THREE: Justice System Modernisation, Digitalisation and Data

Authors:
Judith Townend
and
Lucy Welsh
Publication Date:
28 Nov 2023
Pages:
40–64
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529228694.ch003
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter
Buy article/chapter (
GBP  £20.00
)

Chapter Three considers the operationalisation of open justice in the context of modernisation, digitalisation and data developments. It focuses on aspects of the HM Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) programme of modernisation and digital reform including the Single Justice Procedure (SJP) for the prosecution of minor offences, video-enabled justice (VEJ), as well as digitalisation of data processes.

The authors consider a range of questions: how is information about an entirely administrative or virtual process communicated to the public? How is justice system data being collected, processed, and disseminated online, by different public and private sector actors? And to what extent do digital court processes enable the public to engage in the justice system and hold it to account?

The chapter also looks at equality of access to digital justice systems, in terms of funding, technological and legal literacy, as well as access to tools. In this context, the authors discuss power relationships and how technology is changing the dynamic and interactions of the digital and physical court room, making participation more difficult and undermining justice system accountability.

  • Adams, Z., Adams-Prassl, A. and Adams-Prassl, J. (2022) ‘Online Tribunal Judgments and the Limits of Open Justice’, Legal Studies, 42(1), pp 42–60.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Adams-Prassl, A. and Adams-Prassl, J. (2020) ‘Systemic Unfairness, Access to Justice and Futility: A Framework’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 40(3), pp 561–590.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Adisa, O. (2018) Access to Justice: Assessing the Impact of the Magistrates’ Court Closures in Suffolk. Ipswich: Institute for Social and Economic Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aldridge, A. (2010) ‘The Geek Shall Inherit’, Legal Week, 21 October.

  • Amnesty International. (2020) ‘Why are Amnesty International Monitors not able to Observe the Assange Hearing?’, Amnesty International, 21 September. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/why-are-amnesty-international-monitors-not-able-to-observe-the-assange-hearing/ (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Anonymous. (2018) The Secret Barrister: Stories of the Law and How it’s Broken .London: Picador.

  • Anonymous. (2020) The Secret Magistrate. Oakamoor: Hawksmoor Publishing.

  • Appeal. (2017) Open Justice Charter Launched. Available at: https://appeal.org.uk/news/2017/1/13/open-justice-charter-launched, 13 January (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ardia, D.S. (2017) ‘Privacy and Court Records: Online Access and the Loss of Practical Obscurity’, University of Illinois Law Review, 2017(4), pp 1385–1454.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Artificial Lawyer (2019) ‘France Bans Judge Analytics, 5 Years in Prison for Rule Breakers’, Artificial Lawyer, 4 June. Available at: https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2019/06/04/france-bans-judge-analytics-5-years-in-prison-for-rule-breakers/ (Accessed: 23 August 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ashworth, A. and Horder, J. (2013) Principles of Criminal Law, sixth edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Attorney General’s Office. (2019) ‘Stephen Yaxley-Lennon committed to prison for contempt of court’, 19 July. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/stephen-yaxley-lennon-committed-to-prison-for-contempt-of-court (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bagshaw, T. (2019) ‘What Happens When Our Local News Disappears? How UK Local Newspapers are Closing and Coverage of Court Proceedings is not Happening’, Index on Censorship, 48(1), pp 29–31.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bandes, S. and Feigenson, N. (2020) ‘Virtual Trials: Necessity, Invention, and the Evolution of the Courtroom’, Buffalo Law Review, 68(5), pp 1275–1372.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Banks, S. (2014) Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914: The Courts of Popular Opinion. Martlesham: Boydell & Brewer.

  • Barnett, S., Murdoch, T. and Townend, J. (2022) ‘Where Public Interest and Public Benefit Meet: The Application of Charity Law to Journalism’, Journal of Media Law, 14(2), pp 323–351.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barr, A., Packard, T. and Serra, D. (2014) ‘Participatory accountability and collective action: Experimental evidence from Albania’, European Economic Review, 68, pp 250–269.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barton, A. and Johns, N. (2012) The Policy Making Process in the Criminal Justice System. London: Routledge.

  • BBC News. (2012) ‘Virtual’ Courts Rolled out across Kent, 1 August. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-19080208 (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beattie, J.M. (2007) ‘Sir John Fielding and Public Justice: The Bow Street Magistrates’ Court, 1754–1780’, Law and History Review, 25(1), pp 61–100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Berlins, M. (2009) ‘Loss of Court Reporters is a Blow to Open Justice’, The Guardian, 7 December. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/dec/06/berlins-writ-large-court-reporters (Accessed: 26 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Besemer, S., Farrington, D.P. and Bijleveld, C.C.J.H. (2017) ‘Labeling and Intergenerational Transmission of Crime: The Interaction Between Criminal Justice Intervention and a Convicted Parent’, PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0172419.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Biber, K. (2014) ‘Inside Jill Meagher’s Handbag: Looking at Open Justice’, Alternative Law Journal, 39(2), pp 73–77.

  • Bingham, T. (2006) ‘Sixth Sir David Williams Lecture: The Rule of Law’. Available at: https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/sir-david-williams-lectures2006-rule-law/rule-law-text-transcript (Accessed: 22 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bohlander, M. (2010) ‘Open Justice or Open Season?: Should the Media Report the Names of Suspects and Defendants?’, The Journal of Criminal Law, 74(4), pp 321–338.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bosland, J. and Gill, J., (2015) ‘The Principle of Open Justice and the Judicial Duty to Give Public Reasons’ Melbourne University Law Review, 38(2), pp 482–524.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bosland, J. and Townend, J. (2018) ‘Open Justice, Transparency and the Media: Representing the Public Interest in The Physical and Virtual Courtroom’, Communications Law, 23(4), pp 183–202.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bosland, J. and Townend, J. (2023) ‘Reporting Crime in the Wake of the Human Rights Act 1998: Privacy, Criminal Justice and the Media in England & Wales’, in A. Roberts, J. Purhouse and J. Bosland (eds) Privacy, Technology, and the Criminal Process. Abingdon: Routledge, pp 242–278.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bosmajian, H.A. (1992) Metaphor and Reason in Judicial Opinions. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

  • Bowcott, O. and Duncan, P. (2019) ‘Half of Magistrates Courts in England and Wales Closed Since 2010’, The Guardian, 27 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jan/27/half-of-magistrates-courts-in-england-and-wales-closed-since-tories-elected (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2022) ‘Conceptual and Design Thinking for Thematic Analysis’, Qualitative Psychology, 9, pp 3–26.

  • Brookman, S. (2021) ‘Law Column: 83,000 Reasons to Remember that Arrested Suspects Have Right to Privacy Until Charged’, HoldtheFrontPage, 12 January. Available at: https://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2021/news/law-column-83000-reasons-to-remember-that-arrested-suspects-have-right-to-privacy-until-charged/ (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brooks, T. (ed.) (2019) Shame Punishment. London: Routledge.

  • Bruinsma, G. (2018) ‘Classical Theory: The Emergence of Deterrence Theory in the Age of Enlightenment’, inD. Nagin, F. Cullen and C. Lero Jonson (eds) Deterrence, Choice, and Crime. New York: Routledge, pp 3–28.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Byrom, N. (2019) Digital Justice: HMCTS Data Strategy and Delivering Access to Justice. The Legal Education Foundation, pp 1–48. Available at: https://research.thelegaleducationfoundation.org/blog/digital-justice-hmcts-data-strategy-and-delivering-access-to-justice (Accessed: 23 July 2020).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Byrom, N. (2022) ‘Anti-Social Behaviour Injunctions are a Great Unknown’, Law Gazette, 24 August. Available at: https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/commentary-and-opinion/anti-social-behaviour-injunctions-are-a-great-unknown/5113490.article (Accessed: 25 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cairncross, F. (2019) The Cairncross Review: A Sustainable Future for Journalism. Online: Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cameron, J. (2020) Victim Privacy and Open Justice 2.0: At the Frontiers of Change. 2020 CanLIIDocs 3924. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4144639 (Accessed: 30 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Campbell, D. and Norton-Taylor, R. (2020) ‘Human Rights Court Dismisses MI6 Informant Wang Yam’s Appeal’, The Guardian, 16 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/16/human-rights-court-dismisses-mi6-informant-wang-yam-appeal (Accessed: 26 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cappelletti, M., Garth, B. and Trocker, N. (1976) ‘Access to Justice: Comparative General Report’, The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law, 40(3/4), pp 669–717.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carroll, J. (2014) ‘The Jury as Democracy’, Alabama Law Review, 66(4), pp 825–870.

  • Centre for Public Data. (2023) Research Paper: Data and Statistical Gaps in Criminal Justice. Available at: https://www.centreforpublicdata.org/focus-area-criminal-justice-1 (Accessed: 31 March 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chamberlain, P., Keppel-Palmer, M., Reardon, S. and Smith, T. (2021) ‘It is Criminal: The State Of Magistrates’ Court Reporting in England and Wales’, Journalism, 22(9), pp 2404–2420.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chan, J.B.L. (1999) ‘Governing Police Practice: Limits of the New Accountability’, The British Journal of Sociology, 50(2), pp 251–270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chief Magistrate. (2021) Guide to the Availability of Live Links in Magistrates’ Courts Under their Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction. Available at: https://www.criminalbar.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/210126-Live-Link-Matrix-MC-Crime-Civil1.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Clark, J. (2021) HMCTS Remote Hearing Evaluation, updated 10 December. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hmcts-remote-hearing-evaluation (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cloake, D. (2022) ‘Justice Committee Report – A Blogger Responds’, Mouse in the Court, 2 November. Available at: https://mouseinthecourtroom.wordpress.com/2022/11/02/justice-committee-report-a-blogger-responds/ (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Colbran, S. (2003) ‘The Limits of Judicial Accountability; the Role of Judicial Performance Evaluation’, Legal Ethics, 6(1), pp 55–72.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Conley, D. and Lamble, S. (2006) The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism, third edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Cornford, T. (2016). ‘The Meaning of Access to Justice’, in E. Palmer, T. Cornford, A. Guinchard and Y. Marique (eds) Access to Justice: Beyond the Policies and Politics of Austerity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp 27–40.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2011) ‘Practice Guidance: The Use of Live Text-Based Forms of Communication (Including Twitter) From Court for the Purposes of Fair and Accurate Reporting’. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Guidance/ltbc-guidance-dec-2011.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2016) ‘Sentencing remarks of Mr Justice Globe, Leeds Crown Court’. Judiciary.uk. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sentence-f-d-1.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2021a) ‘District Judges (Magistrates’ Courts), Courts and Tribunals Judiciary’, December 2021. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/list-of-members-of-the-judiciary/dj-mags-ct-list/ (Accessed: December 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2021b) ‘Transparency in the Family Court Report’, 29 October. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/guidance-and-resources/transparency-in-the-family-courts-report-3/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2022) ‘Practice Guidance on Remote Observation of Hearings – New Powers’, 28 June. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/guidance-and-resources/practice-guidance-on-remote-observation-of-hearings-new-powers/ (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2023) ‘Message from the President of the Family Division: Reporting Pilot in the Family Court’, 27 January. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/message-from-the-president-of-the-family-division-reporting-pilot-in-the-family-court/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Craig, R. (2019) ‘The End of Innocence: Open Justice, Free Speech and Privacy in the Modern Constitution – Khuja (formerly PNM) v Times Newspapers Limited’, The Modern Law Review, 82(1), pp 129–145.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Craig, R. and Phillipson, G. (2021) ‘Privacy, Reputation and Anonymity Until Charge: ZXC goes to the Supreme Court’, Journal of Media Law, 13(2), pp 153–185.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crow, G. and Mah, A. (2012) Conceptualisations and Meanings of “Community”: The Theory and Operationalisation of a Contested Concept. AHRC-Funded Connected Communities. Available at: https://www.community-methods.soton.ac.uk/resources/CC%20Final%20Report_30%20March%20GC.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dabhoiwala, F. (2006) ‘Summary Justice in Early Modern London’, The English Historical Review, 121(492), pp 796–822.

  • Dadomo, C. and Bell, B. (2006) ‘Magistrates’ Courts and the 2003 Reforms of the Criminal Justice System’, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 14(4), pp 339–365.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Daly, G. and Pattenden, R. (2005) ‘Racial Bias and the English Criminal Trial Jury’, The Cambridge Law Journal, 64(3), pp 678–710.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davies, N. (1999) ‘The decline of the court reporter – Nick Davies’, 11 January. Available at: https://www.nickdavies.net/1999/01/11/the-decline-of-the-court-reporter/ (Accessed: 26 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Deardon, L. (2022) ‘Government has Two Months to Stop Barristers’ Strike or Defendants Must be Released’, The Independent, 28 September. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barrister-strike-uk-prison-government-b2177092.html (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Donoghue, J.C. (2014) ‘Reforming the Role of Magistrates: Implications for Summary Justice in England and Wales’, The Modern Law Review, 77(6), pp 928–963.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Donoghue, J. (2017) ‘The Rise of Digital Justice: Courtroom Technology, Public Participation and Access to Justice’, The Modern Law Review, 80(6), pp 995–1025.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • du Preez, G. (2020) ‘Understanding Public Priorities for Criminal Justice’, 23 December. Available at: https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/Industries/government-public/blogs/understanding-public-priorities-for-criminal-justice.html (Accessed: 29 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duff, R.A., Farmer, L., Marshall, S. and Tadros, V. (2007) The Trial on Trial: Volume 3. Towards a Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial .Oxford: Hart.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duff, R.A. (2014) ‘Towards a Modest Legal Moralism’, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 8(1), pp 217–235.

  • Edwards, J. and Simester, A. (2017) ‘What’s Public About Crime?’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 37(1), pp 105–133.

  • Elliott, C. (2014) ‘The Readers’ Editor On […] The Fallout from a Collision of Child Protection and Open Justice’, The Guardian, 16 November. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/16/fallout-from-collision-of-child-protection-open-justice (Accessed: 16 January 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eltis, K. (2011) ‘The Judicial System in the Digital Age: Revisiting the Relationship between Privacy and Accessibility in the Cyber Context’, McGill Law Journal / Revue de droit de McGill, 56(2), pp 289–316.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eltis, K. (2016) Courts, Litigants, and the Digital Age: Law, Ethics, and Practice, second edn. Toronto, ON: Irwin Law.

  • Equality Hub. (2022) ‘Why we no Longer Use the Term “BAME” in Government’, 7 April. Available at: https://equalities.blog.gov.uk/2022/04/07/why-we-no-longer-use-the-term-bame-in-government/ (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fair Trials. (2020) Justice Under Lockdown: A Survey of the Criminal Justice System in England & Wales between March and May 2020. Available at: https://www.fairtrials.org/articles/publications/justice-under-lockdown-england-wales/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fair Trials. (2022) Judicial Review and Courts Bill: Briefing on Automatic Online Conviction and Written Procedure for Indicating Plea. Available at: https://www.fairtrials.org/articles/legal-analysis/judicial-review-and-courts-bill-briefing-on-automatic-online-conviction-and-written-procedure-for-indicating-plea/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fairclough, S. (2021) ‘The Consequences of Unenthusiastic Criminal Justice Reform: A Special Measures Case Study’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 21(2), pp 151–168.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Farrow, T. (2014) ‘What is Access to Justice?’, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 51(3), pp 957–988.

  • Ferguson, R.A. (2007) The Trial in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Fielding, N. et al. (2020) Video Enabled Justice Programme: University of Surrey Independent Evaluation. Available at: https://www.sussex-pcc.gov.uk/our-priorities/access-to-justice/video-enabled-justice-vej/video-enabled-justice-programme-university-of-surrey-independent-evaluation/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fitz-Gibbon, K. and O’Brien, W. (2017) ‘The Naming of Child Homicide Offenders in England and Wales: The Need for a Change in Law and Practice’, The British Journal of Criminology, 57(5), pp 1061–1079.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flower, L. (2023) ‘Constructing Clickable Criminal Trials: Framing Trials and Legal Professionals in Digital News Reports’, Emotions and Society, 5(1), pp 48–66.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fox, J. (2007) ‘The uncertain relationship between transparency and accountability’, Development in Practice, 17(4–5), pp 663–671.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Garvey, S.P. (1998) ‘Can Shaming Punishments Educate?’, The University of Chicago Law Review, 65(3), pp 733–794.

  • Gauntlett, D., Weaver, C.K. and Carter, C. (2006) ‘Ten Things Wrong with the Media “Effects” Model’, Critical Readings: Violence and the Media. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p 54.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibbs, P. (2017) Defendants on Video – Conveyor Belt Justice or a Revolution in Access? Transform Justice. Available at: http://www.transformjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Disconnected-Thumbnail-2.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibbs, P. (2020) ‘Written Evidence from Transform Justice’. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/11544/pdf/ (Accessed: 11 May 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibson, B. (2009) The Magistrates’ Court: An Introduction, fifth edn. Hook: Waterside Press.

  • Gisborne, J., Patel, R., Paskell, C. and Peto, C. (2022) Justice Data Matters: Building a Public Mandate for Court Data Use. UK: Ipsos. Available at: https://research.thelegaleducationfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Justice-Data-Matters-Report-Final-.pdf (Accessed: 7 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Godfrey, B., Richardson, J.C. and Walklate, S. (2022) ‘The Crisis in the Courts: Before and Beyond Covid’, The British Journal of Criminology, 62(4), pp 1036–1053.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gray, D. (2008) ‘The People’s Courts? Summary Justice and Social Relations in the City of London, c.1760–1800’, Family & Community History, 11(1), pp 7–15.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Green, D.A. (2021) ‘The Last of the Legal Correspondents, and the True Crisis in the Public Understanding of Law’, The Law and Policy Blog, 3 January. Available at: https://davidallengreen.com/2021/01/the-last-of-the-legal-correspondents-and-the-true-crisis-in-the-public-understanding-of-law/ (Accessed: 26 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Greer, C. (ed.) (2010) Crime and Media: A Reader. London: Routledge.

  • Hadjimatheou, K. (2016) ‘Criminal Labelling, Publicity, and Punishment’, Law and Philosophy, 35(6), pp 567–593.

  • Harrison, S. and Hanna, M. (2022) McNae’s Essential Law for Journalists, twenty-sixth edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Hart, D. (2014) What’s in a name? The Identification of Children in Trouble with the Law. Standing Committee for Youth Justice (SCYJ). Available at: https://www.ayj.org.uk/news-content/whats-in-a-name-the-identification-of-children-in-trouble-with-the-law (Accessed: 7 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Helm, R. (2021) ‘Pleading Guilty Online: Enhanced Vulnerability and Access to Justice’, MLRForum 001. Available at: https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/helm-pleading/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hess, K. and Waller, L. (2013) ‘News Judgements: A Critical Examination of Reporting Non-Convictions for Minor Crimes’, Australian Journalism Review, 35(1), pp 59–70.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hess, K. and Waller, L. (2016) ‘Witness, judge or watchdog?: Journalism and Regional Courts’, in A. Harkness, B. Harris and D. Baker (eds) Locating Crime In Context And Place. Alexandria, NSW: The Federation Press, pp 120–128.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2019) ‘Media Working Group meeting 16 September 2019 – 16:00 – 18:00’.

  • HMCTS. (2020) HMCTS Response And Progress Update On Dr Natalie Byrom Report, 9 October. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hmcts-response-and-progress-update-on-dr-natalie-byrom-report (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2022) HMCTS Video Hearings Service: Guidance for Joining a Hearing, updated 4 November. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/hmcts-video-hearings-service-guidance-for-joining-a-hearing (Accessed: 3 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2023a) Data Governance Panel Formed to Improve Use of Court and Tribunals Data, 24 January. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/data-governance-panel-formed-to-improve-use-of-court-and-tribunals-data (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2023b) General Guidance to Staff on Supporting Media Access to Courts and Tribunals, updated 27 January. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-to-staff-on-supporting-media-access-to-courts-and-tribunals (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2023c) The HMCTS Reform Programme, updated 24 March. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-hmcts-reform-programme (Accessed: 3 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2023d) Get Access to HMCTS Data, updated 24 March. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/access-hmcts-data-for-research (Accessed: 2 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • HMCTS. (2023e) Protocol on Sharing Court Lists, Registers and Documents with the Media, updated 30 June. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-to-staff-on-supporting-media-access-to-courts-and-tribunals/protocol-on-sharing-court-lists-registers-and-documents-with-the-media-accessible-version (Accessed: 2 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ho, H.L. (2008) ‘The Trial on Trial (Vol. 3): Towards a Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial Book Review’, International Commentary on Evidence, 6(1), pp 1–5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hopkins Burke, R. (2014) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, fourth edn. Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Hutton, M. (2019) ‘A Labour of Love: The Experiences of Parents of Prisoners and Their Role as Human Rights Protectors’, in M. Hutton and D. Moran (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Prison and the Family. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 385–405.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jacobson, J., Hunter, G. and Kirby, A. (2015) Inside Crown Court: Personal Experiences and Questions of Legitimacy. Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jaconelli, J. (2002) Open Justice: A Critique of the Public Trial. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Janes Solicitors. (2016) ‘Janes Solicitors’ press release on decision of the CCRC to refer the case of Wang Yam to the Court of Appeal’, 28 April. Available at: https://www.janes-solicitors.co.uk/news/News/janes-solicitors-press-release-on-decision-of-the-ccrc-to-refer-the-case-of-wang-yam-to-the-court-of-appeal.html (Accessed: 26 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jewkes, Y. (2015) Media and Crime, third edn. London: Sage.

  • Johnston, E. (2020) ‘The Adversarial Defence Lawyer: Myths, Disclosure and Efficiency—a Contemporary Analysis of the Role in the Era of the Criminal Procedure Rules’, The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 24(1), pp 35–58.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, R. (2021) ‘“It’s the Best Job on the Paper” – The Courts Beat During the Journalism Crisis’, Journalism Practice, 15(9), pp 1307–1328.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, S. (2021) ‘Explaining the Single Justice Procedure in the Magistrates’ Court – Inside HMCTS’, 26 October. Available at: https://insidehmcts.blog.gov.uk/2021/10/26/explaining-the-single-justice-procedure-in-the-magistrates-court/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • JUSTICE. (2018) Preventing Digital Exclusion from Online Justice. Available at: https://files.justice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/06170424/Preventing-Digital-Exclusion-from-Online-Justice.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • JUSTICE. (2019) One-Year Update – Preventing Digital Exclusion from Online Justice, JUSTICE. Available at: https://justice.org.uk/one-year-update-preventing-digital-exclusion-from-online-justice/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2019) The Role of the Magistracy: Follow-Up: Eighteenth Report of Session 2017–19. HC 1654.

  • Justice Committee. (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19): The Impact on Courts: Sixth Report of Session 2019–21. HC 519.

  • Justice Committee (2021a) Oral evidence: The work of the Lord Chief Justice, HC 868, 16 November. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/3022/html/ (Accessed: 10 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2021b) ‘OPJ0006 Written Evidence from Transform Justice’. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39933/pdf/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2021c) ‘OPJ0021 Written Evidence from Ed Owen’. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/40141/pdf/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2021d) ‘OPJ0042 Written Evidence from The Legal Education Foundation’. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/41210/pdf/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2021e) ‘OPJ0024 Written Evidence from Dr Judith Townend’. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/40163/pdf/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2022a) Open Justice: Court Reporting in the Digital Age: Fifth Report of Session 2022–23. HC 339. House of Commons Justice Committee.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2022b) ‘Court System Failing to Support Public Understanding of Justice System’, 1 November. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/work/1505/open-justice-court-reporting-in-the-digital-age/news/174004/court-system-failing-to-support-public-understanding-of-justice-system/ (Accessed: 6 January 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Justice Committee. (2023) Open Justice: Court Reporting in the Digital Age: Government Response To The Committee’s Fifth Report of Session 2022–23. House of Commons Justice Committee. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5803/cmselect/cmjust/1040/report.html (Accessed: 17 January 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kahan, D.M. (2006) ‘What’s really wrong with shaming sanctions’, Texas Law Review, 84(7), pp 2075–2096.

  • Kenyon, A.T. and Scott, A. (eds) (2020) Positive Free Speech: Rationales, Methods and Implications. Oxford: Hart.

  • Khadjavi, M. (2018) ‘Deterrence Works for Criminals’, European Journal of Law and Economics, 46(1), pp 165–178.

  • Kirtley, J.E. (2015) ‘“Misguided in Principle and Unworkable in Practice”: It is Time to Discard the Reporters Committee Doctrine of Practical Obscurity (and Its Evil Twin, the Right to be Forgotten)’, Communication Law and Policy, 20(2), pp 91–115.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kitzinger, C. [@KitzingerCelia] Tweet (2022) Available at: https://twitter.com/KitzingerCelia/status/1550503855661670400 (Accessed: 26 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kitzinger, C. [@KitzingerCelia] Tweet (2023) Available at: https://twitter.com/KitzingerCelia/status/1622956063254364160 (Accessed: 7 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kleck, G., Sever, B., Li, S. and Gertz, M. (2005) ‘The Missing Link in General Deterrence Research’, Criminology, 43(3), pp 623–660.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Koivisto, I. (2022) The Transparency Paradox. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Lageson, S. (2020) Digital Punishment: Privacy, Stigma & the Harms of Data-Driven Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Lammy, D. (2017) An Independent Review into the Treatment of, and Outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Criminal Justice System. Gov.uk: London. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/643001/lammy-review-final-report.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2018).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Law Commission. (2022) ‘Contempt of court’, Law Commission of England and Wales. Available at: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/contempt-of-court-2/ (Accessed: 31 October 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leader, K. (2021) ‘Law, Presence to Absence: The Case of the Disappearing Defendant’, in S. Rai, M. Gluhovic, S. Jestrovic and M. Saward (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Politics and Performance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 73–88.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Legg, M. and Song, A. (2021) ‘The Courts, the Remote Hearing and the Pandemic: From Action to Reflection’, UNSW Law Journal, 44(1), pp 126–166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leveson, B. (2012) ‘Hold the Front Page: News-Gathering in a Time of Change’, University of Melbourne, 12 December. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Speeches/lj-leveson-speech-hold-the-front-page-melbourne-12122012.pdf (Accessed: 26 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Livingstone, S. (1996) ‘On the Continuing Problems of Media Effects Research’, in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds) Mass Media and Society, second edn. London: Edward Arnold, pp 305–324.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Long, V. (2021) ‘Online Courts: Re-Assessing Inequality in the “Remote” Courtroom’, Excursions Journal, 11(1), pp 77–102.

  • Long, V. (forthcoming) ‘Social Class in the Magistrates’ Courts’ (provisional title). Doctoral Thesis, University of Sussex.

  • Magistrates’ Association. (no date) Becoming a Magistrate. Available at: https://www.magistrates-association.org.uk/About-magistrates/Becoming-a-magistrate (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magistrates’ Association. (2019) Magistrates’ Association Comment on the Single Justice Procedure, 20 August. Available at: https://www.magistrates-association.org.uk/News/magistrates-association-comment-on-the-single-justice-procedure (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magistrates’ Association. (2022) Magistrates’ Courts and Covid-19. Available at: http://www.transformjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/TJ003_MagCourt_Report_SCREEN.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magistrates’ Association. (2023) ‘Media Statement: Pausing of Magistrates’ Extended Sentencing Powers’, Magistrates’ Association, 10 March. Available at: https://www.magistrates-association.org.uk/News-and-comments/media-statement-pausing-of-magistrates-extended-sentencing-powers (Accessed: 23 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magrath, P. (2018) ‘Transparency, Data Protection and the Law Courts of the Future’, Legal Information Management, 18(2), pp 70–75.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magrath, P. and Beresford, G. (2023) Publication of Listed Judgments: Towards a New Benchmark of Digital Open Justice. Available at: https://www.iclr.co.uk/blog/news-and-events/publication-of-listed-judgments-towards-a-new-benchmark-of-digital-open-justice/ (Accessed: 28 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Malsch, M. and Kaptein, H. (2004) ‘Victims on View: Are Victims Served by the Principle of Open Justice?’, in Crime, Victims and Justice. Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marsh, N., McKay, E., Pelly, C. and Cereda, S. (2019) Public Knowledge of and Confidence in the Criminal Justice System and Sentencing. UK: Sentencing Council.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Matenaer, P.M. (2021) ‘But Instead Expose Them: Public Access to Criminal Trials In U.S. Law And Canon Law’, Wisconsin Law Review, (4), pp 891–932.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Matthews, R., Hancock, L. and Briggs, D. (2004) Jurors’ Perceptions, Understanding, Confidence and Satisfaction In The Jury System: A Study In Six Courts. Home Office Online Report 05/04.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McBarnet, D. (1981) ‘Magistrates’ Courts and the Ideology of Justice’, British Journal of Law and Society, 8(2), pp 181–197.

  • McCall, G. J. (1984) ‘Systematic Field Observation’, Annual Review of Sociology, 10, pp 263–282.

  • McCartney, C. and Shorter, L. (2019) ‘Exacerbating Injustice: Post-Conviction Disclosure in England and Wales’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 59, pp 1–10.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McClenaghan, M. (2021) ‘Open justice? The Closed Doors of Possession Courts’, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 9 November. Available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2021-11-09/evictions-open-justice-possession-courts (Accessed: 5 January 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McGill, J. and Salyzyn, A. (2021) ‘Judging by the Numbers: Judicial Analytics, the Justice System and its Stakeholders’, Dalhousie Law Journal, 44(1), p 249.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McGuire, J., Evans, E. and Kane, E. (2021) ‘Victim and Witness Retraction and Disengagement: A Systematic Review of Contributing Factors’, in J. McGuire, E. Evans and E. Kane (eds) Evidence-Based Policing and Community Crime Prevention. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp 313–359.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKay, C. (2018) The Pixelated Prisoner: Prison Video Links, Court ‘Appearance’ and the Justice Matrix. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKeever, G., Royal-Dawson, L., Kirk, E. and McCord, J. (2022) ‘The Snakes and Ladders of Legal Participation: Litigants in Person and the Right to a Fair Trial Under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights’, Journal of Law and Society, 49(1), pp 71–92.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McNamara, L. (2019) ‘Closed Judgments: Security, Accountability and Court Processes’, UK Human Rights Blog, 25 January. Available at: https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2019/01/25/closed-judgments-security-accountability-and-court-processes/ (Accessed: 2 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (n.d.) Publication Scheme. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-justice/about/publication-scheme (Accessed: 4 July 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2020) Criminal Court Statistics Quarterly: October to December 2019, 26 March. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2019 (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2021a) Criminal Court Statistics Quarterly: October to December 2020 (tables), 25 March. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2020 (Accessed: 11 May 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2021b) Diversity of the Judiciary: Legal Professions, New Appointments and Current Post-Holders – 2021 Statistics, 15 July. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/diversity-of-the-judiciary-2021-statistics/diversity-of-the-judiciary-2021-statistics-report (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2022a) The Data First Project: An Introductory User Guide. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1056236/data-first-user-guide-version-7.0.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2022b) Magistrates to Help Tackle Backlog as Sentencing Powers Doubled, 2 May. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/magistrates-to-help-tackle-backlog-as-sentencing-powers-doubled (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2022c) Crown Court Sentencing Remarks to be Broadcast for First Time, updated 28 July. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/crown-court-sentencing-remarks-to-be-broadcast-for-first-time (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2022d) Criminal Court Statistics Quarterly: April to June 2022, Gov.uk, 29 September. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2022 (Accessed: 10 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Justice. (2023) Open Justice: The Way Forward. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/open-justice-the-way-forward (Accessed: 19 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moore S., Clayton A. and Murphy H. (2021) ‘Seeing Justice Done: Courtroom Filming and the Deceptions of Transparency.’ Crime, Media, Culture, 17(1), pp 127–144.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moran, L.J. (2014) ‘Mass-Mediated “Open Justice”: Court and Judicial Reports in the Press in England and Wales’, Legal Studies, 34(1), pp 143–166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mulcahy, L. and Rowden, E. (2019) The Democratic Courthouse: A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity. London: Routledge.

  • Mulcahy, L., Rowden, E. and Teeder, W. (2020) Exploring the Case for Virtual Jury Trials during the COVID-19 Crisis: An Evaluation of a Pilot Study Conducted by JUSTICE. Available at: https://files.justice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/06165956/Mulcahy-Rowden-Virtual-trials-final.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mullen, P., Collins, C. and Savage, K. (2020) Understanding and Improving Defendant Engagement. HMCTS. Available at: https://revolving-doors.org.uk/publications/understanding-and-improving-defendant-engagement/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nagin, D.S. (2013) ‘Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century’, Crime and Justice, 42, pp 199–263.

  • Nel, F. and Milburn-Curtis, C. (2021) ‘Down, but not Out: Journalism Jobs and Media Sustainability in the UK’, in T. Marjoribanks et al. (eds) Journalists and Job Loss. London: Routledge, pp 171–183.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • O’Carroll, L. (2014) ‘Phone Hacking: Wall Street Journal Wins Ruling on Reporting Restrictions’, The Guardian, 17 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jan/17/phone-hacking-trail-wall-street-journal (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • OGN UK (Open Government Network UK). (2022) ‘UK Warned It Could be Declared “Inactive” by Open Government Partnership’, 22 August. Available at: https://www.opengovernment.org.uk/2022/08/25/the-uk-warned-it-could-be-demoted-by-open-government-partnership-joining-malta-malawi-and-el-salvador/ (Accessed: 5 January 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oliver, L. (2010) ‘What was “First” about Tweeting from the Julian Assange Bail Hearing?’, Journalism.co.uk, 15 December. Available at: https://blogs.journalism.co.uk/2010/12/15/what-was-first-about-tweeting-from-the-julian-assange-bail-hearing/ (Accessed: 6 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Owen, E. (2021) OPJ0021 Written Evidence. 11 November. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/40141/pdf/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Owusu-Bempah, A. (2016) Defendant Participation in the Criminal Process. London: Routledge.

  • Owusu-Bempah, A. (2020) ‘Understanding the Barriers to Defendant Participation in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales’, Legal Studies, 40(4), pp 609–629.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parliament.uk. (2023) Magistrates: Sentencing: Question for Ministry of Justice. UIN 176590, Tabled on 29 March 2023. Available at: https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2023-03-29/176590 (Accessed: 23 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pickett, J.T. (2018) ‘Using Behavioral Economics to Advance Deterrence Research and Improve Crime Policy: Some Illustrative Experiments’, Crime & Delinquency, 64(12), pp 1636–1659.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Porter, A. (2019) ‘Prosecuting Domestic Abuse in England and Wales: Crown Prosecution Service “Working Practice” and New Public Managerialism’, Social & Legal Studies, 28(4), pp 493–516.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Public Accounts Committee. (2023) Progress on the Courts and Tribunals Reform Programme. HC 1002. London: House of Commons Committee on Public Accounts.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Purshouse, J. (2016) ‘The Reasonable Expectation of Privacy and the Criminal Suspect’, The Modern Law Review, 79(5), pp 871–884.

  • Purshouse, J. (2020) ‘“Paedophile Hunters”, Criminal Procedure, and Fundamental Human Rights’, Journal of Law and Society, 47(3), pp 384–411.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Purshouse, J. (2021) ‘The Automatic Identity Suppression of Criminal Suspects’, Birmingham: Criminal Law Reform Now Network.

  • Quick, O. (2006) ‘Prosecuting “Gross” Medical Negligence: Manslaughter, Discretion, and the Crown Prosecution Service’, Journal of Law and Society, 33(3), pp 421–450.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reed, L. (2020) ‘Transparency Review Call for Evidence Closes – Our Response’, The Transparency Project Blog, 11 May. Available at: https://transparencyproject.org.uk/transparency-review-call-for-evidence-closes-our-response/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reed, S. (2022) ‘The Tories have Broken Britain’s Justice System – Labour Can Fix It’, New Statesman, 22 September. Available at: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/labour/2022/09/steve-reed-conservatives-uk-justice-system-labour (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robertson, G. (2012) ‘A Great Tradition of Open Justice’, in J. Townend (ed.) Justice Wide Open, pp 9–11. Available at: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/1926/ (Accessed: 28 June 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robins, J. (2020) ‘We Need To Protect Open Justice During The Covid-19 Emergency’, The Justice Gap, 29 May. Available at: https://www.thejusticegap.com/we-need-to-protect-open-justice-during-the-covid-19-emergency/ (Accessed: 8 September 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robins, J. and Newman, D. (2021) Justice in a Time of Austerity. Bristol: Bristol University Press.

  • Rossner, M. and Tait, D. (2023) ‘Presence and Participation in a Virtual Court’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 23(1), pp 135–157.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rowbottom, J. (2018) Media Law. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.

  • Rowden, E. (2013) ‘Virtual Courts and Putting “Summary” back into “Summary Justice”: Merely Brief, or Unjust?’, in J. Simon, N. Temple and R. Tobe (eds) Architecture and Justice. Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rozenberg, J. (2011) ‘Judges Will Decide Who can Tweet from Court’, The Guardian, 14 December. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/dec/14/judges-decide-who-tweets-from-court (Accessed: 8 August 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rozenberg, J. (2021a) ‘Two Legal Correspondents Retire’, A Lawyer Writes, 4 January. Available at: https://rozenberg.substack.com/p/two-legal-correspondents-retire (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rozenberg, J. (2021b) ‘Automating the Criminal Courts’, A Lawyer Writes, 27 July. Available at: https://rozenberg.substack.com/p/automating-the-criminal-courts (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sang, B. (2004) ‘Choice, Participation and Accountability: Assessing the Potential Impact of Legislation Promoting Patient and Public Involvement in Health in the UK’, Health Expectations, 7(3), pp 187–190.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schlesinger, P. and Tumber, H. (1994) Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Scott, P.F. (2016) ‘An Inherent Jurisdiction to Protect the Public Interest: From PII to “Secret Trials”’, King’s Law Journal, 27(2), pp 259–275.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shnoor, B. and Katvan, E. (2019) ‘“A perfect façade?”: Transparency, Honor and Judicial Scarce Resources’, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 26(1), pp 143–158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Simson Caird, J. and Bartlett, G. (2017) The Prisons and Courts Bill: Court Reform. House of Commons Briefing Paper 7907.

  • Smith, T. et al. (2022) ‘An Endlessly Strange Experience’: Experiences Of Media Reporting on Criminal Courts During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/9655419 (Accessed: 27 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Speer, J. (2012) ‘Participatory Governance Reform: A Good Strategy for Increasing Government Responsiveness and Improving Public Services?’, World Development, 40(12), pp 2379–2398.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spilsbury, M. (2018) Journalists at Work. National Council for the Training of Journalists (NCTJ). Available at: https://www.nctj.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/JaW-Report-2018-web.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stacey, C. (2015) ‘Unlock Speak at ICO Policy Conference: “The Google Effect – Criminal Records and the ‘Right to be Forgotten’”’, Unlock, 11 November. Available at: https://unlock.org.uk/unlock-speak-at-ico-policy-conference-the-google-effect-criminal-records-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten/ (Accessed: 15 July 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stacey, C. (2017) ‘Rehabilitation in the Internet Age: The Google-Effect and the Disclosure of Criminal Records’, Probation Journal, 64(3), pp 269–275.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Susskind, R (2019) Online Courts and the Future of Justice, first edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Syal, R. (2022) ‘Suella Braverman to Consider Giving Anonymity to Suspected Criminals’, The Guardian, 3 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/oct/03/suella-braverman-to-consider-giving-anonymity-to-suspected-criminals (Accessed: 5 October 2022).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tambini, D. (2021) ‘What is Journalism? The Paradox of Media Privilege’, European Human Rights Law Review, 2021(5), pp 523–539.

  • Temkin, J. and Krahé, B. (2008) Sexual Assault and the Justice Gap: A Question of Attitude. Oxford: Hart.

  • Terpstra, J. and Fyfe, N.R. (2015) ‘Mind the Implementation Gap? Police Reform and Local Policing in the Netherlands and Scotland’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), pp 527–544.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Terry, M., Johnson, S. and Thompson, P. (2010) Virtual Court Pilot Outcome Evaluation. Ministry of Justice Research Series 21/10.

  • The Guardian. (2022) ‘The Guardian View on Privacy Law and Press Freedom: Failing to Strike a Balance’, The Guardian, 18 February. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/18/the-guardian-view-on-privacy-law-and-press-freedom-failing-to-strike-a-balance (Accessed: 8 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Swindon Advertiser. (2019) Why do Local Newspapers Report On Court Cases and What are we Allowed To Publish?, Swindon Advertiser. Available at: https://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/17644216.local-newspapers-report-court-cases-allowed-publish/ (Accessed: 10 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, C. and Balmer, N. (2007) ‘Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System in England and Wales’, Ministry of Justice Research Series: 02/07.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thornton, B. (2016) ‘More than Half of Local Newspapers Don’t Have a Court Reporter’, The Justice Gap, 25 October. Available at: https://www.thejusticegap.com/half-local-newspapers-dont-court-reporter/ (Accessed: 17 April 2019).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thornton, B. (2017) ‘The Mysterious Case of the Vanishing Court Reporter’, The Justice Gap, 7 April. Available at: https://www.thejusticegap.com/mysterious-case-vanishing-court-reporter/ (Accessed: 17 April 2019).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thurman, N., Cornia, A. and Kunert, J. (2016) Journalists in the UK. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

  • Torrible, C. (2022) ‘Trust in the Police and Policing by Consent in Turbulent times’, Safer Communities, 21(3), pp 171–183.

  • Townend, J. (2013) ‘Closed Data: Defamation and Privacy Disputes in England and Wales’, Journal of Media Law, 5(1), pp 31–44.

  • Townend, J. (2019) ‘Why we need a national commitment to open justice data’, UK Open Government Network, 10 October. Available at: https://www.opengovernment.org.uk/2019/10/10/why-we-need-a-national-commitment-to-open-justice-data/ (Accessed: 18 October 2019).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Townend, J. and Wiener, C. (2021) ‘Justice System Data’: A Comparative Study. The Legal Education Foundation. Available at: https://research.thelegaleducationfoundation.org/research-learning/funded-research/justice-system-data-a-comparative-study (Accessed: 23 July 2021).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Townend, J. and Magrath, P. (2021) ‘Remote Trial and Error: How COVID-19 Changed Public Access to Court Proceedings’, Journal of Media Law, 13(2), pp 107–121.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Townend, J. (2023) ‘How to Translate the Principle of Open Justice Into Reality – Reflections on the Justice Committee’s Report’, Communications Law, 28(1), pp 37–42.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Transform Justice. (2017) ‘How Can Justice be “Seen to be Done” in an online system?’, Transform Justice, 10 February. Available at: https://www.transformjustice.org.uk/how-can-justice-be-seen-to-be-done-in-an-online-system/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Transform Justice. (2021) ‘Computer Says Yes – You Will Pay a Fine and Get a Criminal Record’, Transform Justice, 27 August. Available at: https://www.transformjustice.org.uk/computer-says-yes-you-will-pay-a-fine-and-get-a-criminal-record/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tyler, T.R. and Huo, Y.J. (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tyler, T.R. (2003) ‘Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law’, Crime and Justice, 30, pp 283–357.

  • Ugwudike, P. (2015) An Introduction to Critical Criminology. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • UKPCA. (no date) ‘The UK Press Card Authority’. Available at: https://presscards.co.uk/the-uk-press-card-authority/ (Accessed: 23 August 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Van de Merwe, A. (2017) ‘Victims and the Media’, in Routledge Handbook on Victims’ Issues in Criminal Justice. Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Van de Walle, S. (2009) ‘Confidence in the Criminal Justice System: Does Experience Count?’, The British Journal of Criminology, 49(3), pp 384–398.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Waller, L. and Hess, K. (2011) ‘The Pillory Effect: Media, The Courts and the Punitive Role of Public Shaming in Australia’, Media and Arts Law Review, 16(3), pp 229–240.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Walters, M. et al. (2017) Hate Crime and the Legal Process: Options for Law Reform. Brighton: University of Sussex. Available at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70598/ (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Warby, M. (2020) ‘Judicial Oversight of Judicial Data Processing an English Perspective’, Yearbook of Estonian Courts. Available at: https://aastaraamat.riigikohus.ee/en/judical-oversight-of-judical-data-processing-an-english-perspective-1/ (Accessed: 7 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ward, J.R. (2017) Transforming Summary Justice: Modernisation in the Lower Criminal Courts. Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Welsh, L., Skinns, L. and Sanders, A. (2021) Sanders & Young’s Criminal Justice, fifth edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Welsh, L. (2022) Access to Justice in Magistrates’ Courts. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

  • Wilkins, T. (2022) Protecting Local Justice, Young Fabians. Available at: https://www.youngfabians.org.uk/protecting_local_justice (Accessed: 13 February 2023).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woods, L., McNamara, L. and Townend, J. (2021) ‘Executive Accountability and National Security’, The Modern Law Review, 84(3), pp 553–580.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Young, R. (2013) ‘Exploring the Boundaries of the Criminal Courtroom Workgroup’, Common Law World Review, 42(3), pp 203–239.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 478 326 14
Full Text Views 7 3 0
PDF Downloads 11 4 0

Altmetrics