January, www.bakermckenzie.com/en/newsroom/2018/01/chinese-fdi-2017

  • Baldwin, D. (2002) ‘Power and international relations’, in W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, and B. Simmons (eds), The Handbook of International Relations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp 177–91.

  • Bandurski, D. (2018) ‘China’s crisis of overconfidence’, The Diplomat, 18 December, https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/chinas-crisis-of-overconfidence/

  • Barma, N. and Ratner, E. (2006) ‘China’s illiberal challenge’, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, 2 (Fall): 56–68.

  • Baum, R. (1996) Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Beardson, T. (2013) Stumbling Giant, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Beckley, M. (2011/12) ‘China’s century? Why America’s edge will endure,’ International Security, 36(3): 41–78.

  • Bell, D. (2015) The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Benner, T., Gaspers, J., Ohlberg, M, Poggetti, L. and Shi-Kupfer, K. (2018) ‘Authoritarian advance: responding to China’s growing political influence in Europe’, Global Public Policy Institute and Merics Report, February, www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1.pdf

  • Bi Qiu (2017) ‘Quanqiu zhili de zhoungguo fang’an de huayu liubian ji lishi qishi [Discourse evolution and historical enlightenment of China’s global governance programme]’, Shandong Xngzheng Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Shandong Administration College], 5: 17–22.

  • Bislev, A. (2015) ‘The Chinese dream: imagining China’, Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(4): 585–95.

  • Bislev, A. (2017) ‘Student-to-student diplomacy: Chinese international students as a soft-power tool’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 46(2): 81–109.

  • Blanchard, J.-M. (2019) ‘Chinese outward foreign investment (COFDI): a primer and assessment of COFDI research’, in Ka Zeng (ed), Handbook on the International Political Economy of China, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp 76–97.

  • Bo Kong and Gallagher, K. (2017) ‘Globalizing Chinese energy finance: the role of policy banks’, Journal of Contemporary China, 26(108): 834–51.

  • Bohoslavsky, J.P. (2016) ‘Report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of states on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights on his mission to China’, Human Rights Council, Thirty-first Session, 1 March, www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session31/Documents/A.HRC.31.60. Add.1_AEV.docx

  • Bondes, M. and Heep, S. (2013) ‘Conceptualizing the relationship between persuasion and legitimacy: official framing in the case of the Chinese Communist Party’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 18(4): 317–34.

  • Borger, J. (2020) ‘US AWOL from world stage as China tries on global leadership for size’, The Guardian, 29 March, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/29/us-awol-from-world-stage-as-china-tries-on-global-leadership-for-size

  • Borrell, J. (2020) ‘The coronavirus pandemic and the new world it is creating’, Statement by the High Representative for Foreign Policy, 24 March, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/china/76401/eu-hrvp-josep-borrell-coronavirus-pandemic-and-new-world-it-creating_en

  • Bourg, J. (2012) ‘The red guards of Paris: French student Maoism of the 1960s’, History of European Ideas, 31(4): 472–90.

  • Bowles, P. and Wang Baotai (2013) ‘Renminbi internationalization: a journey to where?’, Development and Change, 44(6): 1363–85.

  • Brady, A.-M. (2008) Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

  • Brady, A.-M. (2017) ‘Magic weapons: China’s political influence activities under Xi Jinping’, Washington, DC: Wilson Center, 18 September, www.wilsoncenter.org/article/magic-weapons-chinas-political-influence-activities-under-xi-jinping

  • Brady, A.-M. (2019) ‘A strategic partnership: New Zealand–China relations in the Xi Jinping era and beyond’, in A.-M. Brady (ed), Small States and the Changing Global Order: New Zealand Faces the Future, Cham: Springer, pp 127–44.

  • Brautigam, D. (2008) ‘China’s foreign aid in Africa: what do we know?’, in R. Rotberg (ed), China into Africa: Trade, Aid and Influence, Washington, DC: Brookings, pp 197–216.

  • Brautigam, D. (2009) The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Brautigam, D. (2015) Will Africa Feed China?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Brautigam, D. (2020) ‘A critical look at Chinese “debt-trap diplomacy”: the rise of a meme’, Area Development and Policy, 5(1): 1–14.

  • Brautigam, D. and Tang Xiaoyang (2012) ‘Economic statecraft in China’s new overseas special economic zones: soft power, business, or resource-security?’, International Affairs, 88(4): 799–816.

  • Breslin, S. (2005) ‘Power and production: rethinking China’s global economic role’, Review of International Studies, 31(4): 735–53.

  • Breslin, S. (2007) China and the Global Political Economy, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Breslin, S. (2011) ‘The “China model” and the global crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese mode of governance?’, International Affairs, 87(6): 1323–43.

  • Breslin, S. (2015) ‘Debating human security in China: towards discursive power?’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 45(2): 243–65.

  • Breslin, S. (2017) ‘Leadership and followership in post-unipolar world: towards selective global leadership and a new functionalism?’, Chinese Political Science Review, 2(4): 494–511.

  • Breslin, S. (2020) ‘China’s global cultural interactions’, in D. Shambaugh (ed), China and the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 137–55.

  • Breslin, S. (Forthcoming) ‘China goes out’, in L. Dittmer (ed), China’s Political Economy, Singapore: Nova Science.

  • Breslin, S. and Ren Xiao (2018) ‘China and global governance’, in T. Weiss and R. Wilkinson (eds), International Organization and Global Governance, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 325–35.

  • Brødsgaard, K.E. (2007) ‘China studies in Europe’, in D. Shambaugh, E. Sandschneider and Zhou Hong (eds), China–Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects, London: Routledge, pp 35–64.

  • Brødsgaard, K.E. (2012) ‘Politics and business group formation in China: the party in control?’, China Quarterly, 211: 624–48.

  • Brødsgaard, K.E. (2017) ‘“Fragmented authoritarianism” or “integrated fragmentation”?’, in K.E. Brødsgaard (ed), Chinese Politics as Fragmented Authoritarianism: Earthquakes, Energy and Environment, New York: Routledge, pp 38–55.

  • Bronson, P. (2007) The Dragon Looks South: China and Southeast Asia in the New Century, Westport, CT: Praeger.

  • Brooks, S. and Wohlforth, W. (2015/16) ‘The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China’s rise and the fate of America’s global position’, International Security, 40(3): 7–53.

  • Brown, C. (2020) ‘COVID-19: China’s exports of medical supplies provide a ray of hope’, Peterson Institute for International Economics Trade and Investment Policy Watch, 26 March, www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/covid-19-chinas-exports-medical-supplies-provide-ray-hope

  • Bu Chengliang (2018) ‘Zhongguo fang’an: fazhan zhongguo jia zuoxiang xiandaihua de xin xuanze [The China Solution: a new choice for developing countries’ modernization]’, Jiangsu Xingzheng Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Jiangsu Administration Institute], 5: 76–82.

  • Buck, T. (2018) ‘Germany toughens investment rules as China concerns build’, Financial Times, 19 December, www.ft.com/content/568183dc-038e-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1

  • Buckley, P. (2017) ‘Internalisation theory and outward direct investment by emerging market multinationals’, Management International Review, 58(2): 1–30.

  • Buckley, P., Clegg, J., Cross, A., Liu X., Voss, H. and Zheng P. (2007) ‘The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment’, Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 499–518. Bunte, J. (2019) Raise the Debt: How Developing Countries Choose Their Creditors, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Buzan, B. (2014) ‘The logic and contradictions of “peaceful rise/development” as China’s Grand Strategy’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(4): 381–420.

  • Cabestan, J.-P. (2017) ‘China’s institutional changes in the foreign and security policy realm under Xi Jinping: power concentration vs. fragmentation without institutionalization’, East Asia, 34(2): 113–31.

  • Cabestan, J.-P. (2020) ‘China’s battle with coronavirus: possible geopolitical gains and real challenges’, Aljazeera Center for Studies, 19 April, https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/china%E2%80%99s-battle-coronavirus-possible-geopolitical-gains-and-real-challenges

  • Callahan, W. (2015) ‘History, tradition and the China dream: socialist modernization in the world of great harmony’, Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96): 983–1001.

  • Callahan, W. (2016) ‘China’s “Asia dream”: BRI and the new regional order’, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1(3): 226–43.

  • Cao Shuai and Xu Kaiwei (2018) ‘Niquanqiuhua langchao xia quanqiu fengxian shehui de zhili kunjing yu zhongguo fang’an [The governance dilemma of global risk society under the tide of reverse globalization and the China Solution]’, Lilun Tansuo [Theoretical Exploration], 6: 69–74.

  • Cao Zhijian (2017) ‘Renlei mingyun gongtongti shijiao xia de quanqiu renquan zhili: Renlei mingyun gongtongti suo mianlin de renquan tiaozhan [Global human rights governance from the perspective of the community of shared future for mankind: human rights challenges faced by the community of shared future for mankind]’, Renquan [Human Rights], 2: 40–47.

  • Casanova, C. Garcia-Herrero, A. and Xia Le (2015) ‘Chinese outbound foreign direct investment: how much goes where after roundtripping and offshoring?’, BBVA Working Paper (15/17), www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/15_17_Working-Paper_ODI.pdf

  • CCP (2017) Constitution of the Communist Party of China, 24 October, www.xinhuanet.com//english/download/Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.pdf

  • CGTN (2020), ‘Five million people left Wuhan before the lockdown: where did they go?’ China Global Television News, 27 January, https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-01-27/5-million-people-left-Wuhan-before-the-lockdown-where-did-they-go–NACCu9wItW/index.html

  • Chalmers, A. and Mocker, S. (2017) ‘The end of exceptionalism? Explaining Chinese national oil companies’ overseas investments,’ RIPE, 27(1): 19–143.

  • Chang, G. (2011) ‘The coming collapse of China: 2012 edition’, Foreign Policy, 29 December, www.foreignpolicy.com/2011/12/29/the-coming-collapse-of-china-2012-edition

  • Chatham House (2016) ‘Exploring public international law and the rights of individuals with Chinese scholars – Part 3’, Royal Institute of International Affairs International Law Programme Roundtable Meeting Summary, March, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2016-03-05-Roundtable3-summary.pdf

  • Chellaney, B. (2015) ‘China’s silky Indian Ocean plans’, China US Focus, 11 May, www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/chinas-silky-indian-ocean-plans

  • Chellaney, B. (2017) ‘China’s creditor imperialism’, Project Syndicate, 20 December, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-sri-lanka-hambantota-port-debt-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-12

  • Chen Dingding and Wang Jianwei (2011) ‘Lying low no more? China’s new thinking on the tao guang yang hui strategy’, China: An International Journal, 9(2): 195–216.

  • Chen, E. (2019) ‘“Made in China 2025” unmade?’, Macropolo, 20 August, https://macropolo.org/analysis/made-in-china-2025-dropped-media-analysis/

  • Chen Muyang (2018) ‘Between State and Market: China’s Development Banking in Comparative Perspective’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.

  • Chen, T. (2019) ‘A flamboyant mandarin in a declining liberal order: China’s revisionist agenda in global human rights institutions’, SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3403037

  • Chen Xi (2020) ‘New NGO to operate China’s Confucius Institutes’, “disperse misinterpretation’”, Global Times, 5 July, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1193584.shtml

  • Chen Yanru (1998) ‘Setting a nation in action: the media and China’s bid for 2000 Olympics’, in D. Ray Heisey and Gong Wenxiang (eds), Communication and Culture: China and the World Entering the 21st Century, Amsterdam: Brill, pp 289–310.

  • Chen Zhimin (2005) ‘Coastal provinces and China’s foreign policy making’, in Yuefan Hao and Su Lin (eds), China’s Foreign Policy Making: Societal Force and Chinese American Policy, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp 187–208.

  • Chen Zhimin and Su Changhe (2014) Fudan Quanqiu Zhili Baogao 2014: zengliang gaijin – quanqiu zhili tixi de gaijin he shengli [Fudan Global Governance Report 2014: Incremental Improvement – Upgrading and Improving the Global Governance System], Shanghai: Fudan University School of International Relations and Public Affairs.

  • Cheng Cheng (2019) ‘The logic behind China’s foreign aid agency’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 21 May, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/21/logic-behind-china-s-foreign-aid-agency-pub-79154

  • China Daily (2020) ‘China’s fight against COVID-19’, China Daily China Watch Institute, Tsinghua University Institute of Contemporary China Studies and Peking Union Medical College School of Health Policy and Management, 21 April, www.chinadaily.com.cn/pdf/2020/Chinas.Fight.Against.COVID-19-0420-final-2.pdf

  • Cho, Y.N. and Jeong, J.H. (2008) ‘China’s soft power: discussions, resources, and prospects’, Asian Survey, 48(3): 453–72.

  • Christensen, T. (2006) ‘Fostering stability or creating a monster? The rise of China and U.S. policy toward East Asia’, International Security, 31(1): 81–126.

  • Christensen, T. (2012) ‘More actors, less coordination? New challenges for the leaders of a rising China’, in G. Rozman (ed), China’s Foreign Policy: Who Makes It and How Is It Made?, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 21–37.

  • Christensen, T. (2015) The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power, New York: Norton.

  • Clarke, I. (2011) Hegemony in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Clarke, M. (2020) ‘Beijing’s pivot west: the convergence of Innenpolitik and Aussenpolitik on China’s “Belt and Road”?’, Journal of Contemporary China, 29(123): 336–53.

  • Coase, R. and Wang Ning (2012) How China Became Capitalist, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Collier, A. (2017) Shadow Banking and the Rise of Capitalism in China, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Cooper, A., Higgott, R. and Nossal, K. (1991) ‘Bound to follow? Leadership and followership in the Gulf conflict’, Political Science Quarterly, 106(3): 391–410.

  • Corkin, L. (2011) ‘Redefining foreign policy impulses toward Africa: the roles of the MFA, the MOFCOM and China Exim Bank’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40(4): 61–90.

  • Corkin, L (2014) Uncovering African Agency: Angola’s Management of China’s Credit Lines, Farnham: Ashgate.

  • COTRI (2017) ‘FITs drive Chinese outbound traveller growth in 2017: China outbound pulse’, China Outbound Tourism Research Institute (COTRI), 15 November, https://china-outbound.com/2017/11/15/fits-drive-chinese-outbound-traveller-growth-in-2017-china-outbound-pulse/

  • Creemers, R. (2015) ‘China’s constitutionalism debate: content, context and implications’, The China Journal, 74: 91–109.

  • Cumings, B. (1987) ‘The origins and development of the northeast Asian political economy: industrial sectors, product cycles, and political consequences’, in F. Deyo (ed), The Political Economy of the New East Asian Industrialism, New York: Cornell University Press, pp 44–83.

  • Cumings, B. (1997) ‘Boundary displacement: area studies and international studies during and after the Cold War’, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 29(1): 6–26.

  • Damro, C. (2012) ‘Market power Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy, 19(5): 682–99.

  • Davies, M. (2010) ‘How China is influencing Africa’s development’, OECD Development Centre Background Paper, April, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/39/45068325.pdf

  • DB (2019) Direktinvestitionen lt. Zahlungsbilanzstatistik Für den Berichtszeitraum 2015 bis 2018 [Direct Investment According to Balance of Payments Statistics for the Reporting Period 2015 to 2018], Berlin: Deutsche Bundesbank.

  • Deng Yong (2008) China’s Struggle for Status: The Realignment of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Deng Yongheng, Morck, R., Jing Wu and Yeung, B. (2011) ‘Monetary and fiscal stimuli, ownership structure, and China’s housing market’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (1687), www.nber.org/papers/w16871

  • Dfat (2019) ‘Statistics on who invests in Australia’, Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, May, www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/investment-statistics/Pages/statistics-on-who-invests-in-australia

  • d’Hooghe, I. (2005) ‘Public diplomacy in the People’s Republic of China’, in J. Melissen (ed), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 88–105.

  • Ding Sheng (2008a) The Dragon’s Hidden Wings: How China Rises with Its Soft Power, Lanham, MD: Lexington.

  • Ding Sheng (2008b) ‘To build a ‘harmonious world’: China’s soft power wielding in the global south’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 13(2): 193–213.

  • Dittmer, L. (1990) ‘Patterns of elite strife and succession in Chinese politics’, The China Quarterly, 123: 405–30.

  • Dollar, D. (2016) ‘China as a global investor’, Brookings Asia Working Group Paper 4, May, www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/china-as-aglobal-investor-dollar/china-as-a-global-investor_asia-working-paper-4.pdf

  • Dong Wen (2018) ‘Lun xin shidai xinshi guoji guanxi [On a new type of International Relations in the new era]’, Xue Lilun [Theory Study], 8: 62–4.

  • Downs, E. (2007) ‘The fact and fiction of Sino-African energy relations’, China Security, 3(3): 42–68.

  • Downs, E. (2010) ‘Who’s afraid of China’s oil companies?’, in C. Pascual and J. Elkind (eds), Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies, and Implications, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, pp 73–102.

  • Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B., Strange, A. and Tierney, M. (2017) ‘Aid, China, and growth: evidence from a new global development finance dataset’, AidData Working Paper (46), 10 October, www.aiddata.org/publications/aid-china-and-growth-evidence-from-a-new-global-development-finance-dataset

  • Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B., Strange, A. and Tierney, M. (2018) ‘Apples and dragon fruits: the determinants of aid and other forms of state financing from China to Africa’, International Studies Quarterly, 62(1): 182–94.

  • Dreyer, J.T. (2015) ‘The ‘tianxia trope’: will China change the international system?’, Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96): 1015–31.

  • Dreyer, M. (2019) ‘China NBA: how one tweet derailed the NBA’s China game plan’, BBC News, 10 October, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-49995985

  • Drezner, D. (2007) All Politics Is Global: Explaining International Regulatory Regimes, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Drezner, D. (2009) ‘Bad debts: assessing China’s financial influence in great power politics’, International Security, 34(2): 7–45.

  • Du Zhengai (2017) ‘Tuidong goujian xinxing guoji guanxi goujian renlei mingyun gongtongti [Dynamically construct a new type of international relations and build a community of common future for mankind]’, Xingzheng Guanli Gaige [Administrative Management Reform], 11: 97–100.

  • Duanmu, J-L. (2012) ‘Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs)’, Journal of World Business, 47(1): 64–72.

  • Duchêne, F. (1972) ‘Europe’s role in world peace’, in R. Mayne (ed.) Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, London: Fontana, pp 32–47.

  • Eckstein, A. (1975) ‘China’s trade policy and Sino-American relations’, Foreign Affairs, 54(1): 134–54.

  • Economist (2020a) ‘Let Taiwan into the World Health Organisation’, The Economist, 26 March, www.economist.com/asia/2020/03/26/let-taiwan-into-the-world-health-organisation

  • Economist (2020b) ‘Thanking Big Brother: China’s post-COVID propaganda push’, The Economist, 16 April, www.economist.com/china/2020/04/16/chinas-post-covid-propaganda-push

  • Edin, M. (2003) ‘State capacity and local agent control in China: CCP cadre management from a township perspective’, The China Quarterly, 173: 35–52.

  • Edney, K. (2014) The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda: International Power and Domestic Political Cohesion, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Edney, K. (2015) ‘Building national cohesion and domestic legitimacy: a regime security approach to soft power in China,’ Politics, 35(3–4): 259–72.

  • Eisenman, J. and Shinn, D. (2018) ‘China’s strategy in Africa’ in J. Eisenman and E. Heginbotham (eds), China Steps Out: Beijing’s Major Power Engagement with the Developing World, New York: Routledge, pp 134–69.

  • Ernst and Young (2017) ‘Sound risk management builds a solid foundation for Chinese enterprises to navigate the global landscape’, Ernst and Young China Go Abroad, Fifth Issue, April, www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-5-en/$FILE/EY-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-5-en.pdf

  • Ernst and Young (2018) ‘How does geopolitical dynamics affect future China overseas investment?’, Ernst and Young China Go Abroad, Eighth Issue, November, www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-8-en-new/$File/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-8-en.pdf

  • Ernst and Young (2020) ‘Overview of China outbound investment in 2019’, Ernst and Young, 13 February, www.ey.com/cn/en/newsroom/news-releases/news-2020-ey-overview-of-china-outbound-investment-in-2019

  • Espinoza, J. (2020) ‘Vestager urges stakebuilding to block Chinese takeovers’, Financial Times, 12 April, www.ft.com/content/e14f24c7-e47a-4c22-8cf3-f629da62b0a7

  • ESRC (2019) ‘Exploring the growing U.S. reliance on China’s biotech and pharmaceutical products’, US Economic Security Review Commission (ESRC), 31 July, www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/July%2031,%202019%20Hearing%20Transcript.pdf

  • European Commission (2019) ‘EU–China – a strategic outlook’, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council, 12 March, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.pdf

  • FAC (2020) ‘Viral immunity: the FCO’s role in building a coalition against COVID-19’, House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee, 2 April, https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/78/foreign-affairs-committee

  • Fallon, T. (2015) ‘The new Silk Road: Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for Eurasia’, American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(3): 140–47.

  • Fan Shih-Ping (2010) ‘The effects of China’s tourism diplomacy and a “United Front”’, China: An International Journal, 8(2): 247–81.

  • Fasslabend, W. (2015) ‘The Silk Road: a political marketing concept for world dominance’, European View, 14(2): 293–302.

  • Faucon, B. (2019) ‘China pulls out of giant Iranian gas project’, Wall Street Journal, 6 October, www.wsj.com/articles/china-pulls-out-of-giant-iranian-gas-project-11570372087

  • Fearon, J. (1997) ‘Signaling foreign policy interests: tying hands versus sinking costs’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(1): 68–90.

  • Fenby, J. (2014) Will China Dominate the 21st Century?, Cambridge: Polity.

  • Feng Huiyun and He Kai (2019) ‘Why do Chinese IR scholars matter?’, in Feng Huiyun, Kai He and Yan Xuetong (eds), Chinese Scholars and Foreign Policy, London: Routledge, pp 3–20.

  • Feng Zhongping and Huang Jing (2014) ‘China’s strategic partnership diplomacy: engaging with a changing world’, European Strategic Partnership Observatory Working Paper No 8, http://fride.org/download/WP8_China_strategic_partnership_diplomacy.pdf

  • Ferchen, M. (2018) ‘China, Venezuela, and the illusion of debt-trap diplomacy’, AsiaGlobal Online, 16 August, https://carnegietsinghua.org/2018/08/16/china-venezuela-and-illusion-of-debt-trap-diplomacy-pub-77089

  • Ferguson, D., McKenzie, J. and Ng, F. (2018) ‘A practical guide to Chinese investor protections along the Belt and Road’, HKTDC Research, 21 August, http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative/A-practical-guide-to-Chinese-investor-protections-along-the-Belt-and-Road/obor/en/1/1X97815292158300/1X0AEZ03.htm

  • Fewsmith, J. and Nathan, A. (2018) ‘Authoritarian resilience revisited: Joseph Fewsmith with response from Andrew J. Nathan’, Journal of Contemporary China, 28(116): 169–79.

  • Fish, I.S. (2010) ‘China’s love affair with rogue states’, Newsweek, 13 January.

  • Fitzgerald, J. (1996) Awakening China: Politics, Culture and Class in the Nationalist Revolution, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Fitzgerald, J. (2018) China in Xi’s ‘new era’: overstepping down under’, Journal of Democracy, 29(2): 59–67.

  • FMPRC (2002) ‘China’s position paper on the new security concept’, Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China, www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/gjs/gjzzyhy/2612/2614/t15319.htm

  • FMPRC (2006) ‘Zhongguo dui feizhou zhengce wenjian [Paper on China’s policy towards Africa]’, Foreign Ministry of the PRC, www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/ziliao/tytj/zcwj/t230612.htm

  • FMPRC (2013a) ‘Xi Jinping calls for the building of new type of international relations with win-win cooperation at the core in a speech at the Moscow state institute of international relations’, 23 March, Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpcf1_665694/t1024781.shtml

  • FMPRC (2013b) ‘Wang Yi talks about Xi Jinping attending the eighth G20 leaders’ summit in St. Petersburg’, Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China, 7 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t1076482.shtml

  • FMPRC (2015) ‘Xi Jinping zai nannan hezuo yuanzhuo hui shang fabiao jianghua chansu xinshiqi nannan hezuo changyi qiangdiao yao ba nannan hezuo shiye tui xiang geng gao shuiping [Xi Jinping delivered a speech at the roundtable on South-South cooperation, expounding the South-South cooperation initiative in the new era, stressing the need to push South-South cooperation to a higher level]’, Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China, 27 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/zyjh_674906/t1300907.shtml

  • FMPRC (2019) ‘China and the United Nations: position paper of the People’s Republic of China for the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly’, 18 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t1698812.shtml

  • Foot, R. (2013) ‘Introduction: China across the divide’, in R. Foot (ed), China Across the Divide: The Domestic and Global in Politics and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 1–15.

  • Foot, R. (2014) ‘“Doing some things” in the Xi Jinping era: the United Nations as China’s venue of choice’, International Affairs, 90(5): 1085–100.

  • Freeman, C. and Yuan, Wen Jin (2011) ‘China’s exchange rate politics: decoding the cleavage between the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and the People’s Bank of China’, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/110615_Freeman_ChinaExchangeRatePolitics_Web.pdf

  • Friedberg, A. (1993–94) ‘Ripe for rivalry: prospects for peace in a multipolar Asia’, International Security, 18(3): 5–33.

  • Fuller, D. (2016) Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons: Firms and the Political Economy of China’s Technological Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Gabriele, A. (2009) ‘The role of the state in China’s industrial development: a reassessment’, MPRA Paper (1455), http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14551/1/MPRA_paper_14551.pdf

  • Gallagher, K. and Irwin, A. (2014) ‘Exporting national champions: China’s outward foreign direct investment finance in comparative perspective’, China and World Economy, 22(6): 1–21.

  • Gao Hong (2018) ‘Zhongguo fang’an de xingcheng jichu, bijiao youshi yu lilun luoji [The basis, comparative advantage and theoretical logic of the China Solution]’, Gaoxiao Makesezhuyi Lilun Yanjiu [Academic Research on Marxist Theory], 2: 102–10.

  • Gao Jie (2010) ‘Hitting the target but missing the point: the rise of non-mission-based targets in performance measurement of Chinese local governments’, Administration and Society, 42(1S): 56–76.

  • Gao Jie (2015) ‘Political rationality vs. technical rationality in China’s target-based performance measurement system: the case of social stability maintenance’, Policy and Society, 34(1): 37–48.

  • Gardner, C. (2020) ‘Taiwan allies international protection and enhancement initiative (TAIPEI) act of 2019’, S.1678 – 116th Congress (2019–2020), 26 March, www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1678/text

  • Gašparovič, I. (2013) ‘Slovak president meets the Chairman of the National People’s Congress of China,’ Press Department of the President, 20 September, www.prezident.sk/?press-department&news_id=18118

  • Gereffi, G. and Korzeniewicz, M. (eds) (1994) Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport, CT: Praeger.

  • Germain, R. and Schwartz, H.M. (2017) ‘The political economy of currency internationalisation: the case of the RMB’, Review of International Studies, 43(4): 765–87.

  • Gertz, B. (1999) Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security, Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Gertz, B. (2002) The China Threat: How the People’s Republic Targets America. Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Gholz, E. (2014) ‘Rare earth elements and national security’, Council on Foreign Relations Energy Report, October, www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014/10/Energy%20Report_Gholz.pdf

  • Gill, B. (2007) Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy, Washington, DC: Brookings.

  • Gill, B. (2020) ‘China’s global influence: post-COVID prospects for soft power’, The Washington Quarterly, 43(2): 97–115.

  • Gill, B. and Huang Yanzhong (2006) ‘Sources and limits of Chinese “soft power”’, Survival, 48(2): 17–36.

  • Gill, S. (2008) Power and Resistance in the New World Order (Second Edition), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Glaser, B. and Murphy, M. (2009) ‘Soft power with Chinese characteristics: the ongoing debate’, in C. McGiffert (ed), Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp 10–26.

  • Global Times (2020a) ‘Italy may have had an unexplained strain of pneumonia as early as November…’, Twitter, 22 March, https://twitter.com/globaltimesnews/status/1241559268190343168

  • Global Times (2020b) ‘Outspoken Chinese diplomat says tweet on COVID-19 origin was response to US stigmatization of China’, Global Times, 8 April, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1184903.shtml

  • Global Times (2020c) ‘Political motives behind China smears’, Global Times, 28 April 2020, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186941.shtml

  • Goh, E. (2013) The Struggle for Order: Hegemony, Resistance and Transition in Post-Cold War East Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Goodman, D. (2017) ‘Australia and the China threat: managing ambiguity’, The Pacific Review, 30(5): 769–82.

  • Gore, L. (2017) ‘The Communist Party-dominated governance model of China: legitimacy, accountability, and meritocracy’, Polity, 51(1): 161–94.

  • Goron, C. (2018) ‘Climate Revolution or Long March? The Politics of Low Carbon Transformation in China (1992–2015): The Power Sector as Case Study’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warwick.

  • Gracie, C. (2015) ‘China and “the Osborne doctrine”’, BBC News, 15 October, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-34539507

  • Gracie, C. (2016) ‘Hangzhou G20: China’s ambitions for global leadership’, BBC News, 2 September, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-37241315

  • Green, D. (2020) ‘Our approach to China may now have to be more like our attitude to Russia during parts of the Cold War’, Conservative Home, 31 March, www.conservativehome.com/platform/2020/03/damian-green-coronavirus-huawei-and-what-to-do-about-china-in-the-long-term.html

  • Grieger, G. (2018) ‘China, the 16+1 format and the EU’, Members’ Research Service PE 625.173, 7 September, www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625173/EPRS_BRI(2018)625173_EN.pdf

  • Gu Jiping (2011) ‘The last golden land? Chinese private companies go to Africa’, IDS Working Paper 365. www.ids.ac.uk/go/idspublication/the-last-golden-land-chinese-private-companies-go-to-africaGuo Jiping (2019) ‘Da bianjuzhong de zhongguo yu shijie [China and the world in an era of great change]’, Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily], 25 September, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2019-09/25/nw.D119781529215830renmrb_20190925_5-01.htm

  • Guo Sujian (2013) ‘Introduction: political science and Chinese political studies – the state of the field’, in Guo Sujian (ed), Political Science and Chinese Political Studies: The State of the Field, Heidelberg: Springer, pp 1–8.

  • Guo Wei (2017) ‘Quanqiu zhili de zhongguo fang’an yu zhongguo huayu de jiangou [The China Solution of global governance and the construction of the Chinese discourse]’, Zhejiang Shehui Kexue [Zhejiang Social Sciences], 5: 121–7.

  • Hagström, L. and Nordin, A. (2020) ‘China’s “politics of harmony” and the quest for soft power in international politics’, International Studies Review, 22(3): 507–25.

  • Halper, S. (2010) The Beijing Consensus: How China’s Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty-First Century, New York: Basic Books.

  • Hameiri, S. and Jones, L. (2015) ‘Rising powers and state transformation: the case of China’, European Journal of International Relations, 22(1): 72–98.

  • Hanemann, T., Gao, C. and Lysenko, A. (2019) ‘Net negative: Chinese investment in the US in 2018’, Rhodium Group, 13 January, https://rhg.com/research/chinese-investment-in-the-us-2018-recap/

  • Hart-Landsberg, M. and Burkett, P. (2004) ‘China and socialism: market reforms and class struggle’, Monthly Review, 56(3): 1–116.

  • Hartig, F. (2015) ‘Communicating China to the world: Confucius Institutes and China’s strategic narratives’, Politics, 35(3–4): 245–58.

  • Hartig, F. (2017) Chinese Public Diplomacy: The Rise of Confucius Institute, London: Routledge.

  • Hay, C. and Rosamond, B. (2002) ‘Globalization, European integration and the discursive construction of economic imperatives’, Journal of European Public Policy, 9(2): 147–67.

  • He Yin (2019) ‘China takes the lead in UN peacekeeping’, China Daily, 26 September, www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/26/WS5d8bfa01a310cf3e3556d7f3.html

  • Heilmann, S. (2009) ‘Maximum tinkering under uncertainty: unorthodox lessons from China,’ Modern China, 35(4): 450–62.

  • Heilmann, S. and Melton, O. (2013) ‘The reinvention of development planning in China, 1993–2012’, Modern China, 39(6): 580–628.

  • Herrmann, R., Voss, J., Schooler, T. and Ciarrochi, J. (1997) ‘Images in international relations: an experimental test of cognitive schemata’, International Studies Quarterly, 41(3): 403–33.

  • Hirschman, A. (1945) National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Ho, B. (2014) ‘Understanding Chinese exceptionalism: China’s rise, its goodness, and greatness’, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 39(3): 164–76.

  • Hoffman, A. (2002) ‘A conceptualization of trust in international relations’, European Journal of International Relations, 8(3): 375–401.

  • Horn, S., Reinhart, C. and Trebesch, C. (2019) ‘China’s overseas lending’, NBER Working Paper No. 26050, http://papers.nber.org/tmp/47603-w26050.pdf

  • Hornby, L. (2019) ‘China “rebalances” overseas lending on debt burden concerns’, Financial Times, 29 January, www.ft.com/content/c0c3b840-238d-11e9-8ce6-5db4543da632

  • Hsu, S. (2012) ‘Role of informal finance in China’s continuing economic development’, The Chinese Economy, 45(1): 28–45.

  • Hu Angang and Men Honghua (2002) ‘The rising of modern China: comprehensive national power and Grand Strategy’, https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/china/chigrandstrategy.pdf

  • Hu Angang, Zheng Yunfeng, and Gao Yuyu (2015) ‘Dui zhongmei zonghe guoli de pinggu (1990–2013 nian) [On the comprehensive national power of China and the United States (1990–2013)]’, Qinghua Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Tsinghua University], 1: 26–39.

  • Hu Jian (2012) ‘Cong taoguang yanghui dao jiji zuowei – zhongguo waijiao siwei, zhanlue yu celue de zhuanbian chu lun [From taoguang yanghui to active conduct – the transformation of China’s diplomatic thinking, strategy and tactics]’, Lilun Dakoan [Theoretical Guide], 4: 107–109.

  • Hu Jintao (2007) ‘Hold high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects’, Report to the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 15 October, www.gov.cn/english/2007-10/24/content_785505.htm

  • Hu Jintao (2012) ‘Firmly march on the path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and strive to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects’, Speech at 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 27 November, www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/18th_CPC_National_Congress_Eng/t992917.htm

  • Hu Weixing (2019) ‘Xi Jinping’s “big power diplomacy” and China’s Central National Security Commission (CNSC)’, Journal of Contemporary China, 25(98): 163–77.

  • Huang Jing (2017) ‘Xi Jinping’s Taiwan policy: boxing Taiwan in with the One-China framework’, in L. Dittmer (ed), Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace, Oakland, CA: University of California Press, pp 239–48.

  • Huang Yanzhong and Ding Sheng (2006) ‘Dragon’s underbelly: an analysis of China’s soft power’, East Asia: An International Journal, 23(4): 22–44.

  • Huang Yasheng (2011) ‘Rethinking the Beijing Consensus’, Asia Policy, 11: 1–26.

  • Hubbard, P. (2007) ‘Aiding transparency: what we can learn about China ExIm Bank’s concessional loans?’, Center for Global Development Working Paper 126, www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/14424_file_AidingTransparency.pdf

  • Hubbard, P. (2016) ‘Reconciling China’s official statistics on state ownership and contribution’, EABER Working Paper Series No. 120, www.eaber.org/node/25575

  • Hui, C. (2004) ‘Toward a dynamic theory of international politics: insights from comparing ancient China and early modern Europe’, International Organization, 58(1), 175–205.

  • Hurley, J., Morris, S. and Portelance, G. (2018) ‘Examining the debt implications of the Belt and Road initiative from a policy perspective’, Center for Global Development Policy Paper No. 121, March, www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf

  • Hurst, L. (2011) ‘Comparative analysis of the determinants of China’s state-owned outward direct investment in OECD and non-OECD countries’, China and World Economy, 19(4): 74–91.

  • Ikenberry, J. (2008) ‘The rise of China and the future of the West: can the liberal system survive?’, Foreign Affairs, 87(1): 23–37.

  • IMF (2010) ‘People’s Republic of China: 2010 Article IV consultation’, IMF Country Report No. 10/238, 17 June, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10238.pdf

  • IMF (2017a) ‘Lao People’s Democratic Republic staff report for the 2016 article IV consultation: debt sustainability analysis’, International Monetary Fund, 6 January, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dsa/pdf/2017/dsacr1753.pdf

  • IMF (2017b) ‘The People’s Republic of China: selected issues’, IMF Country Report No. 17/248, August 2017, www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2017/cr17248.ashx

  • International Crisis Group (2012) ‘Stirring up the South China Sea (I)’, International Crisis Group Asia Report, No 223, 23 April, www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/223-stirring-up-the-south-china-sea-i.pdf

  • Irvine, R. (2016) Forecasting China’s Future: Dominance or Collapse, London: Routledge.

  • Jacques, M. (2009) When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, London: Penguin.

  • Jaros, K. and Tan Yeling (2020) ‘Provincial power in a centralizing China: the politics of domestic and international “development space”’, The China Journal, 83: 79–104.

  • Jennings, R. (2018) ‘Why it hurts less now as China punishes South Korea with tourism cut’, Forbes, 4 March, www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2018/03/04/china-keeps-punishing-south-korea-with-tourism-cuts-for-now/#645da352366c

  • Jervis, R. (1970) The Logic of Images in International Relations, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Jervis, R. (1982/83) ‘Deterrence and perception’, International Security, 7(3): 3–30.

  • Jia Qingguo (2020) ‘China’s diplomatic response to COVID-19’, East Asia Forum, 17 May, www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/17/chinas-diplomatic-response-to-covid-19/

  • Jia Wenshan (2017) ‘Host diplomacy for a new world order’, China Daily, 8 August, www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017-08/08/content_30366170.htm

  • Jiang Zemin (2002) ‘Build a well-off society in an all-round way and create a new situation in building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’, Report to 16th National Party Congress, 8 November, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/3698_665962/t18872.shtml

  • Jin Zhen (2017) ‘Environmental management system in China: the target achieving process’ in H. Kitagawa (ed), Environmental Policy and Governance in China, Tokyo: Springer, pp 69–88.

  • Jing Kong and Shen Kongrong (2019) ‘Zhongguo qiye dui yidai yilu yanxian guojia de jiaotong touzi xiaoying: Fazhan haishi zhaiwu xianjing [The effect of Chinese enterprises on the transportation investment of countries along the Belt and Road: development effect or debt trap]’, Zhongguo Gongye Jingji [Industrial Economics], 9: 79–97.

  • Johnston, A.I. (2013) ‘How new and assertive is China’s new assertiveness?’, International Security, 37(4): 7–48.

  • Johnston, A.I. (2019) ‘China in a world of orders: rethinking compliance and challenge in Beijing’s international relations’, International Security, 44(2): 9–60.

  • Jones, L. and Zeng Jinghan (2019) ‘Understanding China’s “Belt and Road Initiative”: beyond “Grand Strategy” to a state transformation analysis’, Third World Quarterly, 40(8): 1415–39.

  • Kallio, J. (2016) ‘Towards China’s Strategic Narrative’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi.

  • Kang, D. (2003) ‘Getting Asia wrong: the need for new analytical frameworks’, International Security, 27(4): 57–85.

  • Kaplinsky, R., McCormick, D. and Morris, M. (2007) ‘The impact of China on Sub-Saharan Africa’, University of Sussex Institute of Development Studies Working Paper No. 291, www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp291.pdf

  • Karnitschnig, M. (2020) ‘China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war’, Politico, 18 March, www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/

  • Keen, M. (2016) ‘Going global or going nowhere? Chinese media in a time of flux’, Media International Australia, 159(1): 13–21.

  • Keet, D. (2008) ‘The role and impact of Chinese economic operations in Africa’, in D.-C. Guerrero and F. Manji (eds), China’s New Role in Africa and the South: A Search for a New Perspective, Oxford: Fahamu, pp 78–86.

  • Keller, W. and Rawski, T. (2007) ‘Asia’s shifting strategic and economic landscape’, in W. Keller and T. Rawski (eds), China’s Rise and the Balance of Influence in Asia, Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press, pp 3–13.

  • Kelly, D. (2016) ‘The CCP’s acceptance of market principles’, in S. Kennedy (ed), State and Market in Contemporary China: Toward the 13th Five-Year Plan, Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield, pp 48–50.

  • Kelly, D. (2017a) ‘The “China Solution”: Beijing responds to Trump’, Lowy Interpreter, 17 February, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-solution-beijing-responds-trump

  • Kelly, D. (2017b) ‘Winding back the China Solution’, The Interpreter, The Lowy Institute, 6 July, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/winding-back-the-china-solution

  • Kelly, D. (2018) ‘Seven Chinas: a policy framework’, CSIS Project on Chinese Business and Political Economy Paper no.3, February 2018, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180205_Kelly_SevenChinasAPolicyFramework_Web.pdf

  • Kennedy, S. (2010) ‘The myth of the Beijing Consensus’, Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65): 461–77.

  • Kim S., Prideaux, B. and Timothy, D. (2016) ‘Factors affecting bilateral Chinese and Japanese travel’, Annals of Tourism Research, 61: 80–95.

  • King, B. and Gardiner, S. (2015) ‘Chinese international students: an avant-garde of independent travellers?’, International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(2): 130–39.

  • Kirshner, J. (2010) ‘The tragedy of offensive realism: classical realism and the rise of China’, European Journal of International Relations, 18(1): 53–75.

  • Kitano, N. (2018a) ‘Estimating China’s foreign aid using new data’, IDS Bulletin, 49 (3), https://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/2980

  • Kitano, N. (2018b) ‘China’s foreign aid: entering a new stage’, Asia-Pacific Review, 25(1): 90–111.

  • Kitchen, N. (2010) ‘Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: a neoclassical realist model of Grand Strategy formation’, Review of International Studies, 36(1): 117–43.

  • Kleine-Ahlbrandt, S. and Small, A. (2008) ‘China’s new dictatorship diplomacy: is Beijing parting with pariahs?’, Foreign Affairs, January–February, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2008-06-01/chinas-new-dictatorship-diplomacy

  • Knoerich, J. (2017) ‘Has outward foreign direct investment contributed to the development of the Chinese economy?’, Transnational Corporations, 23(2): 1–48.

  • Kobayashi, T. (2008) ‘Evolution of China’s aid policy’, Japan Bank for International Cooperation Working Paper 27, www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/english/publication/archives/jbic/report/working/pdf/wp27_e.pdf

  • Koetse, M. (2019) ‘Hong Kong protests: brand “witch hunt” takes over Chinese internet’, BBC News, 15 August, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-49354017

  • Koike, Y. (2015) ‘The AIIB key to Beijing’s new economic order’, The Japan Times, 1 June, www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/06/01/commentary/japan-commentary/the-aiib-key-to-beijings-new-economic-order/#.V8XznvkrLIV

  • Kratz, A. (2015) ‘One belt, one road: what’s in it for China’s economic players?’, European Council on Foreign Relations China Analysis, June, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/China_analysis_belt_road.pdf

  • Kratz, A., Feng, A. and Wright, L. (2019) ‘New data on the “debt trap” question’, Rhodium Group, 29 April, https://rhg.com/research/new-data-on-the-debt-trap-question/

  • Kupchan, C. (2012) No One’s World: The West, The Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Kurlantzick, J. (2007) Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Kydd, A. (2005) Trust and Mistrust in International Relations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Kynge, J. (2009) China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation, London: Phoenix.

  • Kynge, J. and Yu Sun (2020) ‘China faces wave of calls for debt relief on “Belt and Road” projects’, Financial Times, 30 April, www.ft.com/content/5a3192be-27c6-4fe7-87e7-78d4158bd39b

  • Lahtinen, A. (2015) ‘China’s soft power: challenges of Confucianism and Confucius Institutes’, Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 14(2): 200–26.

  • Lai Hongyi and Kang Su-Jeong (2014) ‘Domestic bureaucratic politics and Chinese foreign policy’, Journal of Contemporary China, 23(86): 294–313.

  • Lake, D. (2017) ‘Domination, authority, and the forms of Chinese power’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 10(4): 357–82.

  • Lampton, D. (2008) The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • Lampton, D. (2015) ‘Xi Jinping and the National Security Commission: policy coordination and political power’, Journal of Contemporary China, 24(95): 759–77.

  • Lams, L. (2018) ‘Examining strategic narratives in Chinese official discourses under Xi Jinping’, Chinese Journal of Political Science, 23(3): 387–411.

  • Lancaster, C. (2007) ‘The Chinese aid system’, Center for Global Development Working Paper, www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/13953/

  • Landry, P. (2008) Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party’s Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Langan, M. (2018) Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Lardy, N. (2012) Sustaining China’s Economic Growth after the Global Crisis, Washington, DC: The Peterson Institute.

  • Lardy, N. (2014) Markets over Mao: The Rise of Private Business in China, Washington, DC: The Peterson Institute.

  • Lardy, N. (2019) The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China?, Washington, DC: The Peterson Institute.

  • Lawler, D. (2020) ‘The 53 countries supporting China’s crackdown on Hong Kong’, Axios, 3 July, www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html

  • Lei Chunfang (2019) ‘Zhongguo turang shengzhang de weida zhengzhi chuangzao’ [Chinese soil nurtures ‘the great political creation’], Qiushi, 1 April, www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2019-04/01/c_1124302946.htm

  • Leung, N., Ngai, J., Seong, J.M. and Woetzel, J. (2020) ‘Fast forward China: how COVID-19 is accelerating 5 key trends shaping the Chinese economy’, McKinsey, 6 May, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/fast-forward-china-how-covid-19-is-accelerating-five-key-trends-shaping-the-chinese-economy

  • Li Chen (2016) ‘Holding “China Inc.” together: the CCP and the rise of China’s Yangqi’, The China Quarterly, 228: 927–49.

  • Li Gemin (2009) ‘Lun Deng Xiaoping “taoguangyanghui, yousuo zuowei” de guoji zhanlue sixiang [On Deng Xiaoping’s strategic thinking of keeping a low profile and striving for achievements]’, Dangdai Sheke Shiye [Contemporary Social Science Perspectives], 1: 1–8 and 14.

  • Li Keqiang (2020) ‘Report on the work of government’, Report to the Third Session of the 13th National People’s Congress, 22 May, http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/news/202005/30/content_WS5ed197f3c6d0b3f0e94990da.html

  • Li Liyan (2018) ‘Renlei mingyun gongtongti de zhongguo wenhua zhihui [Chinese cultural wisdom of the community of shared future for mankind]’, Qianxian [Frontline], 10: 8–11.

  • Li Minghu, Cui Lin and Lu Jiangyong (2014) ‘Varieties in state capitalism: outward FDI strategies of central and local state-owned enterprises from emerging economy countries’, Journal of International Business Studies, 45(8): 980–1004.

  • Li Mingjiang (2008a) ‘China debates soft power’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2(2): 287–308.

  • Li Mingjiang (2008b) ‘Soft power and the Chinese approach’, Chinese Security, 4(3): 4–6.

  • Li Mingjiang (2019) ‘China’s economic power in Asia: the Belt and Road Initiative and the local Guangxi government’s role’, Asian Perspective, 43(2): 274–95.

  • Li Mingjiang and Lee Dongmin (2014) ‘Local liberalism: China’s provincial approaches to relations with Southeast Asia’, Journal of Contemporary China, 23(86): 275–93.

  • Li Qiao (2007) ‘Deng Xiaoping “taoguang yanghui, yousuo zuowei” de guoji zhannlue sixiang ji xin fazhan [New developments in the international strategic thought of Deng Xiaoping’s keeping a low profile and striving for achievements]’, Dalian Ganbu Xuekan [Dalian Officials’ Journal], 7: 41–3.

  • Li Quan and Liang Guoyong (2012) ‘Political relations and Chinese outbound direct investment: evidence from firm and dyad-level tests’, Indiana University Research Center for Chinese Politics and Business Working Paper 19, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2169805

  • Li Sixue (2017) ‘Xi Jinping zhongguo fang’an sixiang ruogan wenti yanjiu [Research on several issues relating to Xi Jinping’s China Solution thought]’, Shehui Kexue Jia [Social Scientist], 8: 35–40.

  • Liddell Hart, B. (1954) Strategy, London: Faber and Faber.

  • Lieberthal, K. (2006) ‘Why the US malaise over China? Awareness of the complexities could produce a win-win outcome’, YaleGlobal, 19 January, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/why-us-malaise-over-china

  • Lieberthal, K. and Wang Jisi (2013) ‘Assessing US–China strategic distrust’, John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series Number 4, www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0330_china_lieberthal.pdf

  • Lim, D. and Ferguson, V. (2020) ‘China’s “boycott diplomacy” over calls for coronavirus inquiry could harm Australian exporters’, ABC News, 24 April, www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-29/china-boycott-diplomacy--coronavirus-comes-more-government/12194482

  • Lim, L. and Bergin, J. (2018) ‘Inside China’s audacious global propaganda campaign’, The Guardian, 7 December, www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/07/china-plan-for-global-media-dominance-propaganda-xi-jinping

  • Lin Chun (2013) China and Global Capitalism: Reflections on Marxism, History, and Contemporary Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Lin Zhimin (2019) ‘Xi Jinping’s “major country diplomacy”: the impacts of China’s growing capacity’, Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115): 31–46.

  • Lind, J. and Press, D. (2018) ‘Markets or mercantilism? How China secures its energy supplies’, International Security, 42(4): 170–204.

  • Liu Chenguang (2017) ‘Shilun zhongguo fang’an de hexi yaoyi [Summary of the core of the China Solution]’, Xinjiang Shifan Daxue Xuebao – Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban [Journal of Xinjiang Normal University – Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition], 3(5): 21–33.

  • Liu Congde and Wang Xiao (2017) ‘Xi Jinping xinxing guoji guanxi sixiang zhong de zhonghua youxiu chuantong wenhua jiyin [The excellent Chinese traditional cultural gene in Xi Jinping’s thinking on a new type of international relations]’, Shehui Zhuyi Yanjiu [Socialism Studies], 3: 9–17.

  • Liu Jianfei (2018) ‘Xinxing daguo guanxi jiben tezheng chutan [The basics characteristics of the new type of international relations]’, Guoji Wenti Yanjiu [International Relations Research], 2: 17–29.

  • Liu Ling (2018) ‘Zhongguo fang’an yingdui quanqiu tiaozhan de youshi ji qishi’ [The advantages and insight of the China Solution in dealing with global challenges], Xueshu Qianyan [Academic Frontier], 10: 84–7.

  • Liu Ming (2016) ‘BRICS development: a long way to a powerful economic club and new international organization’, The Pacific Review, 23(3): 443–53.

  • Liu Xiaobiao (2002) Chang shuai zhongguo de bei hou: cong weixie lun dao bengkui lun [The Background to China’s Song of Decline: From the China Threat Theory to the China Collapse Theory], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

  • Liu Xiaoming (2020) ‘China has valuable lessons for the world in how to fight COVID-19’, Financial Times, 28 April, www.ft.com/content/ad61f0ea-8887-11ea-a109-483c62d17528

  • Liu Xiguang and Liu Kang (1997) Yaomohua zhongguo de beihou [Behind the Demonization of China], Beijing: China Social Sciences.

  • Liu Xinru (2016) ‘Zhongguo fang’an de shidai yunhan [The implication of the era of the China Solution]’, Jiefangjun Bao [PLA Daily], 27 July, http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0727/c40531-28588084.html

  • Lo, C. (2015) China’s Impossible Trinity: The Structural Challenges to the ‘Chinese Dream’, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Lo, J. and Pan, S.-Y. (2016) ‘Confucius Institutes and China’s soft power: practices and paradoxes’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(4): 512–32.

  • Lönnqvist, L. (2008) ‘China’s aid to Africa: implications for civil society’, INTRAC Policy Briefing Paper 17, www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Briefing-Paper-17-Chinas-Aid-to-Africa.pdf

  • Luo Jiangwen and Yang Xishuang (2017) ‘Lunxiang shijie gongxian zhongguo fang’an de jiben neirong ji qi yiju’ [On the basic content and contribution of the China Solution to the world]’, Fujian Jiangxia Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Fujian Jiangxia College], 7(3): 34–42.

  • Luo Limin, Qi Zhen and Hubbard, P. (2017) ‘Not looking for trouble: Chinese overseas investment by sector and ownership’, China Economic Review, 46: 142–64.

  • Luqiu, L.W.R. and McCarthy, J. (2019) ‘Confucius Institutes: the successful stealth ‘soft power’ penetration of American universities’, The Journal of Higher Education, 90(4): 620–43.

  • Lynch, D. (2015) China’s Futures: PRC Elites Debate Economics, Politics, and Foreign Policy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Ma Guochan (2020) ‘Jia Qingguo: yiqing jiasu shijie zhixu zhong gou, qu quanqiuhua zou butong [Jia Qingguo: the epidemic accelerates the reconstruction of the world order and de-globalization will not work]’, Caijing, 18 March, https://finance.sina.com.cn/review/jcgc/2020-03-18/doc-iimxxsth0003067.shtml

  • Madrid-Morales, D. (2017) ‘China’s digital public diplomacy towards Africa: actors, messages and audiences’, in K. Batchelor and Zhang Xiaoling (eds), China–Africa Relations: Building Images through Cultural Co-operation, Media Representation and Communication, London: Routledge, pp 129–46.

  • Magnus, G. (2018) Red Flags: Why Xi Jinping’s China Is in Jeopardy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Maher, R. (2018) ‘Bipolarity and the future of US–China relations’, Political Science Quarterly, 133(3): 477–525.

  • Mahoney, J. (2014) ‘Interpreting the Chinese dream: an exercise of political hermeneutics’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 19(1): 15–34.

  • Manion, M. (2016) ‘Taking China’s anticorruption campaign seriously’, Economic and Political Studies, 4(1): 3–18.

  • Manners, I. (2002) ‘Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2): 235–58.

  • Marinelli, M. (2018) ‘How to build a ‘beautiful China’ in the Anthropocene: the political discourse and the intellectual debate on ecological civilization’, Chinese Journal of Political Science, 23(3): 365–86.

  • Marks, S. (2020) ‘Coronavirus ends China’s honeymoon in Africa’, Politico, 16 April, www.politico.com/news/2020/04/16/coronavirus-china-africa-191444

  • Marlow, I. (2020) ‘Taiwan emerging from pandemic with a stronger hand against China’, Bloomberg, 29 April, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-29/taiwan-emerging-from-pandemic-with-a-stronger-hand-against-china

  • Mattis, P. (2019) ‘The Party Congress test: a minimum standard for analyzing Beijing’s intentions’, Texas University War on the Rocks, 8 January, https://warontherocks.com/2019/01/the-party-congress-test-a-minimum-standard-for-analyzing-beijings-intentions/

  • McCauley, R. and Chang Shu (2019) ‘Recent renminbi policy and currency co-movements’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 95: 444–56.

  • McMahon, D. (2018) China’s Great Wall of Debt: Shadow Banks, Ghost Cities, Massive Loans, and the End of the Chinese Miracle, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  • McNally, C. (2012) ‘Sino-Capitalism: China’s re-emergence and the international political economy’, World Politics, 64(4): 741–76.

  • Mearsheimer, J. (2006) ‘China’s unpeaceful rise’, Current History, 105(690): 160–62.

  • Men Honghua (2004) ‘Ruhe jinxing da zhanlue yanjiu – jian lun zhongguo de zhanlue yanji de yiyi’ [How to conduct Grand Strategy research: on the significance of the study of China’s Grand Strategy], Guoji Zhengzhi Yanjiu [Studies of International Politics], 4: 33–45.

  • Men Honghua (2005) Goujian zhongguo da zhanlue de kuangjia [Building a Framework for China’s Grand Strategy], Beijing: Peking University Press.

  • Men Honghua (2015) ‘Kaiqu zhongguo quanmin shenhua gaige kaifang de xin shidai: jian lun weilai shinian zhongguo de da zhanlue zouxiang [Open China to deepen the new era of reform and opening up: on China’s Grand Strategy in the next decade]’, Xuexi yu tansuo [Study and Exploration], 8: 40–44.

  • Men Jing and Barton, B. (2011) ‘Introduction: China and the EU in Africa: changing concepts and changing policies’ in Jing Men and B. Barton (eds), China in the European Union in Africa: Partners or Competitors?, Farnham: Ashgate, pp 1–20.

  • Menegazzi, S. (2017) Rethinking Think Tanks in Contemporary China, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Mertha, A. (2009) ‘“Fragmented authoritarianism 2.0”: political pluralization in the Chinese policy process’, The China Quarterly, 200: 995–1012.

  • Metzgar, E. (2015) ‘Institutions of higher education as public diplomacy tools: China-based university programs for the 21st century’, Journal of Studies in International Education, 20(3): 223–41.

  • Milhaupt, C. and Zheng Wentong (2015) ‘Beyond ownership: state capitalism and the Chinese firm’, The Georgetown Law Journal, 103(3): 665–722.

  • Miller, T. (2019) ‘Great leap outward: China’s ODI and the Belt and Road Initiative’, in J. deLisle and A. Goldstein (eds), To Get Rich is Glorious: Challenges Facing China’s Economic Reform and Opening at Forty, Washington, DC: Brookings, pp 233–60.

  • Minzner, C. (2019) ‘Intelligentsia in the crosshairs: Xi Jinping’s ideological rectification of higher education in China’, China Leadership Monitor, 62, www.prcleader.org/carl-minzner

  • Miranda, J. (2018) ‘How China did not transform into a market economy’, in J. Nedumpara and Zhou Weihuan (eds), Non-Market Economies in the Global Trading System: The Special Case of China, Singapore: Springer, pp 65–97.

  • Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B. and Rosselle, L. (2013) Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order, New York: Routledge.

  • MOFCOM (1997) ‘Price law of the People’s Republic of China’, Ministry of Commerce, 31 December, http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201303/20130300046121.shtml

  • MOFCOM (2018) ‘MOFCOM Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation comments on China’s outward investment cooperation in 2017’, Ministry of Commerce, 18 January, http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/policyreleasing/201801/20180102706193.shtml

  • MOFCOM (2019a) ‘Zhongguo duiwith touzi fazhan baogao 2018 [China’s foreign investment development report 2018]’, Ministry of Commerce, January, http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/fec/201901/20190128155348158.pdf

  • MOFCOM (2019b) ‘MOFCOM Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation comments on China’s outward investment and cooperation in 2018’, Ministry of Commerce, 17 January, http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/policyreleasing/201901/20190102829745.shtml

  • Mori, K. (1988) ‘The impact of Sino–Soviet détente’, The Pacific Review, 1(3): 290–95.

  • Mussington, D. (2018) ‘Countering “Made in China 2025”: strategy for Western powers in a cybered world’, Military Cyber Affairs, 3(2): 1–12.

  • Nathan, A. (2016) ‘Domestic factors in the making of Chinese foreign policy’, China Report, 52(3): 179–91.

  • Naughton, B. (2015) ‘The transformation of the state sector: SASAC, the market economy, and the new national champions’, in B. Naughton and K. Tsai (eds), State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 46–72.

  • Naughton, B. and Tsai, K. (2015) ‘Introduction: state capitalism and the Chinese economic miracle’ in B. Naughton and K. Tsai (eds), State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 1–24.

  • Navarro, P. and Autry, G. (2011) Death by China: Confronting the Dragon – A Global Call to Action, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  • NDRC (2017) ‘Zhongguo duiwai touzi baogao [China foreign investment report]’, National Development and Reform Commission, November, www.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201711/W020171130400470019984.pdf

  • Nelson, F. (2015) ‘George Osborne’s epic kowtow to China. The Dalai Lama is right: the UK’s China policy is about ‘money money’ – where the sale comes first’, The Spectator, 26 September, www.spectator.co.uk/2015/09/cameron-and-osbornes-epic-kowtow-to-china/

  • Ni Chen (2012) ‘Branding national images: the 2008 Beijing summer Olympics, 2010 Shanghai World Expo, and 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games’, Public Relations Review, 38: 731–45.

  • Nolke, A. (2014) ‘Introduction: toward state capitalism 3.0’ in A. Nolke (ed), Multinational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Towards State Capitalism 3.0, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 1–15.

  • Nordin, A. (2012) ‘Space for the future: exhibiting China in the world at the Shanghai Expo’, China Information, 26(2), 235–49.

  • Norris, W. (2016) Chinese Economic Statecraft: Commercial Actors, Grand Strategy and State Control, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

  • Norton, S. (2015) ‘China’s Grand Strategy’, University of Sydney China Studies Centre, https://sydney.edu.au/china_studies_centre/images/content/ccpublications/policy_paper_series/2015/chinas-grand-strategy.pdf

  • Nye, J. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books.

  • Nye, J. (2000) Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Nye, J. (2004) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.

  • Nye, J. (2009) ‘Get smart: combining hard and soft power’, Foreign Affairs, 88(4): 160–63.

  • Obe, M. (2019) ‘Asian neighbors lose confidence in Xi Jinping’s policies: survey’, Nikkei Asia Review, 6 December, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Asian-neighbors-lose-confidence-in-Xi-Jinping-s-policies-Survey

  • OLGBRI (2017) Building the Belt and Road: Concept, Practice and China’s Contribution, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press for the Office of the Leading Group for the Belt and Road Initiative.

  • Olins, W. (2005) ‘Making a national brand’ in J. Melissen (ed), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 169–79.

  • Oliveira, R.T., Menzies, J., Borgia, D. and Figueira, S. (2017) ‘Outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries: theoretical extension and evidence from China’, The International Trade Journal, 31(5): 402–28.

  • Oltermann, P. (2018) ‘Germany’s “China City”: how Duisburg became Xi Jinping’s gateway to Europe’, The Guardian, 2 August, www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/aug/01/germanys-china-city-duisburg-became-xi-jinping-gateway-europe

  • ONS (2019) ‘UK foreign direct investment, trends and analysis: July 2019’, UK Office of National Statistics, 29 July, www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/ukforeigndirectinvestmenttrendsandanalysis/july2019

  • Osborne, G. and O’Neill, J. (2015) ‘It’s in Britain’s interests to bond with China now: the future prosperity of this country depends on us strengthening our relationship with the world’s next superpower’, The Guardian, 19 September, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/19/george-osborne-britain-should-bond-china-now

  • Overholt, W. (1993) China: The Next Economic Superpower, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

  • Pan Chengxin (2012) Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

  • Pan S.-Y. (2013) ‘China’s approach to the international market for higher education studies: strategies and implications’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(3): 249–63.

  • Pan S.-Y. and Lo, J. (2017) ‘Re-conceptualizing China’s rise as a global power: a neo-tributary perspective’, The Pacific Review, 30(1): 1–25.

  • Pan Yue (2006) ‘Humanity and nature need to exist in harmony’, China Daily, 27 July, www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2006-07/27/content_650584.htm

  • Panda, J. (2020) ‘Five reasons why Xi’s “Peking model” will struggle post-COVID-19’, Pacific Forum, 7 April, https://pacforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/20200407_PacNet_19-1.pdf

  • Pang Zhongying (2008) ‘The Beijing Olympics and China’s soft power’, Brookings Institute, www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-beijing-olympics-and-chinas-soft-power/

  • Pang Zhongying (2018) ‘Quanqiu zhili zhongguo fang’an de leixing yu shishi fanglue [The characteristic and implementation strategy of the China Solution for global governance]’, Xueshujie [Academics], 1: 5–12.

  • Paradise, J. (2009) ‘China and international harmony: the role of Confucius Institutes in bolstering Beijing’s soft power,’ Asian Survey, 49(4): 647–69.

  • Paris, R. (2001) ‘Human security: paradigm shift or hot air?’, International Security, 26(2): 87–102.

  • Pauls, R. and Gottwald, J.-C. (2018) ‘Origins and dimensions of the Belt and Road Initiative experimental patch-work or Grand Strategy?’ in R. Taylor and J. Jaussaud (eds), China’s Global Political Economy: Managerial Perspectives, London: Routledge, pp 31–54.

  • Pauley, L. (2018) ‘China takes the lead in UN peacekeeping’, The Diplomat, 17 April, https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/china-takes-the-lead-in-un-peacekeeping/

  • PBOC (2011) 2010 nian zhongguo quyu jinrong yunxing baogao [Report on China’s 2010 Regional Financial Development], Beijing: People’s Bank of China.

  • Pearson, M. (1999) ‘China’s integration into the international trade and investment regime’, in E. Economy and M. Oksenberg (eds), China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, pp 161–205.

  • Pei Minxin (2020) ‘China’s coming upheaval: competition, the coronavirus, and the weakness of Xi Jinping’, Foreign Affairs, 3 April, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-03/chinas-coming-upheaval

  • Pence, M. (2018) ‘Remarks on the administration’s policy towards China’, Hudson Institute, 4 October, www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-s-remarks-on-the-administration-s-policy-towards-china102018

  • People’s Daily (2020a) ‘China offers global help in combating COVID-19’, People’s Daily Online, 24 March, http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0324/c99781529215830-9671552.html

  • People’s Daily (2020b) ‘China’s anti-coronavirus efforts, public health system proves effective: African think tank expert’, People’s Daily Online, 6 April, http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0406/c99781529215830-9676526.html

  • People’s Daily (2020c) ‘Kuoda Guo da neixu bixu wajue guonei shichang qianli [Expansion of domestic demand must tap domestic market potential]’, People’s Daily, Commentary, 12 April, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-04/12/nw.D119781529215830renmrb_20200412_4-01.htm

  • Pew Research Center (2013) ‘America’s global image remains more positive than China’s: but many see China becoming world’s leading power’, Pew Research Center, 18 July, www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/07/18/americas-global-image-remains-more-positive-than-chinas/

  • Peyrouse, S. (2016) ‘Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in central Asia’, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1: 14–23.

  • Pieke, F. (2013) ‘Contemporary China studies in the Netherlands’, in W. Idema (ed), Chinese Studies in the Netherlands, Amsterdam: Brill, pp 159–90.

  • Pollack, J. (1984) China and the Global Strategic Balance, Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

  • Pomfret, R. (2019) ‘The Eurasian landbridge and China’s Belt and Road Initiative: demand, supply of services and public policy’, The World Economy, 42(6): 1642–53.

  • Pompeo, M. (2019) ‘The United States imposes sanctions on Chinese companies for transporting Iranian oil’, US Department of State, 25 September, www.state.gov/the-united-states-imposes-sanctions-on-chinese-companies-for-transporting-iranian-oil/

  • Pu Xiaoyu (2019) Rebranding China: Contested Status Signaling in the Changing Global Order, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Pu Xiaoyu and Wang Chengli (2018) ‘Rethinking China’s rise: Chinese scholars debate strategic overstretch’, International Affairs, 94(5): 1019–35.

  • Putz, C. (2019) ‘Which countries are for or against China’s Xinjiang policies?’, The Diplomat, 15 July, https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/

  • Qin Yaqing (2014) ‘Continuity through change: background knowledge and China’s international strategy’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(3): 285–314.

  • Qiu Jing (2019) ‘Why is China Still a Developing Economy?’, Beijing Review, 26 April, www.bjreview.com/Opinion/201904/t20190426_800166194.html

  • Qiushi (2020) ‘Rang hezuo de yangguang qusan yiqing de yinmai [Let the sunshine of cooperation disperse the haze of the epidemic]’ Qiushi, 8, 15 April, www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2020-04/15/c_1125857304.htm

  • Quinn, A. (2011) ‘Clinton warns against ‘new colonialism’ in Africa’, Reuters, 11 June, www.reuters.com/article/us-clinton-africa/clinton-warns-against-new-colonialism-in-africa-idUSTRE75A0RI20110611

  • Rajah, R., Dayant, A. and Pryke, J. (2019) ‘Ocean of debt? Belt and Road and debt diplomacy in the Pacific’, Lowy Institute, 21 October, www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific

  • Ramamurti, R. and Hillemann, J. (2018) ‘What is “Chinese” about Chinese multinationals?’, Journal of International Business Studies, 49(1): 34–48.

  • Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M. and Laforet, S. (2012) ‘China’s outward foreign direct investment: location choice and firm ownership’, Journal of World Business, 47(1), 17–25.

  • Ramo, J. (2004a) ‘China has discovered its own economic consensus’, Financial Times, 8 May.

  • Ramo, J. (2004b) The Beijing Consensus: Notes on the New Physics of Chinese Power, London: Foreign Policy Centre.

  • Rathbun, B. (2009) ‘It takes all types: social psychology, trust, and the international relations paradigm in our minds’, International Theory, 1(3): 345–80.

  • Rathbun, B. (2017) ‘Trust in international relations’, in E. Uslaner (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 687–706.

  • Ren, D. (2020) ‘China boosts face mask production capacity by 450 per cent in a month, threatening a glut scenario’, South China Morning Post, 16 March.

  • Reuters (2020) ‘Finland’s emergency supply agency head quits over face mask purchase’, New York Times, 10 April, www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/10/world/europe/10reuters-health-coronavirus-finland-facemasks.html

  • Rogers, J., Foxall, A., Henderson, M. and Armstrong, S. (2020) ‘Breaking the China supply chain: how the ‘five eyes’ can decouple from strategic dependency’, Henry Jackson Society, May, https://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Breaking-the-China-Chain.pdf

  • Rolland, N. (2019) ‘Beijing’s response to the Belt and Road Initiative’s “pushback”: a story of assessment and adaptation’, Asian Affairs, 50(2): 216–35.

  • Rolland, N. (2020) ‘China’s vision for a new world order’, NBR Special Report 83, 27 January, www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/sr83_chinasvision_jan2020.pdf

  • Romanoff, L. (2019) ‘Tiananmen Square: the failure of an American-instigated 1989 color revolution’, GlobalResearch, 24 September, www.globalresearch.ca/tiananmen-square-the-failure-of-an-american-instigated-1989-color-revolution/5690061

  • Romanoff, L. (2020) ‘COVID-19: further evidence that the virus originated in the US’, GlobalResearch, 11 March, www.globalresearch.ca/covid-19-further-evidence-virus-originated-us/5706078

  • Rosen, D. and Hanemann, T. (2009) ‘China’s changing outbound foreign direct investment profile: drivers and policy implications’, Petersen Institute for International Economics Policy Brief, PB09-14, www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb09-14.pdf

  • Ruan Zongze (2015) ‘Guojian xinxing guoji guanxi: Chaoyue lishi yingde weilai [Building a new type of international relations: transcending history to win the future]’, Guoji Wenti Yanjiu [International Relations Research], 2: 16–30.

  • Rudyak, M. ( 2018 ) ‘Will China’s new aid agency be effective?’, The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, 20 April, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/will-china-new-aid-agency-be-effective

  • Rühlig, T. (2020) ‘Who controls Huawei? Implications for Europe’, UI Paper No. 5/2020, May, www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf

  • Saich, A. (2015) Governance and Politics of China: Fourth Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Sanderson, H. (2015) ‘China measures set to boost aluminium supply’, Financial Times, 9 April, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/54e19340-de9f-11e4-8a01-00144feab7de.html#axzz3j3uRvpH5

  • Sassen, S. (1999) ‘Embedding the global in the national’, in D. Smith, D. Solinger and S. Topik (eds), States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy, London: Routledge, pp 158–71.

  • Sautman, B. and Yan, Hairong (2006) ‘East mountain tiger, west mountain tiger: China, the West, and “colonialism” in Africa,’ Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, 3, https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1185&context=mscas

  • Sauvant, K. and Nolan, M. (2015) ‘China’s outward foreign direct investment and international investment law’, Journal of International Economic Law, 18(4): 893–934.

  • Scobell, A. (2003) China’s Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Scobell, A. (2012) ‘Learning to rise peacefully? China and the security dilemma’, Journal of Contemporary China, 21(76): 713–21.

  • Sceats, S. (2015) ‘China’s cyber diplomacy: a taste of law to come’, The Diplomat, 14 January, http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/chinas-cyber-diplomacy-a-taste-of-law-to-come/

  • Schirm, S. (2010) ‘Leaders in need of followers: emerging powers in global governance’, European Journal of International Relations, 16(2): 197–221.

  • SelectUSA (2019) ‘Foreign direct investment (FDI): United States’, US Department of Commerce, www.selectusa.gov/servlet/servlet.FileDownload?file=015t978152921583000LKSn

  • Shambaugh, D. (1996) ‘Containment or engagement of China? Calculating Beijing’s responses’, International Security, 21(2): 180–209.

  • Shambaugh, D. (2005) ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom: China and Asia in the early twenty-first century’, in D. Shambaugh (ed), Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp 1–20.

  • Shambaugh, D. (2011) ‘Coping with a conflicted China’, The Washington Quarterly, 34(1): 7–27.

  • Shambaugh, D. (2013) China Goes Global: The Partial Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Shambaugh, D. (2015) ‘China’s soft power push: the search for respect’, Foreign Affairs, June–July: 99–107.

  • Shapiro, D., Vecino, C. and Jing Li (2018) ‘Exploring China’s state-led FDI model: evidence from the extractive sectors in Latin America’, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(1): 1–27.

  • Shi Jianping (2017) ‘“Zhongguo fang’an” yu qiaowu gongzuo xin jiyu [The China Solution and new opportunities for overseas Chinese affairs]’, Wuyi Daxu Xuebao Shehui Kexue ban [Journal of Wuyi University Social Sciences Edition], 19(3): 9–14.

  • Shi Yinhong (2002) The Rising China: Essential Disposition, Secular Grand Strategy, and Current Prime Problems, Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA, www.spf.org/publication/upload/178474a17de.pdf

  • Shi Yinhong (2015) ‘China’s complicated foreign policy’, ECFR, 31 March, www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_chinas_complicated_foreign_policy311562

  • Shi-Kupfer, K. and Ohlberg, M. (2017) ‘The party does not yet rule over everything: assessing the state of online plurality in Xi Jinping’s “new era”’, Merics China Monitor, 29 November, https://merics.org/en/report/party-does-not-yet-rule-over-everything

  • Shirk, S. (2007) China: Fragile Superpower, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Silove, N. (2018) ‘Beyond the buzzword: the three meanings of “Grand Strategy”’, Security Studies, 27(1): 27–57.

  • Singer, D., Bremer, S. and Stuckey, J. (1972) ‘Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820–1965’, in B. Russett (ed), Peace, War, and Numbers, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp 19–48.

  • Song Zhanghai (2017) ‘Tuijin xinxing quanqiuhua yu goujian renlei mingyun gongtongti [Entering a new type of globalization and building a community of shared future for mankind]’, Liliun yu Xiandaihua [Theory and Modernization], 5: 10–13.

  • Sørensen, C. (2019) ‘That is not intervention; that is interference with Chinese characteristics: new concepts, distinctions and approaches developing in the Chinese debate and foreign and security policy practice’, The China Quarterly, 239: 594–613.

  • Spring, A. (2009) ‘Chinese development aid and agribusiness entrepreneurs in Africa’, in S. Sigué (ed), Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century, Dar Es Salaam: International Academy of African Business and Development, pp 23–33, www.iaabd.org/pdf/IAABD2009Proceedings_Final.pdf

  • SSHRF (2017) ‘Beijing declaration’, Full text of Beijing Declaration adopted by the First South–South Human Rights Forum, Beijing, 10 December, http://p.china.org.cn/2017-12/10/content_50095729.htm

  • State Council (1991) ‘Human Rights in China’, www.china.org.cn/e-white/7/index.htm

  • State Council (2005) ‘China’s Peaceful Development Road’, www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-12/22/content_505678.htm

  • State Council (2011a) ‘China’s Peaceful Development’, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284646.htm

  • State Council (2011b) ‘White Paper on Foreign Aid’, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284620.htm

  • State Council (2015) ‘Zhongguo zhizao 2025 [Made in China 2025]’, Guofa 28, 8 May, www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm

  • State Council (2017) ‘Guanyu jinyibu yindao he guifan jingwai touzi fangxiang de zhidao yijian [Guiding opinions on further guiding and regulating the orientation of overseas investment]’, 4 August, www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-08/18/content_5218665.htm

  • State Council (2018) ‘China’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism inaugurated in Beijing’, 8 April, http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2018/04/08/content_281476105453512.htm

  • State Council (2019) ‘China and the World in the New Era’, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201909/27/content_WS5d8d80f9c6d0bcf8c4c142ef.html

  • Strange, A., Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B. and Tierney, M. (2017) ‘Tracking underreported financial flows: China’s development finance and the aid-conflict nexus revisited’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(5), 935–63.

  • Strange, S. (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Strange, S. (1998) States and Markets, London: Pinter.

  • Suettinger, R. (2004) ‘The rise and descent of “peaceful rise”’, China Leadership Monitor (12), http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm12_rs.pdf

  • Sullivan, R. (1992), ‘Discarding the China card’, Foreign Policy, 86(3): 3–23.

  • Sun Daizhen and Li Jing (2017) ‘Zhongguo fang’an de shengcheng luoji [The logical form of the China Solution]’, Guowai Lilun Dongtai [Theoretical Development in Foreign Relations], 12: 10–16.

  • Sun, H. (2007) ‘International political marketing: a case study of its application in China’, Journal of Public Affairs, 7(4): 331–340.

  • Sun Keqin (2020) ‘Pandemic may further drive Europe, US apart’, Global Times, 23 March, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1183435.shtml

  • Sun Wanning (2015) ‘Slow boat from China: public discourses about the “going out” policy’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(4): 400–18.

  • Sun Zehai (2018) ‘Wenhua zixin yu renleimingyun gongtongti de goujian’ [Cultural Confidence and the Construction of the Community of Shared Future for Mankind]’, Hebei Qingnian Guanli Ganbu Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Hebei You Administrative Cadres College], 30(2): 105–10.

  • Sutherland, D., Ning Lutan and Wang Jing (2012) ‘An exploration of pyramidal business groups in China’, in Wang Liming (ed), Rising China in the Changing World Economy, London: Routledge, pp 138–62.

  • Sutter, K., Schwarzenberg, A. and Sutherland, S. (2020) ‘Covid-19: China medical supply chains and broader trade issues’, Congressional Research Service, No. R46304, 6 April, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46304

  • Suzuki, T. (2019) ‘China’s united front work in the Xi Jinping era – institutional developments and activities’, Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 8(8): 83–98.

  • Swaine, M. (2000) ‘Does China have a Grand Strategy?’, Current History, 99(638): 274–9.

  • Swaine, M. (2010) ‘China’s assertive behavior, part one: on “core interests”’, China Leadership Monitor, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/15/china-s-assertive-behavior-part-one-on-core-interests-pub-41937

  • Swaine, M. (2012) ‘Chinese leadership and elite responses to the US pacific pivot’, China Leadership Monitor 38, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Swaine_CLM_38_Final_Draft_pdf.pdf

  • Swaine, M. (2015) ‘Chinese views and commentary on the ‘one belt, one road’ initiative’, China Leadership Monitor 47, www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm47ms.pdf

  • Szamosszegi, A. and Kyle, C. (2011) ‘An analysis of state-owned enterprises and state capitalism in China’, US-China Economic Security Review Commission report, 26 October, www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/10_26_11_CapitalTradeSOEStudy.pdf

  • Taliaferro, J., Lobell, S. and Ripsman, N. (2009) Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Tan Xiaomei (2013) ‘China’s overseas investment in the energy/resources sector: its scale, drivers, challenges and implications’, Energy Economics, 36: 750–58.

  • Taylor, I. (2006) China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise, London: Routledge.

  • Taylor, I. (2019) ‘In a fix: Africa’s place in the Belt and Road Initiative and the reproduction of dependency’, Paper presented at ‘One Belt, One Road and the Globalization of China’s Political Economy’, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 3 October.

  • Terrill, R. (1977) ‘China and the world: self-reliance or interdependence?’, Foreign Affairs, 55(2): 295–305.

  • Thayer, C. (2011) ‘Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Southeast Asian responses’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(2): 77–104.

  • Thompson, D. (2005) ‘China’s soft power in Africa: from the “Beijing Consensus” to health diplomacy’, China Brief, 5(21), https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-soft-power-in-africa-from-the-beijing-consensus-to-health-diplomacy/

  • Thussu, D., de Burgh, H. and Shi Anbin (2017) ‘Introduction’, in D. Thussu, H. de Burgh and Shi Anbin (eds), China’s Media Go Global, New York: Routledge, pp 1–15.

  • Tian Pengying (2018) ‘Lishi weiwu zhuyi yu renlei mingyun gongtongti [Historical materialism and the community of shared future for mankind]’, Makesi Zhuyi Yanjiu [Marxism Research], 1: 119–27.

  • Timothy, D. and Kim, S. (2015) ‘Understanding the tourism relationships between South Korea and China: a review of influential factors’, Current Issues in Tourism, 28(5): 412–32.

  • Tingley, D., Xu, C., Chilton, A. and Milner, H. (2015) ‘The political economy of inward FDI: opposition to Chinese mergers and acquisitions’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8(1): 27–57.

  • Timperlake, E. and Triplett, W. (1999) Red Dragon Rising: Communist China’s Military Threat to America, Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Timperlake, E. and Triplett, W. (2000) Year of the Rat: How Bill Clinton and Al Gore Compromised U.S. Security for Chinese Cash, Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Tobin, L. (2018) Xi’s vision for transforming global governance: a strategic challenge for Washington and its allies’, Texas National Security Review, 2(1): https://tnsr.org/2018/12/xis-vision-for-transforming-global-governance-a-strategic-challenge-for-washington-and-its-allies/

  • Torres, D. (2017) ‘China’s soft power offensive’, Politico, 26 December, www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/

  • Triplett, W. (2004) Rogue State, Washington, DC: Regnery.

  • Tsai Wen-Hsuan and Zhou Wang (2019) ‘Integrated fragmentation and the role of leading small groups in Chinese politics’, The China Journal, 82: 1–22.

  • Tsang, S. (2019) ‘Party-state realism: a framework for understanding China’s approach to foreign policy’, Journal of Contemporary China, 29(122): 304–18.

  • Tse, T.S.M. (2013) ‘Chinese outbound tourism as a form of diplomacy’, Tourism Planning and Development, 10(2): 149–58.

  • Tugendhat, T. (2020) ‘Beijing uses a toxic brew of lies and fear to maintain power’, Mail on Sunday, 5 April, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8188239/Tom-Tugendhat-Beijing-uses-toxic-brew-lies-fear-maintain-power.html

  • Tull, D. (2006) ‘China’s engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3): 459–79.

  • Tunsjø, Ø. (2018) The Return of Bipolarity in World Politics: China, the United States, and Geostructural Realism, New York: Columbia University Press.

  • UN (2017a) ‘Resolution 2344 (2017)’, United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, 17 March, https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/resolution_2344_2017_english.pdf

  • UN (2017b) United Nations Disarmament Yearbook: Volume 47 (Part 1), New York: United Nations.

  • UN (2018) ‘Social dimensions of the new partnership for Africa’s development’, UN Economic and Social Council, 8 August, www.chinahumanrights.org/uploadfile/2018/0615/20180615085020358.pdf

  • UNCTAD (2019) ‘Foreign direct investment to Africa defies global slump, rises 11%’, 12 June, https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2109

  • UNTWO (2018) ‘World tourism barometer and statistical analysis, March–April 2018’, United Nations World Tourism Organization, www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2018.16.1.2

  • US Congress (2018) ‘John S. McCain national defense authorization act for fiscal year 2019’, 115 Congress of the USA, 4 August, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-115hr5515enr/pdf/BILLS-115hr5515enr.pdf

  • US Department of State (2020) ‘Virtual forum on expanding Taiwan’s participation on the global scale’, Office of the Spokesperson, Media Note, 2 April, www.state.gov/virtual-forum-on-expanding-taiwans-participation-on-the-global-stage/

  • Utomi, P. (2008) ‘China and Nigeria’, in J. Cooke (ed), U.S. and Chinese Engagement in Africa: Prospects for Improving U.S. China Africa Cooperation, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp 39–48.

  • Vangeli, A. (2019) ‘Diffusion of ideas in the era of the Belt and Road: insights from China–CEE think tank cooperation’, Asia-Europe Journal, 17(4):421–36.

  • Varrall, M. (2016) ‘Domestic actors and agendas in Chinese aid policy’, The Pacific Review, 29(1): 21–44.

  • Vogel, E. (1979) Japan as Number One: Lessons for America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Vuksanovic, V. (2020) ‘China has its eyes on Serbia’, Foreign Policy, 8 April, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/08/china-serbia-aleksander-vucic-xi-jinping-coronavirus/

  • Wacker, G. (2015) ‘The irreversible rise: a new foreign policy for a stronger China’, in A. Amighini and A. Berkofsky (eds), Xi’s Policy Gambles: The Bumpy Road Ahead, Milan: ISPI, pp 65–77.

  • Walder, A. (2004) ‘The transformation of contemporary China studies, 1977–2002’, in D. Szanton (ed), The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp 314–40.

  • Walter, C. and Howie, F. (2012) Red Capitalism: The Fragile Financial Foundation of China’s Extraordinary Rise, Singapore: John Wiley.

  • Wang Danping and Adamson, B. (2015) ‘War and peace: perceptions of Confucius Institutes in China and USA’, The Asia–Pacific Education Researcher, 24(1): 225–34.

  • Wang Hongying (2003) ‘National image building and Chinese foreign policy’, China: An International Journal, 1(1): 46–72.

  • Wang Hongying and Xue Yinghu (2017) ‘The new Great Leap Forward: think tanks with Chinese characteristics’, CIGI Papers 142, www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Paper%20No.142.pdf

  • Wang Hui (2005) ‘The historical origin of China’s neo-liberalism’, in Tian Yu Cao (ed), The Chinese Model of Modern Development, New York: Routledge, pp 61–87.

  • Wang Jianwei (2019) ‘Xi Jinping’s “major country diplomacy”: a paradigm shift?’, Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115): 15–30.

  • Wang Jisi (2011) ‘China’s search for a Grand Strategy: a rising power finds its way’, Foreign Affairs, 90(2): 68–79.

  • Wang Qishan (2019) ‘Upholding peace and cooperation and building a community with a shared future for mankind’, address at Opening Ceremony of the Eighth World Peace Forum, 8 July, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1679950.shtml

  • Wang Qiuyi (2018) ‘Quanqiu zhili zhong de zhongguo fang’an ji qi gongxian (The China Solution for global governance and its contribution)’, Dangdai Shijie (Contemporary World), 4: 54–7.

  • Wang Wen (2019) ‘China not in a position to lead the world’, Global Times, 26 November, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1171156.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2017a) ‘Forge ahead under the guidance of general secretary Xi Jinping’s thought on diplomacy’, Study Times, 1 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1489143.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2017b) ‘Toward peace and development for all’, Speech at the General Debate of the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, 21 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1496244.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2017c) ‘Advance the global human rights cause and build a community with a shared future for mankind’, Speech at the opening ceremony of the first South–South human rights forum, Beijing, 7 December, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/P020171211565335323921.pdf

  • Wang Yi (2017d) ‘Speech by Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the opening of symposium on international developments and China’s diplomacy in 2017’, 10 December, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1518130.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2018a) ‘Join hands across the ocean for a new era’, Remarks at opening ceremony of the second ministerial meeting of the China-CELAC forum, 23 January, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1528692.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2018b) ‘Multilateralism, shared peace and development’, General Debate of the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, 28 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1600861.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2018c) ‘Speech by H.E. Wang Yi State Councillor and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the opening of symposium on the international situation and China’s foreign relations in 2018’, 11 December, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1621221.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2019a) ‘Remarks at Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2019 New Year reception’, 31 January, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1634534.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2019b) ‘Speech at opening ceremony of the coordinators’ meeting on the implementation of the follow-up actions of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation’, 25 June, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1675596.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2019c) ‘A joint response to climate change: a better environment for our planet’, Remarks at UN Climate Action Summit, 23 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1700987.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2019d) ‘Toward a better future through development cooperation’, Statement at UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, 25 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cenp/eng/zgwj/t1701246.htm

  • Wang Yi (2019e) ‘China today: a proud member of the global community’, Statement at the General Debate of the 74th Session of the UN General Assembly, 27 September, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1703219.shtml

  • Wang Yi (2019f) ‘Puxie zhongguo tese daguo waijiao de shidai huazhang [The era of writing great power diplomacy with Chinese characteristics]’, Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily], 23 September, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2019-09/23/nw.D119781529215830renmrb_20190923_1-07.htm

  • Wang Yiwei (2008) ‘Public diplomacy and the rise of Chinese soft power’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1); 257–73.

  • Wang Yong (2016) ‘Offensive for defensive: the Belt and Road Initiative and China’s new Grand Strategy’, The Pacific Review, 29(3): 455–63.

  • Wang Yu (2018) ‘The political economy of joining the AIIB’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(2): 105–30.

  • Wang Yunxiang (1996) ‘Zhongguo weixi lun xi [Analysing the China Threat theory]’, Guoji Guancha [International Survey], 3: 35–40.

  • Wang Zheng (2014) ‘The Chinese dream: concept and context’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 19(1): 1–13.

  • Wank, D. (1998) Commodifying Chinese Communism: Business, Trust, and Politics in a South Coast City, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Watkins, S. (2019) ‘China and Iran flesh out strategic partnership’, Petroleum Economist, 3 September, https://www.petroleum-economist.com/articles/politics-economics/middle-east/2019/china-and-iran-flesh-out-strategic-partnership

  • Weissmann, M. (2019) ‘Understanding power (shift) in East Asia: the Sino-US narrative battle about leadership in the South China Sea’, Asian Perspective, 43(2): 223–48.

  • Wendt, A. (1992) ‘Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics’, International Organization, 46(2): 391–425.

  • Wheeler, N. (2018) Trusting Enemies: Interpersonal Relationships in International Conflict, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • White & Case (2017) ‘China’s rise in global M&A: here to stay’, Rhodium Group/White & Case, 24 March, http://rhg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/chinas-rise-in-global-ma-here-to-stay.pdf

  • White House (2014) ‘Fact sheet: U.S.–China joint announcement on climate change and clean energy cooperation’, Office of the Press Secretary, 11 November, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/11/fact-sheet-us-china-joint-announcement-climate-change-and-clean-energy-c

  • White House (2020) ‘United States strategic approach to the People’s Republic of China’, 20 May, www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.20.20.pdf

  • Whiting, S. (2004) ‘The cadre evaluation system at the grass roots: the paradox of party rule’, in B. Naughton and Dali Yang (eds), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 101–19.

  • WHO (2020) ‘Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’, World Heal Organization, February, www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf

  • Williams, R. (2019) ‘Dolce & Gabbana is still paying for insulting Chinese women’, Bloomberg, 7 March, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-07/dolce-gabbana-is-still-paying-for-insulting-chinese-women

  • Williamson, J. (2010) ‘The impact of the financial crisis on development thinking’, Max Fry Annual Lecture, University of Birmingham, 13 October 2010, www.iie.com/publications/papers/williamson20101013.pdf

  • Windybank, S. (2005) ‘The China Syndrome’, Policy, 21(2): 28–33.

  • Wintour, P. (2020) ‘Dawn of Asian century puts pressure on EU to choose sides, says top diplomat’, The Guardian, 25 May, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/25/asian-century-marks-end-of-us-led-global-system-warns-eu-chief

  • Womack, B. (2016) Asymmetry and International Relationships, New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Wong, A. (2018) ‘More than peripheral: how provinces influence China’s foreign policy’, The China Quarterly, 235: 735–57.

  • Wong, C. (2020) ‘Too soon, too loud: Chinese foreign policy advisers tell ‘Wolf Warrior’ diplomats to tone it down’, South China Morning Post, 14 May, www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3084274/too-soon-too-loud-chinese-foreign-policy-advisers-tell-wolf

  • Woo, W.T. (1999) ‘The economics and politics of transition to an open market economy: China’, OECD Development Centre Technical Paper 153, https://doi.org/10.1787/322178001745

  • Wu, F. (1981) ‘From self-reliance to interdependence? Developmental strategy and foreign economic policy in post-Mao China’, Modern China, 7(4): 445–82.

  • Wu, F. and Seach, A. (2008) ‘Would China’s sovereign wealth fund be a menace to the USA?’, China and World Economy, 16(4): 33–47.

  • Wu Qianlan (2013) Competition Laws, Globalization and Legal Pluralism: China’s Experience, Oxford: Hart.

  • Wu, W. and Xie, E. (2020) ‘Coronavirus: China bans export of test kits, medical supplies by firms not licensed to sell them at home’, South China Morning Post, 1 April, www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3077953/coronavirus-china-bans-export-test-kits-medical-supplies-firms

  • Wu You (2018) ‘The rise of China with cultural soft power in the age of globalization’, Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 8(5): 763–78.

  • Wu Yuanhua, Wu Yulin and Li Juan (2018) ‘Xi Jinping guanyu quanqiu zhili de zhongguo fang’an [Xi Jinping on the China Solution for global governance]’, Quanzhou Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Quanzhou Normal College], 36(3): 1–8.

  • Wu Zhong, Karp, P. and Wang Yan (2010) ‘China’s International Poverty Reduction Center as a platform for South–South learning’, Development Outreach, 12(2): 32–4.

  • Wübbeke, J., Meissner, M., Zenglein, M., Ives, J. and Conrad, B. (2016) ‘Made in China 2025: the making of a high-tech superpower and consequences for industrial countries’, Merics Papers on China 2, https://kritisches-netzwerk.de/sites/default/files/merics_-_made_in_china_2025_-_the_making_of_a_high-tech_superpower_and_consequences_for_industrial_countries_-_76_seiten_1.pdf

  • Wuthnow, J. (2008) ‘The concept of soft power in China’s strategic discourses’, Issues and Studies, 44(2): 1–28.

  • Wuthnow, J. (2017) ‘Chinese perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative: strategic rationales, risks, and implications’, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12, October, https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-12.pdf

  • Xi Jinping (2012) ‘Speech at “The Road to Rejuvenation”’, 29 November, https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/speech-at-the-road-to-rejuvenation/

  • Xi Jinping (2014) ‘Xi Jinping zai deguo keerbo jijin hui de yanjiang’ [Speech at the Körber Foundation]’, 29 March, http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/0329/c1024-24772018.html

  • Xi Jinping (2015a) ‘Bianzheng weiwu zhuyi shi zhongguo gongchandangren de shihjieguan he fangfalun [Dialectical materialism is the world outlook and methodology of Chinese communists]’, Speech at 20th collective study group of the 18th Politburo, 23 January, www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2018-12/31/c_1123923896.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2015b) ‘Towards a community of common destiny and a new future for Asia’, Keynote Speech at Bo’ao Forum for Asia, 28 March, www.xinhuanet.com//english/2015-03/29/c_134106145.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2015c) ‘Working together to forge a new partnership of win-win cooperation and create a community of shared future for mankind’, Speech at the General Assembly of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly, 28 September, https://qz.com/512886/read-the-full-text-of-xi-jinpings-first-un-address/

  • Xi Jinping (2015d) ‘Xieshou xiaochu pinkun cujin gongtong fazhan – zai 2015 nian jian pin yu fazhan gaoceng luntan shang de zhuyi yanjiang [Keynote speech at the 2015 poverty reduction and development high-level forum]’, 16 October, www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-10/16/c_1116851045.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2015e) ‘Zai quanguo zhengxie xinnian chahuiwei shang de jianghua [Speech at new year’s tea party of the national committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference]’, 31 December, www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2016/01/01/ARTI1451626779071522.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2015f) ‘2016 nian xin heci [2016 New Year Message]’, www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/31/c_1117643074.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2016a) ‘Zai zhexue shehui kexue gongzuo zuotan de jianghua [Speech at symposium on philosophy and social sciences]’, 18 May, www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-05/18/c_1118891128.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2016b) ‘Speech at a ceremony marking the 95 anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China’, Qiushi (English Language Edition), 1 July, http://english.qstheory.cn/2016-12/20/c_1120042032.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2016c) Xi Jinping’s Speeches at the G20 Hangzhou Summit, Beijing: China International Publishing Group/Foreign Languages Press.

  • Xi Jinping (2017a) ‘Jointly shoulder responsibility of our times, promote global growth’, Speech at World Economic Forum, Davos, 17 January, www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2017b) ‘Work together to build a community of shared future for mankind’, Speech at UN Office, Geneva, 18 January, http://iq.chineseembassy.org/eng/zygx/t1432869.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2017c) ‘Work together to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road’, Speech at opening ceremony of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, 14 May, www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-05/14/c_136282982.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2017d) ‘Working together to usher in the second “golden decade” of BRICS cooperation’, Speech at opening session of BRICS Business Forum, Xiamen, 3 September, www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-09/03/c_129695215.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2017e) ‘Secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and strive for the great success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’, Speech delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 18 October, www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping’s_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf

  • Xi Jinping (2018a) ‘Openness for greater prosperity, innovation for a better future’, Speech at the Bo’ao Forum for Asia, 10 April, www.uscnpm.org/blog/2018/04/11/transcript-president-xi-addresses-2018-boao-forum-asia-hainan/

  • Xi Jinping (2018b) ‘Carrying forward the Shanghai Spirit to build a community with a shared future’, Speech at 18th Shanghai Cooperation Summit, Qingdao, 10 June, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/10/c_137244587.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2018c) ‘Keeping abreast of the trend of the times to achieve common development’, Speech at the BRICS Business Forum in Johannesburg, 26 July, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/26/c_129920686.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2018d) ‘Work together for common development and a shared future’, Speech at Opening Ceremony of Beijing FOCAC Summit, 3 September, .xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/03/c_129946189.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2018e) ‘Work together for an open global economy that is innovative and inclusive’, Keynote speech at opening of First China Import Expo, Shanghai, 5 November, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/05/c_137583815.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2019a) ‘Working together to deliver a brighter future for Belt and Road cooperation’, Keynote Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, 26 April, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1658424.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2019b) ‘Promoting high-quality development of Belt and Road cooperation’, Remarks at Leaders’ Roundtable of The Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, 27 April, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1659454.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2019c) ‘Deepening exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations for an Asian community with a shared future’, Keynote speech at the Opening Ceremony of The Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations, 15 May, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1663857.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2019d) ‘Staying focused and taking solid actions for a brighter future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’, Remarks at 19 Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 14 June, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1672362.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2019e) ‘Working together for new progress of security and development in Asia’, Remarks at Fifth Summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, 15 June, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1672539.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2019f) ‘Pushing China’s development of an Ecological Civilization to a new stage’, Qiushi (English Language Edition), 11(2), http://english.qstheory.cn/2019-09/17/c_1124932126.htm

  • Xi Jinping (2019g) ‘Working together to build a high-quality world economy’, Remarks at Osaka G20 Summit, 28 June, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpcxesgjtfh/t1676619.shtml

  • Xi Jinping (2020) ‘Fighting COVID-19 through solidarity and cooperation: building a global community of health for all’, Statement at Virtual Opening of the 73rd World Health Assembly, 18 May, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1188716.shtml

  • Xiao Xinfa (2018) ‘Zhongguo fang’an ji qi jiazhi gongshi [The China Solution and its value consensus]’, Shehui Kexue Dongtai [Social Sciences Dynamics], 3: 24–30.

  • Xiao Yuefan (2013) ‘The Politics of Crisis Management in China’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warwick.

  • Xie Wenjuan and Zhang Qianyuan (2018) ‘Lun goujian renlei mingyun gongtongti de siwei yiti [On the four in one and building a community of shared future for mankind]’, Shehui Zhuyi Yanjiu [Socialism Studies], 2: 56–64.

  • Xinhua (2016) ‘President Xi urges new media outlet to “tell China stories well”’, Global Times, 31 December, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1026592.shtml

  • Xinhua (2019a) ‘Interview: “China a threat to liberal international order” a losing argument’, Xinhuanet, 3 June, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/03/c_138113631.htm

  • Xinhua (2019b) ‘Xi Jinping: xuexi makesi zhuyi jiben lilun shi gongchandangren de bixiu ke [Xi Jinping: learning the basic theory of Marxism is a compulsory course for communists]’, Qiushi republished by Xinhuanet, 15 November, www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2019-11/15/c_1125236929.htm

  • Xinhua (2020a) ‘Chinese Embassy slams some British media over “groundless” coronavirus accusation’, Xinhuanet, 1 April, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/01/c_138937074.htm

  • Xinhua (2020b) ‘China publishes timeline on COVID-19 information sharing, int’l cooperation’, Xinhuanet, 6 April, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/06/c_138951662.htm

  • Xu Jian (2014) ‘Rethinking China’s period of strategic opportunity’, China International Studies, March/April: 51–70.

  • Xu Jin (2016) ‘Debates in IR academia and China’s policy adjustments’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(4): 459–85.

  • Xu Jin (2018) ‘An examination of the concepts and principles of China’s major-country diplomacy with its own characteristics for a new era’, Contemporary International Relations, 28(4): 1–25.

  • Yahuda, M. (2013) ‘China’s new assertiveness in the South China Sea’, Journal of Contemporary China, 22(81): 446–59.

  • Yan Shuhan (2018) ‘Gagie kaifang de chenggong wei jiejue renlei wenti gongxianle zhongguo zhihui zhongguo fang’an [The success of reform and opening has contributed Chinese Wisdom to the China Solution to solve human problems]’, Wenhua Ruanshili [Cultural Soft Power], 4: 18–25.

  • Yan Xiaojun and Huang Jie (2017) ‘Navigating unknown waters: the Chinese Communist Party’s new presence in the private sector’, China Review, 17(2): 37–63.

  • Yan Xuetong (2018) ‘Chinese values vs. liberalism: what ideology will shape the international normative order?’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(1): 1–22.

  • Yan Xuetong (2019) Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Yang Guangbin (2016) ‘Wei shehui zhidu tansuo tigong zhongguo fang’an [Providing a China Solution for the exploration of social systems]’ Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily], 5 December, http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1205/c40531-28924331.html

  • Yang Guisen and Li Zhonghe (2018) ‘Renlei mingyun gongtongti shi zhongguo zhihui dui renlei wenming de xin gongxian [Community of shared destiny is the new contribution of Chinese Wisdom to human civilization]’, Guizhou Daxue Xuebao Zhehuikexue Ban [Journal of Guizhou University Social Sciences Edition], 36(1): 1–5.

  • Yang Jiechi (2017) ‘Study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s thought on diplomacy in a deep-going way and keep writing new chapters of major-country diplomacy with distinctive Chinese features’, 17 July, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/19/c_136456009.htm

  • Yang Jiechi (2018a) ‘Working together to build a world of lasting peace and universal security and a community with a shared future for mankind’, Address at the Opening Ceremony of the Seventh World Peace Forum, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 14 July, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1577242.shtml

  • Yang Jiechi (2018b) ‘Remarks by H.E. Yang Jiechi at the foreign policy session of the 2018 annual meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club’, 18 October, www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1605521.shtml

  • Yang Jiemian (2014) ‘Zhan zai xin qidian de zhongguo waijiao zhanlue tiaozheng [Strategic adjustment of China’s diplomacy at a new starting point]’, Guoji Zhanwang [Global Review], 1: 1–13.

  • Yang Keming (2012) ‘The dependency of private entrepreneurs on the Chinese state’, Strategic Change, 21(3–4): 107–17.

  • Yang Li (2018) ‘Zengqiang renlei mingyun gongtonti yishi tuidong goujian renlei mingyun gongtongti [Strengthening the community of human destiny and promoting the construction of a community of shared future for mankind]’, Sheke Zongheng [Social Science Review], 33(4): 5–10.

  • Yang Xiangfeng (2017) ‘The anachronism of a China socialized: why engagement is not all it’s cracked up to be’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 10(1): 67–94.

  • Yao Yang (2015) ‘China’s approach to economic diplomacy’, in J. Ikenberry, Wang Jisi and Zhu Feng (eds), America, China, and the Struggle for World Order: Ideas, Traditions, Historical Legacies, and Global Visions, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 161–86.

  • Ye Didi (2019) ‘Rediscovering the transition in China’s national interest: a neoclassical realist approach’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 48(1): 76–105.

  • Ye Min (2019) ‘Fragmentation and mobilization: domestic politics of the Belt and Road in China’, Journal of Contemporary China, 28(119): 696–711.

  • Ye Zicheng (2011) Inside China’s Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the People’s Republic, Louisville, KN: University of Kentucky Press.

  • Yeophantong, P. (2013) ‘Governing the world: China’s evolving conceptions of responsibility’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 6(4): 329–64.

  • Yeung, H. and Liu Weidong (2008) ‘Globalizing China: the rise of mainland firms in the global economy’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 49(1): 57–86.

  • Yin Jiwu (2019) ‘Preference expression under political constraints: an analysis of debates about China’s use of Force’, in Huiyun Feng, Kai He and Yan Xuetong (eds), Chinese Scholars and Foreign Policy, London: Routledge, pp 127–52.

  • You Ji (2016) ‘China’s National Security Commission: theory, evolution and operations’, Journal of Contemporary China, 25(98): 178–96.

  • Yu Chengwen (2017) ‘Shehui zhidu zhongguo fang’an de tansuo shijian [Exploration and practice of the social system of the China Solution]’, Tansuo [Exploration], 1: 5–10 and 21.

  • Yu Jie (2019) ‘China’s technological prowess: implications for global alliances’, in A. Amighini (ed), China’s Race to Global Technology Leadership, Milan: ISPI, pp 39–56.

  • Yu Zheng (2019) ‘Foreign direct investment in China’, in Ka Zeng (ed), Handbook on the International Political Economy of China, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp 61–75.

  • Yu Zhengliang (2012) ‘Guanyu zhongguo da zhanluede sikao [Reflections on China’s Grand Strategy]’, Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping Lilun Yanjiu [Research on Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping Theory], 5: 95–101.

  • Yuan Peng (2018) ‘China’s international strategic thought and layout for a new era’, Contemporary International Relations, 28(1): 18–42.

  • Zakaria, F. (2020) ‘The new China scare: why America shouldn’t panic about its latest challenger’, Foreign Affairs, 99(1): 52–69.

  • Zanardi, C. (2016) ‘China’s soft power with Chinese characteristics: the cases of Confucius Institutes and Chinese naval diplomacy’, Journal of Political Power, 9(3): 431–47.

  • Zeng Fanhua, Huang, W.C. and Heung, J. (2016) ‘On Chinese government’s stock market rescue efforts in 2015’, Modern Economy, 7(4): 411–18.

  • Zeng Jinghan, Xiao Yuefan and Breslin, S. (2015) ‘Securing China’s core interests: the state of the debate in China’, International Affairs, 91(2): 245–66.

  • Zeng Ka and Li Xiaojun (2019) ‘Geopolitics, nationalism, and foreign direct investment: perceptions of the China threat and American public attitudes toward Chinese FDI’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(4): 495–518.

  • Zha Daojiong (2015) ‘China’s economic diplomacy focusing on the Asia-Pacific region’, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 1(1): 85–104.

  • Zhang Biao (2019) ‘The perils of hubris? A tragic reading of Thucydides’ Trap and China-US relations’, Chinese Journal of Political Science, 24(2): 129–44.

  • Zhang Denghua (2018) ‘China’s new aid agency’, The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, 19 March, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-new-aid-agency

  • Zhang Denghua and Smith, G. (2017) ‘China’s foreign aid system: structure, agencies, and identities’, Third World Quarterly, 38(10): 2330–46.

  • Zhang Falin (2017) ‘Holism failure: China’s inconsistent stances and consistent interests in global financial governance’, Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105): 369–84.

  • Zhang Feng (2012) ‘Rethinking China’s Grand Strategy: Beijing’s evolving national interests and strategic ideas in the reform era’, International Politics, 49(3): 18–345.

  • Zhang Feng (2013) ‘Chinese exceptionalism in the intellectual world of China’s foreign policy’, in R. Foot (ed), China Across the Divide: The Domestic and Global in Politics and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 44–65.

  • Zhang Feng (2015) ‘Beijing’s master plan for the South China Sea’, Foreign Policy, 23 June, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/23/south_china_sea_beijing_retreat_new_strategy/

  • Zhang Hui (2018) ‘Xi Thought enshrined as supreme guidance to China’s diplomacy’, Global Times, 24 June, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1108181.shtml

  • Zhang Jun (2018) ‘Promote and protect human rights in the process of development’, China Daily online, 8 October, www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/08/WS5bba980ea310eff303280ea6.html

  • Zhang Shuxiu (2016) Chinese Economic Diplomacy, London: Routledge.

  • Zhang Yanbing, Gu Jing and Chen Yunnan (2015) ‘China’s engagement in international development cooperation: the state of the debate’, Rising Powers in International Development Evidence Report 116, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.

  • Zhang Yu (2016) ‘Wei renlei dui genghao shehui zhidu de tansuo tigong zhongguo fang’an – shehui zhuyi shichang jingji de shijie yiyi [Providing China’s plan for human exploration of a better social system: the world significance of Socialist Market Economy]’, Guangming Ribao, 30 November, avwww.szhgh.com/Article/news/comments/2016-12-10/126302.html

  • Zhao Kejin and Shi Yan (2018) ‘Goujian xinxing guoji guanxi de lilun yu shijian [Theory and practice of constructing a new type of international relations]’, Meiguo Yanjiu [American Research], 3: 32–56.

  • Zhao Lijian (2020a) ‘CDC was caught on the spot…’, Tweet, 12 March, https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1238111898828066823

  • Zhao Lijian (2020b) ‘This article is very much important to each and every one of us…’, Tweet, 13 March, https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1238269193427906560

  • Zhao Lijian (2020c) ‘It is immoral & irresponsible…’, Tweet, 13 April, https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1249685749777059846

  • Zhao Lijian (2020d) ‘Soul-searching questions for Navarro…’, Tweet, 6 July, https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1280131459429232645

  • Zhao Minghao (2015) ‘March Westwards and a new look on China’s Grand Strategy’, Chahar Institute, March, www.charhar.org.cn/newsinfo.aspx?newsid=9219

  • Zhao Minghao (2019) ‘Is a new Cold War inevitable? Chinese perspectives on US–China strategic competition’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(3): 371–94.

  • Zhao Suisheng (2010) ‘Chinese foreign policy under Hu Jintao: the struggle between low-profile policy and diplomatic activism’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 5(4): 357–78.

  • Zhao Suisheng (2014) ‘A neo-colonialist predator or development partner? China’s engagement and rebalance in Africa’, Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90): 1033–52.

  • Zhao Suisheng (2018) ‘A revisionist stakeholder: China and the post-World War II world order’, Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113): 643–58.

  • Zhao Xiaofeng (2018) ‘Xi Jinping renleimingyun gongtongti sixiang yu rujia lunli’ [Xi Jinping’s community of shared future for mankind thinking and Confucian ethics]’, Fazhi yu Shehu [Law and Society], 2: 122–5.

  • Zhen Han and Paul, T.V. (2020) ‘China’s rise and balance of power politics’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 13(1): 1–26.

  • Zheng Yongnian and Tok, S.K. (2007) ‘“Harmonious Society” and “Harmonious World”: China’s policy discourse under Hu Jintao’, University of Nottingham China Policy Institute Briefing Series Issue 26, www.nottingham.ac.uk/iaps/documents/cpi/briefings/briefing-26-harmonious-society-and-harmonious-world.pdf

  • Zhou Hu (2018) ‘Zhongguo fang’an de jiben neihan, tichu yiju ji shijie xing yiyi [The basic connotation of the China Solution and its worldwide significance]’, Zhonggong Nanjing Shiwei Dangxia Xuebao [Journal of the Party School of Nanjing Municipality], 1: 12–17.

  • Zhu Chenghu (2011) ‘Guanyu dangqian shijie zhanlue geju de ji dian sikao [Some reflections on the contemporary world strategic structure]’, Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi [World Economics and Politics], 2: 4–12.

  • Zhu Zhiqun (2013) China’s New Diplomacy: Rationale, Strategies, and Significance, Farnham: Ashgate.

  • Zimmerman, E. (2019) ‘The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act: how CFIUS became a tech office’, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3368723

  • Zoellick, R. (2005) ‘Whither China: from membership to responsibility?’, Remarks to National Committee on U.S.–China Relations, New York, 21 September, https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/d/former/zoellick/rem/53682.htm

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 291 141 5
Full Text Views 1 0 0
PDF Downloads 3 0 0

Altmetrics