4:
The group of campaigns studied in this chapter showed, on balance, little to no change. There were gains in some areas and losses in others, rendering the situation for women and girls on the ground no different than before the campaigns. While the gains and losses differed in each campaign, these campaigns showed striking similarities in Twitter behaviours. They all gained significant attention in the timeframe immediately after the spark incidents, but very quickly faded from public consciousness. It appears this initial mass interest led to some small changes but without continued public pressure or interest the governments were free to ignore the long-term goals of the campaigns, once again manifesting both critiques of the spiral model of human rights change theory and, to some extent, media effects theory. Feminist critiques were perhaps less evident in these campaigns.
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