5: Eco-Schools for Rich and Poor: Global Governmentality

Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter

This chapter and the next explore the world’s largest ESD programme – Eco-Schools – through comparative biopolitical analysis across sites and scales. Combined, the two chapters probe how the programme is governed globally, and how it is unpacked in different local contexts in a world marked by deep inequality. The present chapter focuses on the rationalities and techniques through which the programme is rendered governable globally. The chapter begins with a short introduction to Eco-Schools and to the programme’s national operators in Sweden, South Africa, Rwanda and Uganda. Thereafter, the chapter proceeds with an analysis of how Eco-Schools is governed across scales. Through this analysis, the (neo)liberal biopolitical elements that pervade the programme are laid bare. These include: the programme’s efforts to target and transform everyday life through education; techniques of self-management and performativity; decentred power structures; and the overall logic of global inclusion. A biopolitical understanding of these modalities of government will prove important as it will pave the way for the subsequent chapter’s findings from different local Eco-School settings.

  • Agamben, G. (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Redwood City: Stanford University Press.

  • Andreotti, V. and de Souza, L.M. (eds) (2012) Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship Education, New York: Routledge.

  • Andreou, N. (2020) ‘Towards a generation of sustainability leaders: Eco-Schools as a global green schools movement for transformative education’, in A. Gough, J.C.K. Lee and E.P.K. Tsang (eds) Green Schools Globally: Stories of Impact on Education for Sustainable Development, Cham: Springer, pp 3145.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atkinson, A.B. (2015) Inequality: What Can Be Done?, Harvard: Harvard University Press.

  • Ball, S.J. (2003) ‘The teacher’s soul and the terrors of performativity’, Journal of Education Policy, 18(2): 21528.

  • Ball, S.J. (2012) Foucault, Power and Education, New York: Routledge.

  • Ball, S.J., Maguire, M. and Braun, A. (2012) How Schools Do Policy: Policy Enactments in Secondary Schools, New York: Routledge.

  • Barry, A., Osborne, T. and Rose N. (1996) Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and Rationalities of Government, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bartlett, L. and Vavrus, F. (2017a) ‘Comparative case studies: An innovative approach’, Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1(1): 117.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bartlett, L. and Vavrus, F. (2017b) Rethinking Case Study Research: A Comparative Approach, New York: Routledge.

  • Bengtsson S.L. (2022) ‘Critical education for sustainable development: Exploring the conception of criticality in the context of global and Vietnamese policy discourse’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1–18, DOI: 10.1080/03057925.2022.2110841

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bengtsson, S.L. and Östman, L.O. (2013) ‘Globalisation and education for sustainable development: Emancipation from context and meaning’, Environmental Education Research, 19(4): 47798.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bengtsson, S.L. and Östman, L.O. (2016) ‘Globalisation and education for sustainable development: Exploring the global in motion’, Environmental Education Research, 22(1): 120.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berryman, T. and Sauvé, L. (2016) ‘Ruling relationships in sustainable development and education for sustainable development’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 47(2): 10417.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Birzeit University (2020a) Media Development Center. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.birzeit.edu/en/news/media-development-center-wins-2021-unesco-japan-prize-education-sustainable-development

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Birzeit University (2020b) Media Literacy Course Curriculum, Birzeit University.

  • Booth, D. (2012) ‘Aid effectiveness: Bringing country ownership (and politics) back in’, Conflict, Security & Development, 12(5): 53758.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brent Edwards Jr, D., Moschetti, M.C., Martin, P. and Morales-Ulloa, R. (2024) Education and Development in Central America and the Latin Caribbean: Global Forces and Local Responses, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burchell, G., Gordon, C. and Miller, P. (1991) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York: Routledge.

  • Bylund, L. and Knutsson, B. (2020) ‘The Who? Didactics, differentiation and the biopolitics of inequality’, Utbildning & Demokrati, 29(3): 89108.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bylund, L., Hellberg, S. and Knutsson, B. (2022) ‘“We must urgently learn to live differently”: The biopolitics of ESD for 2030’, Environmental Education Research, 28(1): 4055.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crossley, M. and Watson, K. (2003) Comparative and International Research in Education: Globalisation, Context and Difference, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dean, M. (2002) ‘Liberal government and authoritarianism’, Economy and Society, 31(1), 3761.

  • Dean, M. (2010) Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (2nd ed), London: SAGE.

  • Dean, M. (2015) ‘The Malthus effect: Population and the liberal government of life’, Economy and Society, 44(1): 1839.

  • Death, C. (2013) ‘Governmentality at the limits of the international: African politics and Foucauldian theory’, Review of International Studies, 39(3): 76387.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dillon, M. (2015) Biopolitics of Security: A Political Analytic of Finitude, New York: Routledge.

  • Duffield, M. (2007) Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Eco-Schools (2024a) Eco-Schools. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.ecoschools.global/

  • Eco-Schools (2024b) Seven Steps Towards an Eco-School. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.ecoschools.global/seven-steps-methodology

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eco-Schools (2024c) Eco-Schools Themes. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.ecoschools.global/themes

  • Eco-Schools (2024d) Eco-Schools Materials. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.ecoschools.global/materials

  • Eckl, J. and Weber, R. (2007) ‘North–South? Pitfalls of dividing the world by words’, Third World Quarterly, 28(1): 323.

  • Fassin, D. (2009) ‘Another politics of life is possible’, Theory, Culture & Society, 26(5): 4460.

  • FEE Eco-Schools (2017) Eco-Schools Handbook: Engaging the Youth of Today to Protect the Climate of Tomorrow, Copenhagen: Foundation for Environmental Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977, New York: Pantheon Books.

  • Foucault, M. (1982) ‘The subject and power’, Critical Inquiry, 8(4): 77795.

  • Foucault, M. (1988) ‘Technologies of the self’, in L.H. Martin, H. Gutman and P.H. Hutton (eds) Technologies of the Self, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, pp 1649.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foucault, M. (1991a) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, New York: Vintage Books.

  • Foucault, M. (1991b) ‘Governmentality’, in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foucault, M. (1997) ‘What is critique?’, in S. Lotringer (ed) The Politics of Truth, Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), pp 2382.

  • Foucault, M. (1998) The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge, London: Penguin Books.

  • Foucault, M. (2003) Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–1976, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Foucault, M. (2007) Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Foucault, M. (2008) The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Giroux, H.A. (2008) ‘Beyond the biopolitics of disposability: Rethinking neoliberalism in the new gilded age’, Social Identities, 14(5): 587620.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • González-Gaudiano, E. (2005) ‘Education for sustainable development: Configuration and meaning’, Policy Futures in Education, 3(3): 24350.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • González-Gaudiano, E. (2016) ‘ESD: Power, politics, and policy: “Tragic optimism” from Latin America’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 47(2): 11827.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, A. (2013) ‘The emergence of environmental education research: A “history” of the field’, in R.B. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon and A.E.J. Wals (eds) International Handbook of Research on Environmental Education, New York: Routledge, pp 1322.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, A. (2017) ‘Searching for a crack to let environment light in: Ecological biopolitics and education for sustainable development discourses’, Cultural Studies of Science Education, 12(4): 889905.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, A. (2021) ‘Education in the Anthropocene’, in C. Mayo (ed) Oxford Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality in Education, New York: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, A., Russell, C. and Whitehouse, H. (2017) ‘Moving gender from the margin to the center in environmental education’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 48(1): 59.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, A. and Whitehouse, H. (2019) ‘Centering gender on the agenda for environmental education research’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(4–6): 33247.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, N. (1997) ‘Globalisation and environmental education: A view from the South’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, 19: 406.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gough, N. (2013) ‘Thinking globally in environmental education: A critical history’, in R. Stevenson, M. Broady, J. Dillon and A. Wals (eds) International Handbook of Research on Environmental Education, Washington DC: Routledge, pp 3344.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Green Office Utrecht (2016) Green Office Business Plan 2.0, Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.

  • Hacking, I. (1986) ‘Making up people’, in T.C. Heller, M. Sosna and D.E. Wellbery (eds) Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality and the Self in Western Thought, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp 22236.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Håll Sverige Rent (2022) Grön Flagg: Handbok, Stockholm: Håll Sverige Rent.

  • Hannerz, U. (1996) Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places, London: Routledge.

  • Hansson, S. and Hellberg, S. (2015) ‘Power, freedom and the agency of being governed’, in S. Hansson, S. Hellberg and M. Stern (eds) Studying the Agency of Being Governed, London: Routledge, pp 3547.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hansson, S. and Hellberg, S. (2020) ‘The desire to locate political space: A methodological discussion’, Journal of Political Power, 13(3): 26884.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hansson, S., Hellberg, S. and Stern, M. (eds) (2015) Studying the Agency of Being Governed, London: Routledge.

  • Hasselskog, M. and Schierenbeck, I. (2017) ‘The ownership paradox: Continuity and change’, Forum for Development Studies, 44(3): 32333.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. (2014) ‘Water, life and politics: Exploring the contested case of eThekwini municipality through a governmentality lens’, Geoforum, 56: 22636.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. (2015) ‘Studying the governing of lives through bio-narratives’, in S. Hansson, S. Hellberg and M. Stern (eds) Studying the Agency of Being Governed, London: Routledge, pp 181200.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. (2017) ‘Water for survival, water for pleasure: A biopolitical perspective on the social sustainability of the basic water agenda’, Water Alternatives, 10(1): 6580.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. (2018) The Biopolitics of Water: Governance, Scarcity and Populations, New York: Routledge.

  • Hellberg, S. (2020) ‘Scarcity as a means of governing: Challenging neoliberal hydromentality in the context of the South African drought’, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 3(1): 186206.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. (2023) ‘What constitutes the social in (social) sustainability? Community, society and equity in South African water governance’, Local Environment, (28)4: 45975.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. and Knutsson, B. (2018a) ‘Don efter population? Utbildning för hållbar utveckling och det globala biopolitiska GAPet’, Pedagogisk Forskning i Sverige, 23(3–4): 17291.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S. and Knutsson, B. (2018b) ‘Sustaining the life-chance divide? Education for sustainable development and the global biopolitical regime’, Critical Studies in Education, 59(1): 93107.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hellberg, S., Knutsson, B. and Löwgren, S. (2024) ‘Governmentalities of automobility in times of climate change: Competing logics of circulation and imaginaries of the (im)possible’, Mobilities, 19(4): 773–88.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hesselink, F., van Kempen, P.P. and Wals, A.E.J. (2000) ESDebate: International Debate on Education for Sustainable Development, Gland: IUCN.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hewitt, M. (1983) ‘Biopolitics and social policy: Foucault’s account of welfare’, Theory, Culture & Society, 2(1): 6784.

  • Hornborg, A. (2001) The Power of the Machine: Global Inequalities of Economy, Technology, and Environment, New York: AltaMira Press.

  • Huckle, J. and Wals, A.E.J. (2015) ‘The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development: Business as usual in the end’, Environmental Education Research, 21(3): 491505.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Huggins, C. (2017) Agricultural Reform in Rwanda: Authoritarianism, Markets and Zones of Governance, London: Zed Books.

  • IMF (2024) Income Inequality: IMF’s Work on Inequality. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Inequality/imfs-work-on-inequality

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jensen, B.B. (1995). ‘Concepts and models in democratic health education’, in B.B. Jensen (ed) Research in Environmental and Health Education, Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Institute of Educational Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jickling, B. (1992) ‘Why I don’t want my children to be educated for sustainable development’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 23(4): 58.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jickling, B. and Wals, A.E.J. (2008) ‘Globalization and Environmental Education: Looking beyond sustainable development’, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(1): 121.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kalabia (2024) Kalabia Environmental Education Program in Raja Ampat, West Papua. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: kalabia.net

  • Kanbur, R. and Sumner, A. (2012) ‘Poor countries or poor people? Development assistance and the new geography of global poverty’, Journal of International Development, 24(6): 68695.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Klafki, W. (1998) ‘Characteristics of critical-constructive didaktik’, in B.B. Gundem and S. Hopmann (eds) Didaktik and/or Curriculum, New York: Peter Lang, pp 30730.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Klees, S.J. (2008) ‘A quarter century of neoliberal thinking in education: Misleading analyses and failed policies’, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 6(4): 31148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2013) ‘Swedish environmental and sustainability education research in the era of post-politics?’, Utbildning & Demokrati, 22(2): 10522.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2014) ‘Smooth machinery: Global governmentality and civil society HIV/AIDS work in Rwanda’, Globalizations, 11(6): 793807.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2016) ‘Responsible risk taking: The neoliberal biopolitics of people living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda’, Development and Change, 47(4): 61539.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2018) ‘Green machines? Destabilizing discourse in technology education for sustainable development’, Critical Education, 9(3): 118.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2020) ‘Managing the GAP between rich and poor? Biopolitics and (ab)normalized inequality in South African education for sustainable development’, Environmental Education Research, 26(5): 65065.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. (2021) ‘Segmented prizing: Biopolitical differentiation in education for sustainable development’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 51(3): 43147.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knutsson, B. and Lindberg, J. (2019) ‘The post-politics of aid to education: Rwanda ten years after Hayman’, International Journal of Educational Development, 65: 14451.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kopnina, H. (2012) ‘Education for sustainable development (ESD): The turn away from “environment” in environmental education?’, Environmental Education Research, 18(5): 699717.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kopnina, H. (2014) ‘Revisiting education for sustainable development (ESD): Examining anthropocentric bias through the transition of environmental education to ESD’, Sustainable Development, 22(2): 7383.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kusi Kawsay (2024) Kusi Kawsay Andean School. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://kusikawsay.org/kk/en/kusi-kawsay-andean-school/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laclau, E. (1990) New Reflections on the Revolution of our Time, London: Verso.

  • Lazzarato, M. (2009) ‘Neoliberalism in action: Inequality, insecurity and the reconstitution of the social’, Theory, Culture & Society, 26(6): 10933.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leicht, A., Heiss, J. and Byun, W.J. (eds) (2018) Issues and Trends in Education for Sustainable Development, Paris: UNESCO.

  • Lemke, T. (2001) ‘“The birth of biopolitics”: Michael Foucault’s lecture at the Collège de France on neo-liberal governmentality’, Economy and Society, 30(2): 190207.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lemke, T. (2011) Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction, New York: New York University Press.

  • Lewis, S. and Spratt, R. (2024) Assembling Comparison: Understanding Education Policy through Mobilities and Assemblage, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Li, T. (2007) The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics, Durham: Duke University Press.

  • Little, P.C. (2015) ‘Sustainability science and education in the neoliberal ecoprison’, Environmental Education Research, 21(3): 36577.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lotz-Sisitka, H. (2011) ‘Teacher professional development with an education for sustainable development focus in South Africa: Development of a network, curriculum framework and resources for teacher education’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, 28: 3071.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luke, T.W. (1999) ‘Environmentality as green governmentality’, in E. Darier (ed) Discourses of the Environment, Malden: Blackwell Publishers, pp 12151.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mahler, D.G., Yonzan, N. and Lakner, C. (2022) The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Inequality and Poverty, Washington DC: World Bank.

  • Malm, A. and Hornborg, A. (2014) ‘The geology of mankind? A critique of the Anthropocene narrative’, The Anthropocene Review, 1(1): 629.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Malthus, T. (1798) An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: Dents and Sons.

  • Månsson, N. and Nordmark, J. (2015) ‘Den allmänna didaktikens gränser – Om möjligheter och begränsningar för en samhällsomvandlande didaktik’, Utbildning & Demokrati – Tidskrift för Didaktik och Utbildningspolitik, 24(3): 118.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martinez–Alier, J. (1987) Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

  • Mayhew, S. (2004) ‘Governmentality’, in A Dictionary of Geography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • McKenzie, J. (2001) Perform or Else: From Discipline to Performance, London: Routledge.

  • McKenzie, M. (2012) ‘Education for y’all: Global neoliberalism and the case for politics of scale in sustainability education policy’, Policy Futures in Education, 10(2): 16577.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McLean, S. (2013) ‘The whiteness of green: Racialization and environmental education’, Canadian Geographies, 57(3): 35462.

  • Mendenhall, M., Marchais, G., Sayed, Y. and Boothby, N. (2024) Education and Resilience in Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mickelsson, M., Kronlid, D.O. and Lotz-Sisitka, H. (2019) ‘Consider the unexpected: Scaling ESD as a matter of learning’, Environmental Education Research, 25(1): 13550.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Milanović, B. (2016) Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Miller, H.K. (2018) ‘Developing a critical consciousness of race in place-based environmental education: Franco’s story’, Environmental Education Research, 24(6): 84558.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, P. and Rose, N. (2008) Governing the Present: Administering Economic, Social and Personal Life, Cambridge: Polity.

  • Monroe, M.C. (2012) ‘The co-evolution of ESD and EE’, Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 6(1): 437.

  • Motala, S. (2009) ‘Privatising public schooling in post-apartheid South Africa – equity considerations’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 39(2): 185202.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mundy, K. (1998) ‘Educational multilateralism and world (dis)order’, Comparative Education Review, 42(4): 44878.

  • NaDEET (2024a) Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://nadeet.org/

  • NaDEET (2024b) A conversation with Viktoria Keding. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://nadeet.org/about-us

  • Nordtveit B.H. (2016) ‘Trends in comparative and international education: Perspectives from the Comparative Education Review’, Annual Review of Comparative and International Education, International Perspectives on Education and Society, 30: 2737.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nyberg, E. and Sanders, D. (2014) ‘Drawing attention to the “green” side of life’, Journal of Biological Education, 48(3): 14253.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oakeshott, D. (2024) Schooling, Conflict and Peace in the Southwestern Pacific: Becoming Enemy-Friends, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oxfam (2019) Public Good or Private Wealth?, Oxford: Oxfam.

  • Pashby, K. and Sund, L. (2020) ‘Decolonial options and challenges for ethical global issues pedagogy in Northern Europe secondary classrooms’, Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education, 4(1): 6683.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pedersen, H. (2021) ‘Education, anthropocentrism, and interspecies sustainability: Confronting institutional anxieties in omnicidal times’, Ethics and Education, 16(2): 16477.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pedersen, H., Windsor, S., Knutsson, B., Sanders, D., Wals, A.E.J. and Franck, O. (2022) ‘Education for Sustainable Development in the “Capitalocene”’, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54(3): 22427.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pension Watch (2023) Pension watch: Social protection in older age. Last accessed 5 May 2023, from: http://www.pension-watch.net/

  • Peters, M.A. (2004) ‘“Performance”, “performativity” and the culture of performance: Knowledge management in the new economy (part 2)’, Management in Education, 18(2): 204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peters, M.A. (2007) ‘Foucault, biopolitics and the birth of neoliberalism’, Critical Studies in Education, 48(2): 16578.

  • Peters, M.A. (2017) ‘From state responsibility for education and welfare to self-responsibilisation in the market’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 38(1): 13845.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peters, M.A. and Besley, T. (eds) (2007) Why Foucault? New Directions in Educational Research, New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

  • Piketty, T. (2015) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, London: Belknap Press.

  • Prozorov, S. (2016) The Biopolitics of Stalinism: Ideology and Life in Soviet Socialism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  • Prozorov, S. (2019) Democratic Biopolitics: Popular Sovereignty and the Power of Life, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  • Reid, J. (2012) ‘The disastrous and politically debased subject of resilience’, Development Dialogue, 58: 6780.

  • Repo, J. (2015) The Biopolitics of Gender, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Robertson, S. (2008) ‘Remaking the world: Neo-liberalism and the transformation of education and teachers’ labor’, in M. Compton. and L. Weiner (eds) The Global Assault on Teaching, Teachers and Their Unions, New York: Palgrave, pp 1127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robottom, I. and Hart, P. (1995) ‘Behaviorist EE research: Environmentalism as individualism’, The Journal of Environmental Education, 26(2): 59.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rose, N. (1996) ‘The death of the social? Re-figuring the territory of government’, Economy and Society, 25(3): 32756.

  • Rose, N. (1999) Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Rose, P. (2003) ‘From the Washington to the post-Washington consensus: The influence of international agendas on education policy and practice in Malawi’, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 1(1): 6786.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Russel, S.G. (2018) ‘Global discourses and local practices: Teaching citizenship and human rights in postgenocide Rwanda’, Comparative Education Review, 62(3): 385408.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rutherford, S. (2007) ‘Green governmentality: Insights and opportunities in the study of nature’s rule’, Progress in Human Geography, 31(3): 291307.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanchez, M. (2023) How Many Schools are There in the World? Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.saveourschoolsmarch.org/how-many-schools-are-there-in-the-world/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sauvé, L., Brunelle, R. and Berryman, T. (2005) ‘Influence of the globalized and globalizing sustainable development framework on national policies related to environmental education’, Policy Futures in Education, 3(3): 27183.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sharma, P.K, Andreou, N. and Daa Funder, A.C. (2019) Changing Together: Eco-Schools 1994–2019, Copenhagen: Foundation for Environmental Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sharma, P.K. and Madsen, K. (2021) Curricular Framework for Advancing Curricular Economy, Copenhagen: Foundation for Environmental Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shava, S. (2011) ‘Power/knowledge in the governance of natural resources: A case study of medicinal plant conservation in the Eastern Cape’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, 28: 7284.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Skoglund, A. (2014) ‘Homo Clima: The overdeveloped resilience facilitator’, Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses, 2(3): 15167.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Skoglund, A. and Börjesson, M. (2014) ‘Mobilizing juvenocratic spaces by the biopoliticization of children through sustainability’, Children’s Geographies, 12(4): 42946.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spaull, N. and Jansen, J.D. (eds) (2019) South African Schooling: The Enigma of Inequality. A Study of the Present Situation and Future Possibilities, Cham: Springer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spivak, G.C. (1999) A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spreen, C.A. and Vally, S. (2006) ‘Education rights, education policy and inequality in South Africa’, International Journal of Educational Development, 26(4): 35262.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stanescu, J. (2013) ‘Beyond biopolitics: Animal studies, factory farms, and the advent of deading life’, PhaenEx, 8(2): 13560.

  • Stapleton, S.R. (2020) ‘Toward critical environmental education: A standpoint analysis of race in the American environmental context’, Environmental Education Research, 26(2): 15570.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Statista (2024) Education Worldwide – Statistics and Facts. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.statista.com/topics/7785/education-worldwide/#topicOverview

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stevenson, R.B. (2007) ‘Schooling and environmental/sustainability education: From discourses of policy and practice to discourses of professional learning’, Environmental Education Research, 13(2): 26585.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sund, L. and Pashby, K. (2018) ‘“Is it that we do not want them to have washing machines?”: Ethical global issues pedagogy in Swedish classrooms’, Sustainability, 10(10): 3552.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sundberg, M. (2016) Training for Model Citizenship: An Ethnography of Civic Education and State-Making in Rwanda, London: Palgrave.

  • Sylvester, C. (2006) ‘Bare life as a development/postcolonial problematic’, The Geographical Journal, 172(1): 6677.

  • Tellmann, U. (2013) ‘Catastrophic populations and the fear of the future: Malthus and the genealogy of liberal economy’, Theory, Culture and Society, 30(2): 13555.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Terranova, T. (2009) ‘Another life: The nature of political economy in Foucault’s genealogy of biopolitics’, Theory, Culture & Society, 26(6): 23462.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Therborn, G. (2012) ‘The killing fields of inequality’, International Journal of Health Services, 42(4): 57989.

  • Therborn, G. (2013) The Killing Fields of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Thorbecke, E. and Charumilind, C. (2002) ‘Economic inequality and its socioeconomic impact’, World Development, 30(9): 147795.

  • Tikly, L. (2004) ‘Education and the new imperialism’, Comparative Education, 40(2): 17398.

  • Tikly, L. (2020) Education for Sustainable Development in the Postcolonial World: Towards a Transformative Agenda for Africa, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UN (2002) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 57/254.

  • UN (2003) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/219.

  • UN (2004) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 59/237.

  • UN (2014) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 69/211.

  • UN (2015) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 70/209.

  • UN (2017) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 72/222.

  • UN (2019a) The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019, New York: United Nations.

  • UN (2019b) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 74/223.

  • UN (2020) World Social Report 2020: Inequality in a Rapidly Changing World, New York: United Nations.

  • UN (2024a) Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal10

  • UN (2024b) Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UN (2024c) Equality: Why it Matters? Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Goal-10.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNDP (1992) Human Development Report 1992, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • UNESCO (2005) United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014): International Implementation Scheme, Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2012) Shaping the Education of Tomorrow: 2012 Report on UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2013) UNESCO General Conference 37C/Resolution 12.

  • UNESCO (2014a) Shaping the Future We Want: UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014). Final Report, Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2014b) Roadmap for Implementing the Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2014c) World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development opens in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/world-conference-education-sustainable-development-opens-aichi-nagoya-japan

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2016a) UNESCO Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development: Information folder, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2016b) ‘Indonesia: The future is looking rosier’, ESD Success Stories, March 2016, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2016c) Japan winner of UNESCO education prize use ‘whole city’ approach to sustainable development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20181206230929/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/japan_winner_of_unesco_education_prize_uses_whole_city/#.V_OlpWckq70

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2016d) ‘GREEN IMPACT: The numbers speak for themselves’, ESD Success Stories, December 2016, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2016e) ‘Guatemala: Being the change they want to see’, ESD Success Stories, February 2016, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2016f) ESD Prize Blog 2015–2016. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/blog1

  • UNESCO (2017a) Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Outcomes, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2017b) Education for Sustainable Development in the context of Poverty: UNESCO Symposia on the Future of Education for Sustainable Development, 3rd Symposium, 13–15 June 2017, South Africa. Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2017c) ‘CCREAD: Inspiring sustainability education project improves lives in Cameroon’, ESD Success Stories, June 2017, Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2017d) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development: Winners of 2017, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2017e) Zimbabwean ‘green oasis’ school wins UNESCO sustainability education prize. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/news/zimbabwean-green-oasis-school-wins-unesco-sustainability-education-prize

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2017f) ‘Okayama City: Public and private sectors united for ESD’, ESD Success Stories, January 2017, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2017g) UNESCO sustainability education prizewinner Zikra builds the future on the past. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.gcedclearinghouse.org/news/unesco-sustainability-education-prizewinner-zikra-builds-future-past

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2017h) Hard Rain Project wins UNESCO education prize with dazzling mix of arts and science. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/hard-rain-project-wins-unesco-education-prize-dazzling-mix-arts-and-science

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2018a) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development: The 2018 Laureates, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2018b) From Estonia to the world – a global clean-up movement wins UNESCO-Japan Prize. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20200529014230/https://en.unesco.org/news/estonia-world-global-clean-movement-wins-unesco-japan-prize

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2019a) Framework for the Implementation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Beyond 2019, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2019b) Teaching and Learning Transformative Engagement, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2019c) Education for Sustainable Development: Partners in Action – Global Action Programme (GAP) Key Partners’ Report (2015–2018), Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2019d) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development: The 2019 Laureates, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2019e) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development: Winners of 2019. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpaCMbLRXBM

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2019f) Amazon project using education to harness the value of uncut forest wins UNESCO prize. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/amazon-project-using-education-harness-value-uncut-forest-wins-unesco-prize

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2020a) Education for Sustainable Development: A Roadmap, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2020b) Education for Sustainable Development: Partners in Action – Global Action Programme (GAP) Key Partners’ Report (2015–2019), Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2021) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development: The Laureates for 2021, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2022) Charter of National Commissions for UNESCO, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2023) What you need to know about education for sustainable development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/education-sustainable-development/need-know

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024a) Strategic planning, UNESCO´s mission. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://fr.unesco.org/strategic-planning

  • UNESCO (2024b) Education for sustainable development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/sustainable-developmen/education

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024c) Education for Sustainable Development for 2030 Toolbox. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development/toolbox

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024d) UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/education-sustainable-development

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024e) Centre for Community Regeneration and Development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20220325192533/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/ccread

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024f) Sihlengeni Primary School (Zimbabwe). Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2017laureates/sihlengeni

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024g) Namib Dessert Environmental Education Trust (Namibia). Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2018/nadeet

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024h) Jayagiri Centre. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20210404002714/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2015laureats/jayagiri

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024i) Okayama ESD Promotion Commission. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20200530123326/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/okayama

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024j) Kalabia Foundation (Indonesia). Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20210629014334/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2018/kalabia

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024k) Laureates of UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/education-sustainable-development/laureates

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024l) rootAbility. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20210404002754/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2015laureats/rootAbility

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024m) National Union of Students. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20200530123350/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/nus

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024n) Hard Rain Project (United Kingdom). Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20210624152121/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2017laureats/hardrain

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024o) Let’s Do It Foundation (Estonia). Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20210629014212/https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2018/letsdoit

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2024p) Asociación SERES. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2015laureats/seres

  • UNESCO (2024q) Priority Gender Equality. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.unesco.org/en/gender-equality

  • Unterhalter, E. and North, A. (2018) Education, Poverty and Global Goals for Gender Equality: How People Make Policy Happen, New York: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Unterhalter, E., Longlands, H. and Vaughan, R.P. (2022) ‘Gender and intersecting inequalities in education: Reflections on a framework for measurement’, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 23(4): 50938.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Valters, C. (2014) Theories of Change in International Development: Communication, Learning, or Accountability? JSRP Paper 17: London.

  • Vatter, M. (2014) The Republic of the Living: Biopolitics and the Critique of Civil Society, New York: Fordham University Press.

  • Vavrus, F. and Bartlett, L. (2023) Doing Comparative Case Studies: New Designs and Directions, New York: Routledge.

  • Venn, C. (2009) ‘Neoliberal political economy, Biopolitics and colonialism: A transcolonial Genealogy of inequality’, Theory, Culture & Society, 26(6): 20633.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • VET Africa 4.0 Collective (2023) Transitioning Vocational Education and Training in Africa, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press.

  • Walker, S., Tikly, L., Strong, K., Wallace, D. and Soudien, C. (2023) ‘The case for educational reparations: addressing racial injustices in sustainable development goal 4’, International Journal of Educational Development, 103, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102933

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wals, A.E.J. (2012) ‘Learning our way out of un-sustainability’, in S. Clayton (ed) The Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, pp 62844.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Walters, W. (2004) ‘Secure borders, safe havens, domopolitics’, Citizenship Studies, 8(3): 23760.

  • WCED (1987) Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Wells, K. (2011) ‘The politics of life: Governing childhood’, Global Studies of Childhood, 1(1): 1525.

  • Widmalm, S. (2002) ‘Decentralisation and development: The effects of the devolution of power on education in India’, in M. Melin (ed) Education – A Way Out of Poverty?, Sida: Stockholm.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilkinson, R. G. (2005) ‘The impact of inequality’, Social Research, 73(2): 71132.

  • Wilson, J. (2014) ‘Fantasy machine: Philantrocapitalism as an ideological formation’, Third World Quarterly, 35(7): 114466.

  • World Bank (2016) Taking on Inequality: Poverty and Shared Prosperity, Washington DC: World Bank.

  • World Bank (2018) Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: An Assessment of Drivers, Constraints and Opportunities, Washington DC: World Bank.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Bank (2022) Correcting Course: Poverty and Shared Prosperity, Washington DC: World Bank.

  • World Bank (2024) World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Cleanup Day (2024) World Cleanup Day 2023. Last accessed 2 February 2024, from: https://www.worldcleanupday.org/

  • World Vision (2023) Unlock Literacy Project Model. Last accessed 15 May 2023, from: https://www.wvi.org/Education/unlock-literacy

  • Wrangel, C. (2014) ‘Hope in a time of catastrophe? Resilience and the future in bare life’, Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourse, 2(3): 18392.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 36803 36803 68
Full Text Views 9 9 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics