4:
In this chapter I consider the narratives of the respondents that centred on the early years of their lives, in particular between birth to the end of their pre-teens. In these parts of their stories, the participants described their circumstances at home, experiencing DVA, alongside their emerging engagement with violence in school and on-road. Central to the discussion a contrast between the way they performed masculinity at home (defined by subordinated masculinities), and at school (emerging protest masculinities). It became clear through the analysis that the different spaces of home, at school, and on-road afforded different masculinity performances.
-
2Pac (1998) ‘Changes’ [Song], USA: Amaru, Death Row, Interscope, Jive.
-
2Pac ft Danny Boy (1996) ‘I Ain’t Mad at Cha’ [Song], USA: Death Row, Interscope.
-
Abrahams, C. (1994) Hidden Victims: Children and Domestic Violence, London: NCH Action for Children.
-
Adjei, J.K. and Saewyc, E.M. (2017) ‘Boys are not exempt: sexual exploitation of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 65: 14–23, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.001 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Akon (2004) ‘Ghetto’ [Song], USA: SRC/Universal.
-
Alexander, C.E. (2000) The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity, Oxford: Berg.
-
Allen, T.N. and Randolph, A. (2020) ‘Listening for the interior in hip-hop and R&B music’, Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 6(1): 46–60, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649219866470 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Allett, N. (2010) ‘Sounding out: using music elicitation in qualitative research’, working paper, University of Manchester, Available from: http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2871/1/0410_music_elicitation.pdf [Accessed 4 February 2022].
-
Aminata, D., Peart, D. and Turner, K. (2020) ‘Hidden in plain sight: a youth work response to COVID-19’, NCTM, 114: 486–7, Available from: https://doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2020.0309 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Amnesty International (2018) ‘Trapped in the Matrix: secrecy, stigma, and bias in the Met’s Gangs database’, 23 November, Available from: www.amnesty.org.uk/gangs [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Andell, P. (2019) Thinking Seriously about Gangs: Towards a Critical Realist Approach, London: Palgrave Macmillan, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12891-3 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Anderson, E. (1999) Code of the Street, London: W.W. Norton.
-
APCC (Association of Police and Crime Commissioners) (2020) PCCs Making a Difference: Violence Reduction Units (VRUs) in Focus [Report], Available from: https://www.apccs.police.uk/campaigns/pccs-making-a-difference/ [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Asthana, A. (2021) ‘Home Secretary Priti Patel to change policing bill after pressure from domestic abuse campaigners’, ITV News, Available from: https://news-assets.itv.com/news/2021-12-01/domestic-and-sexual-abuse-to-be-included-in-wording-of-policing-bill [Accessed 4 February 2022].
-
Auer, P. (2005) ‘A postscript: code-switching and social identity’, Journal of Pragmatics, special issue, 37(3): 403–10, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.010 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Back, L. (2015) ‘How blue can you get? B.B. King, planetary humanism and the Blues behind bars’, Theory, Culture & Society, 32(8): 274–85, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276415605579 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Baker, H. (2009) ‘Potentially violent men? Teenage boys, access to refuges and the constructions of men, masculinity and violence’, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 59(3): 435–50.
-
Baldry, A.C. (2003) ‘Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(7): 713–32, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00114-5 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Barnish, M. (2004) Domestic Violence: A Literature Review, London: HM Inspectorate of Probation.
-
Baynes, M. (2021) ‘Carvel Bennett: rapist jailed after victim’s daughter wins justice decades later’, Sky News, 3 August, Available from: https://news.sky.com/story/carvel-bennett-rapist-jailed-after-victims-daughter-wins-justice-decades-later-12371859 [Accessed 26 October 2021].
-
BBC News (2018) ‘Rapper DMX played his own song to a judge in court’, Newsbeat, 29 March, Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-43580650 [Accessed 30 September 2021].
-
Bellis, M.A., Lowey, H., Leckenby, N., Hughes, K. and Harrison, D. (2014) ‘Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population’, Journal of Public Health, 36(1): 81–91, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt038 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Bengtsson, T.T. (2012) ‘Learning to become a “gangster”?’, Journal of Youth Studies, 15(6): 677–92, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.671930 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Bentley, H., Fellowes, A., Glenister, S., Mussen, N., Ruschen, H., Slater, B., Turnbull, M., Vine, T., Wilson, P. and Witcombe-Hayes, S. (2016) How Safe Are Our Children? The Most Comprehensive Overview of Child Protection in the UK [Report], NSPCC, Available from: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/how-safe-children-2016-report.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Bernard, C. (2016). ‘Black children’s experience of living with domestic violence’, in C. Bernard and P. Harris (eds) Safeguarding Black Children: Good Practice in Child Protection, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp 58–75.
-
Bob Marley and the Wailers (1977a) ‘Natural Mystic’ [Song], Jamaica: Island, Tuff Gong.
-
Bob Marley and the Wailers (1977b) ‘One Love/People Get Ready’ [Song], Jamaica: Tuff Gong.
-
Bob Marley and the Wailers (1980) ‘Three Little Birds’ [Song], Jamaica: Tuff Gong.
-
Bogat, G.A., DeJonghe, E., Levendosky, A.A., Davidson, W.S. and von Eye, A. (2006) ‘Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 30(2): 109–25, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.002 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Boullier, M. and Blair, M. (2018) ‘Adverse childhood experiences’, Paediatrics and Child Health, 28(3): 132–7, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2017.12.008 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration, New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
-
Braithwaite, J. (1993) ‘Shame and modernity’, British Journal of Criminology, 33(1): 1–18, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048257 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Brodie, I. (2013) ‘Young people, trafficking and sexual exploitation: a view from Scotland’, in M. Melrose and J. Pearce (eds) Critical Perspectives on Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 83–95.
-
BSCB (Barnsley Safeguarding Children Board) (2016) Serious Case Review: Child N [Report], LSCB.
-
Butler, J. (1988) ‘Performative acts and gender constitution: an essay in phenomenology and feminist theory’, Theatre Journal, 40(4): 519–31.
-
Butler, J. (2004) Undoing Gender, New York: Routledge.
-
Butler, N., Quigg, Z. and Bellis, M.A. (2020) ‘Cycles of violence in England and Wales: the contribution of childhood abuse to risk of violence revictimisation in adulthood’, BMC Medicine, 18(1): 1–13, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01788-3 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Butler, P. (2020) ‘Data shows 900 women in UK affected by benefit cap “rape clause”’, The Guardian, 17 July, Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jul/17/data-shows-900-women-in-uk-affected-by-tax-credit-clause [Accessed 26 October 2021].
-
Callaghan, J.E.M., Alexander, J.H., Sixsmith, J. and Fellin, L.C. (2015) ‘Beyond “witnessing”’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(10): 1551–81, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515618946 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Callaghan, J.E.M., Fellin, L.C., Alexander, J.H., Mavrou, S. and Papathanasiou, M. (2017) ‘Children and domestic violence: emotional competencies in embodied and relational contexts’, Psychology of Violence, 7(3): 333–42, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000108 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Caluori, J. (2020) ‘County lines after COVID: a new threat?’, Crest Advisory, 19 May, Available from: https://www.crestadvisory.com/post/county-lines-after-covid-a-new-threat [Accessed 4 November 2021].
-
Caruth, C. (1996) Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History, Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
-
Case, S. (2021) ‘Challenging the reductionism of “evidence-based” youth justice’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4): 1–18, Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041735 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Centre for Social Justice (2009) Dying to Belong: An In-depth Review of Street Gangs in Britain [Report], Available from: https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/library/dying-to-belong-an-in-depth-review-of-street-gangs-in-britain [Accessed 3 March 2022].
-
Chan, Y.C. and Yeung, J.W.K. (2009) ‘Children living with violence within the family and its sequel: a meta-analysis from 1995–2006’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5): 313–22, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.04.001 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Chandan, J.S., Taylor, J., Bradbury-Jones, C., Nirantharakumar, K., Kane, E. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020) ‘COVID-19: a public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed’, The Lancet: Public Health, 5(6): e309, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30112-2 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Chard, A. (2021) Punishing Abuse: Children in the West Midlands [Report], West Midlands Combined Authority, Available from: https://www.wmca.org.uk/media/4678/punishing-abuse.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2022].
-
Chen, S. and Schweitzer, R.D. (2019) ‘The experience of belonging in youth from refugee backgrounds: a narrative perspective’, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(7): 1977–90, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01425-5 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Children’s Commissioner (2019) Keeping Kids Safe : Improving Safeguarding Approaches to Gang Violence [Report], February, Available from: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/report/keeping-kids-safe/ [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Christie, N. (1986) ‘The ideal victim’, in E.A. Fattah (ed.) Crime Policy to Victim Policy, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 17–30.
-
CHSCP (City and Hackney Safeguarding Children Partnership) (2020) Serious Case Review :Child C [Report], Available from: https://www.chscp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CHSCP-SCR-Child-C-Report-PUBLISHED-FINAL.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2022].
-
Chu, C.M., Daffern, M., Thomas, S. and Lim, J.Y. (2012) ‘Violence risk and gang affiliation in youth offenders: a recidivism study’, Psychology, Crime & Law, 18, 299–315.
-
Cockbain, E., Ashby, M. and Brayley, H. (2017) ‘Immaterial boys? A large-scale exploration of gender-based differences in child sexual exploitation service users’, Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 29(7): 658–84, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063215616817 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Coleen McMahon (2012) ‘Beautiful Boy’ [Song]. USA: Derek Nakamoto.
-
Collier, R. (1998) Masculinities, Crime and Criminology, London: SAGE.
-
Connell, R.W. (1987) Gender and Power, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
-
Connell, R.W. (2000) The Men and the Boys, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
-
Connell, R.W. (2002) ‘The history of masculinity’, in R. Adams and D. Savran (eds) The Masculinity Studies Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, pp 243–61.
-
Connell, R.W. (2005) Masculinities (2nd edn), Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
-
Connell, R.W. and Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005) ‘Hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept’, Gender & Society, 19(6): 829–59, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Cormega (2007) ‘The Saga (The Remix)’ [Song]. USA: Stanley O.
-
Cottrell-Boyce, J. (2013) ‘Ending Gang and Youth Violence: a critique’, Youth Justice, 13(3): 193–206, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225413505382 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Crenshaw, K.W. (1991) ‘Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of colour’, Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241–1299.
-
Crest Advisory (2021) Violence and Vulnerability [Report], February, London, Available from: https://b9cf6cd4-6aad-4419-a368-724e7d1352b9.usrfiles.com/ugd/b9cf6c_77c24c4c77d345b4b919ebf8df70a0c4.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
CSCB (Croydon Safeguarding Children Board) (2015) Overview Report in Respect of Child M: A 14-Year-Old Teenager, LSCB.
-
CSCB (Croydon Safeguarding Children Board) (2019) Serious Case Review Summary: Child Q: ‘Where Were You When I Was Six? ’ [Report], LSCB.
-
Cummings, E.M. (1998) ‘Children exposed to marital conflict and violence: conceptual and theoretical directions’, in G.W. Holden, R.A. Geffner and E.N. Jouriles (eds) Children Exposed to Marital Violence: Theory, Research, and Applied Issues, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp 55–94.
-
Cure Violence (2013) Ceasefire Workers Receive Domestic Violence Training [Report], Available from: http://cureviolence.org/post/ceasefire-workers-receive-domestic-violence-training/ [Accessed 1 September 2017].
-
Dave (2019) ‘Lesley’ [Song], UK: Neighbourhood.
-
Davis, J. and Marsh, N. (2020) ‘Boys to men: the cost of “adultification” in safeguarding responses to Black boys’, Critical and Radical Social Work, 8(2): 255–9, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1332/204986020X15945756023543 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Dempsey, M. (2021) Still Not Safe: The Public Health Approach to Youth Violence [Report], February, London: Children’s Commissioner, Available from: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/cco-still-not-safe.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
DeNora, T. (1999) ‘Music as a technology of the self’, Poetics, 27: 31–56, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752196318000196 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Densley, J.A. (2012) ‘The organisation of London’s street gangs’, Global Crime, 13(1): 42–64, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2011.632497 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Densley, J.A., Deuchar, R. and Harding, S. (2020) ‘An introduction to gangs and serious youth violence in the United Kingdom’, Youth Justice, 20: 1–8, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420902848 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Department for Education and Home Office (2010) Safeguarding Children and Young People Affected by Gang Activity [Report], London, Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/189392/DCSF-00064-2010.pdf.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2022].
-
Depzman (2013) ‘Reality’ [Song], UK: Independent.
-
Deuchar, R. (2018) Gangs and Spirituality: A Global Perspective, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
-
Deuchar, R., Harding, S., McLean, R. and Densley, J.A. (2018) ‘Deficit or credit? A comparative, qualitative study of gender agency and female gang membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow’, Crime and Delinquency, 66: 1–28, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718794192 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Deuchar, R., Søgaard, T.F., Kolind, T., Birgitte, T. and Wells, L. (2015) ‘When you’re boxing you don’t think so much’: pugilism, transitional masculinities and criminal desistance among young ... pugilism, transitional masculinities and criminal desistance among young Danish gang members’, Journal of Youth Studies, 19(6): 725–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1098770.
-
Devaney, J. (2015) ‘Research review: the impact of domestic violence on children’, Irish Probation Journal, 12: 79–94, Available from: http://www.probation.ie/website/probationservice/websitepublishingdec09.nsf/Content/Irish+Probation+Journal+2015+Years [Accessed 28 March 2022].
-
Devlin (2013) ‘Mother’s Son’ [Song], UK: Island, Universal.
-
DMX (1998) ‘Slippin’’ [Song], USA: Ruff Riders, Def Jam.
-
DMX (2002) ‘I Miss You’ [Song], USA: Ruff Riders, Def Jam.
-
Dobash, R.E. and Dobash, R. (1979) Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy, New York: The Free Press.
-
Domestic Abuse Commissioner (2021a) ‘Government amends Policing Bill to define domestic abuse and sexual violence as forms of serious violence’, Available from: https://domesticabusecommissioner.uk/blogs/government-amends-policing-bill-to-define-domestic-abuse-and-sexual-violence-as-forms-of-serious-violence/ [Accessed 4 February 2022].
-
Domestic Abuse Commissioner (2021b) ‘Violence against women and girls must be considered as serious, violent crime’ [Blog], Available from: https://domesticabusecommissioner.uk/blogs/violence-against-women-and-girls-must-be-considered-as-serious-violent-crime/ [Accessed 23 June 2021].
-
Donovan, C., Gangoli, G., Hester, M. and Westmarland, M.N. (2005) Service Provision and Needs: Children Living with Domestic Violence in South Tyneside, South Tyneside Domestic Violence Forum, Bristol.
-
dos Santos, A. and Wagner, C. (2018) ‘Musical elicitation methods: insights from a study with becoming-adolescents referred to group music therapy for aggression’, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918797427.
-
DSCB (Derbyshire Safeguarding Children Board) (2014) Derbyshire Safeguarding Children Board Serious Case Review Overview Report in Respect of ADS, Available from: https://library.nspcc.org.uk/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2014DerbyshireADSOverview.pdf?filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102172D08A780A14959D3BCE5747137B3B2A935011CB8EC3068664FF481AA6D2524E357BABB6C006752CCD7567598D77BD1E189823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC50776135E7AAAFFECACF7BED2170E128B12C8E57F619CD5D14CD47D3BF2FE25DEB924DAF671B368AB8A64FE0B26102311267ADDF4831CE9484ED291E0B&DataSetName=LIVEDATA [Accessed 4 March 2021].
-
Dutton, D.G. (1999) ‘Traumatic origins of intimate rage’, Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 4(4): 431–48.
-
Ehrensaft, M.K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H. and Johnson, J.G. (2003) ‘Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: a 20-year prospective study’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4): 741–53.
-
ESCB (Enfield Safeguarding Children Board) (2015) Serious Case Review Overview Report: Child ‘CH’, LSCB.
-
ESCB (Enfield Safeguarding Children Board) (2016) Serious Case Review: Child AX [Report], LSCB.
-
Farrell, J. (2021) ‘COVID-19: growing numbers of pupils at risk of exclusion and “falling off the radar” as schools return to normal’, Sky News, 14 September, Available from: https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-growing-numbers-of-pupils-at-risk-of-exclusion-and-falling-off-the-radar-as-schools-return-to-normal-12402634 [Accessed 3 November 2021].
-
Fatsis, L. (2019) ‘Policing the beats: the criminalisation of UK drill and grime music by the London Metropolitan Police’, Sociological Review, 58: 1–17, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026119842480 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Feldman, A. (1991) Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
Ferrell, J. (2018) Drift: Illicit Mobility and Uncertain Knowledge, Berkeley: University of California Press.
-
Firmin, C. (2020) Contextual Safeguarding and Child Protection: Rewriting the Rules, London: Routledge.
-
Fleetwood, J., Presser, L., Sandberg, S., and Ugelvik, T. (2019) The Emerald Handbook of Narrative Criminology, Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
-
Frankenberg, R. (1993) White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
-
Fraser, A. and Irwin-Rogers, K. (2021) A Public Health Approach to Violence Reduction, Dartington: Research in Practice.
-
Frosh, S., Phoenix, A., and Pattman, R. (2002) Young Masculinities, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
-
Future of Essex (2018) ‘Violence and vulnerability’, 10 December, Available from: https://www.essexfuture.org.uk/ecda/action/violence-and-vulnerability/ [Accessed 6 November 2021].
-
Gadd, D., Fox, C.L., Corr, M., Alger, S., and Butler, I. (2015) Young Men and Domestic Abuse, Abingdon: Routledge.
-
Gebo, E. (2016) ‘An integrated public health and criminal justice approach to gangs: what can research tell us?’, Preventive Medicine Reports, 4: 376–80, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.07.007 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Gelles, R.J. (1997) Intimate Violence in Families, London: SAGE.
-
Gibbs, J.T. and Merighi, J.R. (1994) ‘Young Black males’, in T. Newburn and E.A. Stanko (eds) Just Boys Doing Business? London: Routledge, pp 64–80.
-
Gilligan, J. (1996) Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic, New York: Penguin Random House.
-
Gilroy, P. (1993) Small Acts: Thoughts on the Politics of Black Cultures, London and New York: Serpent’s Tail.
-
Gilroy, P. (2004) After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? Abingdon: Routledge.
-
Gilroy, P. (2011) Darker than Blue: On the Moral Economies of Black Atlantic Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
Gilson, E.C. (2014) The Ethics of Vulnerability: A Feminist Analysis of Social Life and Practice, London: Routledge.
-
Glynn, M. (2014) Black Men, Invisibility and Crime, Abingdon: Routledge.
-
Gordon, A.F. (2008) Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
-
Gordon, J.E. (1949) ‘The epidemiology of accidents’, American Journal of Public Health, 39: 504–15.
-
Gough, B. (2018) Contemporary Masculinities: Embodiment, Emotion and Wellbeing, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
-
Graham, B., White, C., Edwards, A., Potter, S., Street, C. (2019) School exclusion: a literature review on the continued disproportionate exclusion of certain children [Report]. Department for Education. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/800028/Timpson_review_of_school_exclusion_literature_review.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2022].
-
Graham, H. (2021) ‘Sexual predators and drug gangs used lockdown to target isolated teens, says Ashington charity head’, Chronicle Live, 18 September, Available from: https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/sexual-predators-drug-gangs-used-21575083 [Accessed 4 November 2021].
-
Green, J.D., Kearns, J.C., Ledoux, A.M., Addis, M.E. and Marx, B.P. (2018) ‘The association between masculinity and nonsuicidal self-injury’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1): 30–40, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315624508 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Grundetjern, H., Copes, H. and Sveining, S. (2019) ‘Dealing with fatherhood: paternal identities among men in the illegal drug economy’, European Journal of Criminology, [online] 18(5), Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819874429 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Gunter, A. (2010) Growing Up Bad: Black Youth, Road Culture and Badness in an East London Neighbourhood, London: The Tufnell Press.
-
Gunter, A. (2017) Race, Gangs and Youth Violence, Bristol: Policy Press.
-
Haaken, J. and Yragui, N. (2003) ‘Going underground: conflicting perspectives on domestic violence shelter practices’, Feminism and Psychology, 13(1): 49–71.
-
Hague, G. (2012) Understanding Adult Survivors of Domestic Violence in Childhood, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
Hague, G., Harvey, A. and Willis, K. (2012) Understanding Adult Survivors of Domestic Violence in Childhood: Strategies for Recovery for Children and Adults, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
Hall, S., Roberts, B., Clarke, J., Jefferson, T. and Critcher, C. (2013) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (2nd edn), London: Macmillan.
-
Hallsworth, S. and Young, T. (2011) ‘Young people, gangs and street-based violence’, in C. Barter and D. Berridge (eds) Children Behaving Badly?: Peer Violence between Children and Young People, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
-
Harding, S. (2014) The Street Casino: Survival in Violent Street Gangs, Bristol: Policy Press.
-
Harding, S. (2020) County Lines: Exploitation and Drug Dealing among Urban Street Gangs, Bristol: Bristol University Press.
-
Havard, T.E., Densley, J.A., Whittaker, A. and Wills, J. (2021) ‘Street gangs and coercive control: the gendered exploitation of young women and girls in county lines’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, [online], 1–17, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958211051513 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Hayward, K. and Yar, M. (2006) ‘The “chav” phenomenon: consumption, media and the construction of a new underclass’, Crime, Media, Culture, 2(1): 9–28, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006061708 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Hester, M. (2011) ‘The three planet model: towards an understanding of contradictions in approaches to women and children’s safety in contexts of domestic violence’, British Journal of Social Work, 41: 837–53, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr095 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Hester, M. (2013) ‘Who does what to whom? Gender and domestic violence perpetrators in English police records’, European Journal of Criminology, 10(5): 623–37, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370813479078 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Hester, M. and Pearson, C. (1998) From Periphery to Centre: Domestic Violence in Work with Abused Children, Bristol: Polity Press.
-
Hester, M. and Westmarland, N. (2005) Tackling Domestic Violence: Effective Interventions and Approaches, London: Home Office.
-
Hester, M., Pearson, C., and Harwin, N., with Abrahams, H. (2007) Making an Impact: Children and Domestic Violence (2nd edn), London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
HLSCB (Harrow Local Safeguarding Children Board) (2015) Serious Case Review: Overview Report and Executive Summary: Services Provided for Child R: October 2011– November 2013, LSCB.
-
HM Government (2011) Ending Gang and Youth Violence, Youth Justice, Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97862/gang-violence-detailreport.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Home Office (1999) Report of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, 24 February, Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-stephen-lawrence-inquiry [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Home Office (2016) ‘Strategy to end violence against women and girls: 2016 to 2020’, Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/strategy-to-end-violence-against-women-and-girls-2016-to-2020 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Home Office (2018) ‘Serious Violence Strategy’ [Policy paper], 9 April, Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/serious-violence-strategy [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Home Office (2020a) ‘Domestic Abuse Bill 2020: overarching factsheet’ [Policy paper], 22 November, London, Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-abuse-bill-2020-factsheets/domestic-abuse-bill-2020-overarching-factsheet [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Home Office (2020b) ‘Home Secretary announces support for domestic abuse victims’, Gov.uk, 11 April, Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-secretary-announces-support-for-domestic-abuse-victims [Accessed 4 November 2021].
-
Hong, R. (2016) ‘Soft skills and hard numbers: gender discourse in human resources’, Big Data & Society, 3(2): 1–13, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716674237 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
hooks, b. (1994) Teaching to Transgress, New York: Routledge.
-
hooks, b. (1997) Cultural Criticism and Transformation, Media Education Foundation Transcript [Online], Available from: https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Bell-Hooks-Transcript.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
hooks, b. (2003) We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, Abingdon: Routledge.
-
Hotaling, G. and Sugarman, D.B. (1986) ‘An analysis of risk markers in husband-to-wife violence: the current state of knowledge’, Violence and Victims, 1(2): 101–24.
-
Hughes, H. (1992) ‘Impact of spouse abuse on children of battered women’, Violence Update, August, 9–11.
-
Hutchings, K. (2008) ‘Making sense of masculinity and war’, Men and Masculinities, 10(4): 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X07306740.
-
Iantaffi, A. (2021) Gender Trauma: Healing Cultural, Social and Historical Gendered Trauma, London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
Irwin-Rogers, K. (2018) ‘Racism and racial discrimination in the criminal justice system: exploring the experiences and views of men serving sentences of imprisonment’, Justice, Power and Resistance, 2(2): 243–66.
-
Irwin-Rogers, K. (2019) ‘Illicit drug markets, consumer capitalism and the rise of social media: a toxic trap for young people’, Critical Criminology, 27: 591–610, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-019-09476-2 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Irwin-Rogers, K. and Harding, S. (2018) ‘Challenging the orthodoxy on pupil gang involvement: when two social fields collide’, British Educational Research Journal, 44(3): 463–79, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3442 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Iwamoto, D. (2003) ‘Tupac Shakur: understanding the identity formation of hyper-masculinity of a popular hip-hop artist’, The Black Scholar, 33(2): 44–9.
-
Jaffe, P.G., Wolfe, D.A. and Wilson, S. (1990) Children of Battered Women, London: SAGE Publications.
-
Jaffee, S.R., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A. and Arseneault, L. (2002) ‘Influence of adult domestic violence on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems: an environmentally informed twin study’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9): 1095–103.
-
Javaid, A. (2014) ‘Feminism, masculinity and male rape: bringing male rape “out of the closet”’, Journal of Gender Studies, 25(3): 283–93, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.959479 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Jefferson, T. (1998) ‘Muscle, “hard men” and “Iron” Mike Tyson: reflections on desire, anxiety and the embodiment of masculinity’, Body and Society, 4(1): 77–98.
-
Jewkes, R. (2002) ‘Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention’, Lancet, 359(9315): 1423–29.
-
Jones, S.K. (2016) A Cry for Health: Why We Must Invest in Domestic Abuse Services in Hospitals [Report], 16 November, Bristol, Available from: http://www.safelives.org.uk/node/945. [Accessed 19 January 2022]
-
Joseph, I., Gunter, A., Hallsworth, S., Young, T. and Adekunle, F. (2011) Gangs Revisited: What’s a Gang and What’s Race Got to Do with It?’, [Report] Runnymede Perspectives, Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian-Joseph/publication/281620233_What%27s_a_gang_and_what%27s_race_got_to_do_with_it/links/55f0171c08aedecb68fde879/Whats-a-gang-and-whats-race-got-to-do-with-it.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Joseph, P.E. (2021) ‘DMX was a Gen X icon who gave Black men like me a stronger voice’, CNN, 10 April, Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/09/opinions/how-dmx-changed-1990s-hip-hop-rap-and-me-joseph/index.html [Accessed 30 September 2021].
-
Joyner Lucas (2016) ‘I’m Sorry’ [Song]. USA: The Cratez.
-
Katz, E. (2016) ‘Beyond the physical incident model: how children living with domestic violence are harmed by and resist regimes of coercive control’, Child Abuse Review, 25: 46–59.
-
Keightley, E. and Pickering, M. (2006) ‘For the record: popular music and photography as technologies of memory’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2): 149–65, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549406063161 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Kerig, P.K., Wainryb, C., Twali, M.S. and Chaplo, S.D. (2013) ‘America’s child soldiers: toward a research agenda for studying gang-involved youth in the united states’, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 22(7): 773–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.813883.
-
Kimmel, M.S. (2002) ‘“Gender symmetry” in domestic violence: a substantive and methodological research review’, Violence Against Women, 8(11): 1332–63.
-
Kimmel, M.S. and Wade, L. (2018) ‘Ask a feminist: Michael Kimmel and Lisa Wade discuss toxic masculinity’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 44(1): 233–54, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/698284 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Kitzmann, K.M., Gaylord, N.K., Holt, A.R. and Kenny, E.D. (2003) ‘Child witnesses to domestic violence: a meta-analytic review’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2): 339–52, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Krane, D. and Davies, L. (2002) ‘Sisterhood is not enough: the invisibility of mothering in shelter practice with battered women’, Affilia, 17: 167–90.
-
Krohn, M.D. and Thornberry, T.P. (2008) ‘Longitudinal perspectives on adolescent street gangs’, in A. Liberman (ed) The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Re-Search, New York: Springer, pp 128–60.
-
Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B. and Lozano, R. (2002) ‘World report on violence and health’, The Lancet, 360: 1083–8.
-
Lacey, R.E. and Minnis, H. (2020) ‘Practitioner review: twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores – advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 61(2): 116–30, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13135 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Lapierre, S. (2008) ‘Mothering in the context of domestic violence: the pervasiveness of a deficit model of mothering’, Child & Family Social Work, 13(4): 454–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00563.x.
-
Laughey, D. (2006) Music and Youth Culture, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
-
Leroy Smart (1976) ‘Ballistic Affair’ [Song], UK: Well Charge.
-
Levine, M.D. (1975) ‘Interpersonal violence and its effects on the children: a study of 50 families in general practice’, Medicine, Science and Law, 15, 172–6.
-
Liberty (2021) Liberty’s Briefing on the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill for Second Reading in the House of Lords. [Report] Libertyhumanrights.org.uk, September, Available from: https://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Libertys-briefing-on-the-Police-Crime-Sentencing-and-Courts-Bill-Report-Stage-HoC-July-2021.pdf [Accessed 4 February 2022].
-
Lillywhite, R. and Skidmore, P. (2006) ‘Boys are not sexually exploited? A challenge to practitioners’, Child Abuse Review, 15: 296–310.
-
Lloyd, J. and Firmin, C. (2020) ‘No further action: contextualising social care decisions for children victimised in extra-familial settings’, Youth Justice, 20(1–2): 79–92, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419893789 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Local Government Association (2018) Public health approaches to reducing violence [Report], Available from: https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/15.32%20-%20Reducing%20family%20violence_04_WEB.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Logic ft Alessia Cara and Khalid (2017) ‘1-800-273-8255’ [Song], USA: Visionary, Def Jam.
-
Lozon, J. and Bensimon, M. (2017) ‘A systematic review on the functions of rap among gangs’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(11): 1243–61, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15618430 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
LSCB (London Safeguarding Children Board) (2009) Safeguarding Children Affected by Gang Activity and/or Serious Youth Violence [Report], London.
-
Ludacris ft Mary Jane Blige (2007) ‘Runaway Love’ [Song], USA: DTP, Def Jam.
-
Maguire, D. (2019) ‘Vulnerable prisoner masculinities in an English prison’, Men and Masculinities, 24: 1–18, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19888966 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Maguire, D. (2021) Male, Failed, Jailed: Masculinities and ‘Revolving Door’ Imprisonment in the UK, Cham: Palgrave.
-
Martinez, T.A. (1995) ‘Gang innovation, patriarchy and powerlessness: expanding theory to relfect [reflect] American politics’, Explorations in Ethnic Studies, 18(2): 145–58, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1525/ees.1995.18.2.145 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Maruna, S. (2004) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
-
Maruna, S. and Matravers, A. (2007) ‘N = 1: criminology and the person’, Theoretical Criminology, 11(4): 427–42, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480607081833 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Maslow, A. (1943) ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, 50(4): 370–96.
-
McAuley, R. (2007) Out of Sight: Crime, Youth and Exclusion in Modern Britain, Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
-
McGavock, L. and Spratt, T. (2017) ‘Children exposed to domestic violence: using adverse childhood experience scores to inform service response’, British Journal of Social Work, 47(4): 1128–46, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw073 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
McGee, C. (2000) Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
McGuffey, C.S. (2005) ‘Race, class, and gender reaffirmation after child sexual abuse’, Gender & Society, 19(5): 621–43, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205277310 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
McGuffey, C.S. (2008) ‘“Saving masculinity:” gender reaffirmation, sexuality, race, and parental responses to male child sexual abuse’, Social Problems, 55(2): 216–37, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2008.55.2.216 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
McLaughlin, K.A. and Sheridan, M.A. (2016) ‘Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4): 239–45, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
McNaughton Nicholls, C., Cockbain, E., Brayley, H., Harvey, S., Fox, C., Paskell, C., Ashby, M., Gibson, K. and Jago, N. (2014) Research on the Sexual Exploitation of Boys and Young Men [Report], Nuffield Foundation, August, Available from: https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/cse_young_boys_summary_report.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Mejía, X.E. (2005) ‘Gender matters: working with adult male survivors of trauma’, Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(1): 29–40, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00577.x [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005) ‘Men, masculinities, and crime’, in M.S. Kimmel, J. Hearn and R.W. Connell (eds) Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, pp 196–212.
-
Messerschmidt, J.W. (2018) Hegemonic Masculinity: Formulation, Reformulation, and Amplification, London and New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
-
Miles, C. and Condry, R. (2015) ‘Responding to adolescent to parent violence: challenges for policy and practice’, The British Journal of Criminology, 55(6): 1076–1095 https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv095 [Accessed 28 March 2022].
-
Motzkau, J. (2020) ‘Children as victims’, in D.T. Cook (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp 412–15.
-
Mshweshwe, L. (2020) Boys’ transition to manhood: a missed opportunity for masculinity transformation: implications for domestic violence’, Youth & Policy, 2 July, Available from: https://www.youthandpolicy.org/articles/boys-transition-to-manhood/ [Accessed 8 November 2021].
-
MSPTU (Modern Slavery Police Transformation Unit) (2018) Modern Slavery Police Transformation Programme Annual Report to 31st March 2018, March.
-
Mulholland, H. (2018) ‘Youth work cuts leave young people out in the cold’, The Guardian, October, Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/oct/31/youth-work-cuts-young-people-councils [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Mullender, A. (1996) Rethinking Domestic Violence, Abingdon: Routledge.
-
Mullender, A. Hague, G., Imam, U.F., Kelly, L., Malos, E. and Regan, L. (2002) Children’s Perspectives on Domestic Violence, London: SAGE.
-
Mullins, C.W. (2006) Holding Your Square: Masculinities, Streetlife and Violence, Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
-
Neal, M.A. (2013) Looking for Leroy, New York and London: New York University Press.
-
Newburn, T., Jones, T. and Blaustein, J. (2018) ‘Framing the 2011 England riots: understanding the political and policy response’, Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 57(3): 339–62, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12268 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Neville, F.G., Goodall, C.A., Gavine, A.J., Williams, D.J. and Donnelly, P.D. (2015) ‘Public health, youth violence, and perpetrator well-being’, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21(3): 322–33. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000081.
-
NLSCB (Newham Local Safeguarding Children Board) (2018) Serious Case review – Chris: Overview Report, LSCB.
-
Oakley, A. (1972) Sex, Gender and Society, San Francisco: Harper & Row.
-
O’Brien, K., Daffern, M., Meng Chu, C. and Thomas, S.D.M. (2013) ‘Youth gang affiliation, violence, and criminal activities: a review of motivational, risk, and protective factors’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18: 417–25, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.05.001 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Oliver, R., Alexander, B., Roe, S. and Wlasny, M. (2019) The Economic and Social Costs of Domestic Abuse, Research Report 107, London, January, Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/918897/horr107.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
OMI (2013) ‘My Old Lady’ [Song]. Jamaica: Errol Jackson.
-
ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2016) ‘Homicide: findings from analyses based on the Homicide Index recorded by the Home Office covering different aspects of homicide’, Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#relationship-between-victim-and-principal-suspect [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2019) ‘Suicides in the UK: 2018 registrations’, 3 September, Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/suicidesintheunitedkingdom/2018registrations [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Överlien, C. and Hydén, M. (2009) ‘Children’s actions when experiencing domestic violence’, Childhood, 16(4): 479–96, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568209343757 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Pearce, J.J. and Pitts, J.M. (2011) Youth Gangs, Sexual Violence and Sexual Exploitation: A Scoping Exercise for the Office of the Children’s Commissioner for England [Report], Bedfordshire, University of Bedfordshire.
-
Pease, B. (2019) Facing Patriarchy: From a Violence Gender Order to a Culture of Peace, London: Zed Books.
-
Peled, E., Jaffe, P.G. and Edleson, J.L. (1995) Ending the Cycle of Violence: Community Responses to Children of Battered Women, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
-
Phillips, C. (2020) ‘The pains of racism and economic adversity in young Londoners’ lives: sketching the contours’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, [online] 30 November, 1–18, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1850246 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Phoenix, A. (2004) ‘Schooling everyday cultures: 11–14 year old boys and constructions of masculinities’, in E.B. Silva and T. Bennett (eds) Contemporary Culture and Everyday Life, Durham, NC: Sociology Press, pp 130–48.
-
P!nk (2002) ‘Family Portrait’ [Song], USA: LaFace, Arista.
-
Pinkey, C. and Robinson-Edwards, S. (2018) ‘Gangs, music and the mediatisation of crime: expressions, violations and validations’, Safer Communities, 17(2): 103–18.
-
Pitts, J. (2013) ‘Exploitation and gang affiliation’, in M. Melrose and J. Pearce (eds) Critical Perspectives on Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 23–4.
-
Pizzey, E. (1974) Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
-
Popcaan (2013) ‘Unruly Prayer’ [Song]. USA: Dinearo.
-
Porr, C., Mayan, M., Graffigna, G., Wall, S. and Vieira, E.R. (2011) ‘The evocative power of projective techniques for the elicitation of meaning’, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(1): 30–41, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691101000103 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Portas, J. and Sharp-Jeffs, N. (2021) The Economic Abuse Threat Facing Girls Women in the UK: 6 Moments That Matter [Report], London, Available from: https://survivingeconomicabuse.org/the-economic-abuse-threat-facing-girls-women-in-the-uk-new-report-reveals-the-six-key-life-moments-when-women-are-most-vulnerable-to-abuse/ [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Postmus, J.L., Hoge, G.L., Breckenridge, J., Sharp-Jeffs, N. and Chung, D. (2018) ‘Economic abuse as an invisible form of domestic violence: a multicountry review’, Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 21(2): 261–83, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018764160 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Presser, L. (2016) ‘Criminology and the narrative turn’, Crime, Media, Culture, 12(2): 137–51, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659015626203 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Public Health England (2019a) Collaborative Approaches to Preventing Offending and Re-offending in Children (CAPRICORN) [Report], London, Available from: http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/collaborative-approaches-to-preventing-offending-and-re-offending-in-children-capricorn/r/a110f00000THhVYAA1 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Public Health England (2019b) A Whole-System Multi-Agency Approach to Serious Violence Prevention: A Resource for Local System Leaders in England [Report], Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/862794/multi-agency_approach_to_serious_violence_prevention.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
R. Kelly (2002) ‘The World’s Greatest’ [Song], USA: Jive.
-
Radford, L., Aitken, R., Miller, P., Ellis, J., Roberts, J., and Firkic, A. (2011) ‘Meeting the needs of children living with domestic violence in London’, Refuge/NSPCC research project.
-
Raisborough, J., Frith, H. and Klein, O. (2013) ‘Media and class-making: what lessons are learnt when a celebrity chav dies?’, Sociology, 47(2): 251–66, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038512444813 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Ralston, K.M. (2020) ‘“If I was a ‘real man’”: the role of gender stereotypes in the recovery process for men who experience sexual victimization’, Journal of Men’s Studies, 28(2): 127–48, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1060826519864475 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Ray, L. (2018) Violence and Society (2nd edn), London: SAGE.
-
Renzetti, C. (1999) ‘The challenge to feminism posed by women’s use of violence in intimate relationships’, in S. Lamb (ed) New Versions of Victims: Feminist Struggle with the Concept, New York: New York University Press, pp 42–56.
-
Richards, L. and Safelives (2009) DASH risk model, Available from: www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Roberts, G. (2021) ‘County lines gangs have changed tactics during COVID – and their victims are getting even younger’, Sky News, 28 March, Available from: https://news.sky.com/story/county-lines-gangs-have-changed-tactics-during-covid-and-their-victims-are-getting-even-younger-12258744 [Accessed 4 November 2021].
-
Roberts, Y. (2021) ‘The perpetrators: inside the minds of men who abuse women’, The Guardian, 7 November, Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/nov/07/the-perpetrators-inside-the-minds-of-men-who-abuse-women [Accessed 7 November 2021].
-
Sacks, G. (2008) ‘DV Conference Report #3: 12 year-old boys in abusive families aren’t allowed to go to shelters with their mothers, but instead go into foster care’ [Blog], Available from: http://glennsacks.com/blog/?p=1819 [Accessed 1 September 2017].
-
Sandberg, S. (2009) ‘Gangster, victim or both? The interdiscursive construction of sameness and difference in self-presentations’, British Journal of Sociology, 60(3): 523–42, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01254.x [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Sanghani, R. (2015) ‘Nicola Sturgeon: “We’ll never have gender equality until we stop domestic violence”’, The Telegraph, 9 October, Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/11922942/Nicola-Sturgeon-Domestic-violence-is-stopping-gender-equality.html [Accessed 19 January 2022]
-
Saunders, D.G. (2002) ‘Are physical assaults by wives and girlfriends a major social problem?’, Violence Against Women, 8(12): 1424–48.
-
Schinkel, W. (2010) Aspects of Violence: A Critical Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
-
Schwöbel-Patel, C. (2018) ‘The “ideal” victim of international criminal law’, European Journal of International Law, 29(3): 703–24, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy056 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Segal, L. (1990) Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities Changing Men, London: Virago.
-
Sharp-Jeffs, N. and Kelly, L. (2016) Domestic Homicide Review (DHR) Case Analysis [Report], London, Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ee0be2588f1e349401c832c/t/5efb6ce1d305a44006cb5ab9/1593535715616/STADV_DHR_Report_Final.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Shaw, C.R. (1930) The Jack-Roller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
Shepard, M. and Pence, E. (1999) Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons from Duluth and Beyond, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
-
Shuker, L. (2013) ‘Constructs of safety for children in care affected by sexual exploitation’, in M. Melrose and J. Pearce (eds) Critical Perspectives on Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 125–38.
-
Specht, J.A. (2013) ‘Mental health in schools: lessons learned from exclusion’, Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(1): 43–55, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573512468857 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Spencer, C., Griffin, B. and Floyd, M. (2019) Vulnerable Adolescents Thematic Review (Report for Croydon Safeguarding Children Board), February, Available from: http://ow.ly/POix30oc5s4 [Accessed 19 January 2022]
-
Spencer, L. and Scott, J. (2013) ‘School meets street: exploring the links between low achievement, school exclusion and youth crime among African-Caribbean boys in London’, ISER Working Paper Series, pp 2013–25.
-
SSCB (Sheffield Safeguarding Children’s Board) (2020) Serious Case Review: Archie: Final Report, LSCB.
-
SSCP (Southampton Safeguarding Children Partnership) (2021) Child Safeguarding Practice Review concerning a Child Referred to as Liam [Report].
-
Stark, E. (2007) Coercive Control, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Stark, E. and Hester, M. (2019) ‘Coercive control: update and review’, Violence Against Women, 25(1): 81–104, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218816191 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Stockport Safeguarding Children Board (2016) Serious Case Review: ‘Jaiden’: Final Overview Report, LSCB.
-
Sullivan, M.L. (2006) ‘Are “gang” studies dangerous? Youth violence, local context, and the problem of reification’, in J.F. Short Jr and L.A. Hughes (eds) Studying Youth Gangs, Oxford: AltaMira Press, pp 15–36.
-
Swain, J. (2005) ‘Masculinities in education’, in M.S. Kimmel, J. Hearn and R.W. Connell (eds) Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, pp 213–29.
-
Taylor, J. and Shrive, J. (2021) Public Perceptions and Attitudes towards Women who become Pregnant or Have Children Conceived in Sexual Violence [Report], VictimFocus, Available from: https://irp.cdn-website.com/f9ec73a4/files/uploaded/Exploring%20the%20experiences%20of%20women%20who%20become%20pregnant%20or%20have%20children%20from%20sexual%20violence%20FINAL%20.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2022].
-
Tonsing, J.C. (2019) ‘Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong’, International Social Work, 62(1): 161–71, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817712566 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Tracy Chapman (1988) ‘Last Night’ [Song], USA: Elektra.
-
Trickett, J. (2017) ‘Jon Trickett: one in six refuges have closed since 2010 – the Tories must do more to protect vulnerable women’, LabourList, 27 March, Available from: https://labourlist.org/2017/03/jon-trickett-one-in-six-refuges-have-closed-since-2010-the-tories-must-do-more-to-protect-vulnerable-women/ [Accessed 22 September 2021].
-
Tyler, I. (2013) Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain, London: Zed Books.
-
UK Faculty of Public Health (2016) ‘The role of public health in the prevention of violence: a statement from the UK Faculty of Public Health’, Available from: https://www.fph.org.uk/media/1381/the-role-of-public-health-in-the-prevention-of-violence.pdf [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
UK Parliament (2019) ‘How is the government implementing a ‘public health approach’ to serious violence?’, House of Commons Library, 22 July, Available from: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/how-is-the-government-implementing-a-public-health-approach-to-serious-violence/ [Accessed 14 June 2021].
-
UN Women (2020) ‘The shadow pandemic: violence against women during COVID-19’, Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response/violence-against-women-during-covid-19 [Accessed 24 November 2020].
-
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) (2006) Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children [Report], Body Shop International.
-
University of Cambridge (2021) Stormzy Scholarship for Black UK Students, Available from: https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/stormzy-scholarship [Accessed 24 September 2021].
-
Unnamed Local Safeguarding Children Board (2019) Serious Case Review No: 2019/C7991 Published by the NSPCC On Behalf of an Unnamed Local Safeguarding Children Board: Overview Report, Available from: https://library.nspcc.org.uk/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2019AnonymousGraceLisaCareyOverview.pdf?filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC50776135EAAAAFFECACF7BE0247BFC24B132894BF73BFE7824E77DDFBE38C859EED94484776921CA35A9CE3E82C3F9476CCCBB0DB06E8F09D37DA68AB15F4DE20FBC2720AE0E91&DataSetName=LIVEDATA [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Violence Reduction Unit (2011) Glasgow’s Community Initiative to Reduce Violence [Report], Available from: http://www.svru.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/CIRV_2nd_year_report.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Volpe, J.S. (1996) ‘Effects of domestic violence on children and adolescents: an overview’, American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, 11, Available from: https://www.aaets.org/traumatic-stress-library/effects-of-domestic-violence-on-children-and-adolescents-an-overview [Accessed 2 March 2022].
-
Volpp, L. (2005) ‘Feminism versus multiculturalism’, in N.J. Sokoloff (ed.) Domestic Violence at the Margins: Readings on Race, Class, Gender, and Culture, London: Rutgers University Press, pp 39–49.
-
Walby, S. (2020) ‘Varieties of gender regimes’, Social Politics, 27(3), Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa018 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Walby, S. and Allen, J. (2004) Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey [Report], London.
-
Walklate, S. (2004) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice (2nd edn), Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
-
Walklate, S. (2011) ‘Reframing criminal victimization: finding a place for vulnerability and resilience’, Theoretical Criminology, 15(2): 179–94, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480610383452 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Walsh, C. (2018) ‘Addressing serious male youth violence: missed opportunities within the UK Serious Youth Violence Strategy’, Youth & Policy, 10 October, Available from: https://www.youthandpolicy.org/articles/addressing-serious-male-youth-violence-missed-opportunities-within-the-uk-serious-youth-violence-strategy/ [Accessed 8 November 2021].
-
Welsh, B.C., Braga, A.A. and Sullivan, C.J. (2014) ‘Serious youth violence and innovative prevention: on the emerging link between public health and criminology’, Justice Quarterly, 31(3): 500–23, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.690441 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
West, C. and Zimmerman, D.H. (1987) ‘Doing gender’, Gender & Society, 1(2): 125–51.
-
Westside Gunn ft Tiona D (2014) Never Coming Homme [Music video], YouTube, Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwzyylvETJ4 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
White, J. (2020) Terraformed: Young Black Lives in the Inner City, London: Repeater.
-
WHO (World Health Organization) (2002) World Report on Violence and Health, Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
WHO (World Health Organization) (2018) ‘Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ)’, Available from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/introductory_materials.pdf?ua=1%0Ahttp://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/en/ [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Williams, D.J., Currie, D., Linden, W., Donnelly, P.D. (2014) ‘Addressing gang-related violence in Glasgow: a preliminary pragmatic quasi-experimental evaluation of the Community Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV)’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19: 686–91.
-
Williams, P. (2015) ‘Criminalising the other: challenging the race–gang nexus’, Race and Class, 56(3): 18–35, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396814556221 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Williams, P. and Clarke, B. (2018) ‘The Black criminal other as an object of social control’, Social Sciences, 7: 1–14, Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110234 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Wilson, D. (2003) ‘“Keeping quiet” or “going nuts”: some emerging strategies used by young Black people in custody at a time of childhood being re-constructed’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(5): 411–25, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2311.2003.00297.x [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Wolfe, D.A., Jaffe, P., Wilson, S.K., and Zak, L. (1985) ‘Children of battered women: the relation of child behavior to family violence and maternal stress’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5): 657–65.
-
Wolfe, D.A., Jaffe, P., Wilson, S.K., Kaye, S., and Zak, L. (1988) ‘A multivariate investigation of children’s adjustment to family violence’, in G.T. Hotaling et al. (eds) Family Abuse and Its Consequences: New Directions, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, pp 228–41.
-
Wolfe, D.A., Crooks, C.V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., and Jaffe, P. (2003) ‘The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis and critique’, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6: 171–87.
-
Women’s Aid (2022) ‘What is a refuge and how can I stay in one?’ The Survivors Handbook [online], Available from: https://www.womensaid.org.uk/the-survivors-handbook/what-is-a-refuge-and-how-can-i-stay-in-one/ [Accessed 17 March 2022].
-
Wroe, L.E. and Lloyd, J. (2020) ‘Watching over or working with? Understanding social work innovation in response to extra-familial harm’, Social Sciences, 9(4): 37, Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9040037 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Yates, J. (2010) ‘Structural disadvantage: youth, class, crime and poverty’, in W. Taylor, R. Earle and R. Hester (eds) Youth Justice Handbook, Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp 5–22.
-
Young, T. (2009) ‘Girls and gangs: “shemale” gangsters in the UK?’, Youth Justice, 9(3): 224–38, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225409345101 [Accessed 20 January 2022].
-
Young, T. (2016) Risky Youth or Gang Members? A Contextual Critique of the (Re)discovery of Gangs in Britain [Report], London Metropolitan University.
-
Young, T., Fitzgibbon, W. and Silverstone, D. (2013) The Role of the Gamily in Facilitating Gang Membership, Criminality and Exit: A Report Prepared for Catch22, London.
-
Young Dolph (2017) ‘100 Shots’ [Song], UK: Buddah Bless.
-
Youth Violence Commission (2018) Interim Report: July 2018, Available from: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/171108/knife-crime.htm [Accessed 20 January 2022].
| May 2022 onwards | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 62 | 60 | 1 |
| Full Text Views | 5 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 7 | 6 | 0 |
We are a leading social science publisher
committed to making a difference.
Bristol University Press and
Policy Press
bristoluniversitypress.co.uk