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Some states in the global South, debilitated by ‘structural adjustment’ and other policies imposed by the imperialist powers of the global North, face the presence on the national terrain of powerful non-state actors capable of neutralizing or effectively substituting for the state, particularly in areas related to security. These include, on the one hand, ISIS-connected insurgents seeking to substitute for the state and, on the other hand, powerful transnational corporations seeking to divert state resources to their own needs. As states grapple with the resulting conflicting governance demands recourse to private military and security or mercenaries has become a frequent policy option. This chapter uses recent (2021) events in Mozambique to illustrate the problems encountered by states deploying such private military force to fight insurgencies while managing the security demands of transnational corporations.
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