1: Crisis Communication and Crisis Management During COVID-19

Author:
Restricted access
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter

This chapter presents results from a comparative and qualitative discourse-historical analysis of governmental crisis communication in Austria, Germany, France, Hungary and Sweden, during the global COVID-19 pandemic lockdown from March 2020 to May 2020 (a ‘discourse strand’). By analysing a sample of important speeches and press conferences by government leaders (all performing as the ‘face of crisis management’), it is possible to deconstruct a range of discursive strategies announcing/legitimising restrictive measures in order to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic where everybody is in danger of falling ill, regardless of their status, position, education and so forth. I focus on four frames that have been employed to mitigate the ‘dread of death’ (Bauman, 2006) and counter the ‘denial of death’ (Becker, 1973/2020): a ‘religious frame’, a ‘dialogic frame’, a frame emphasising ‘trust’, and a frame of ‘leading a war’. These interpretation frameworks are all embedded in ‘renationalising’ tendencies, specifically visible in the EU member states where even the Schengen Area was suddenly abolished (in order to ‘keep the virus out’) and borders were closed. Thus, everybody continues to be confronted with national biopolitics and body politics (Wodak, 2021).

  • Angouri, J. and Wodak, R. (2014) ‘They became big in the shadow of the crisis’: the Greek success story and the rise of the far right, Discourse & Society, 25(4): 54065.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bakhtin, M. (1982) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

  • Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity.

  • Bauman, Z. (2006) Liquid Fear, Cambridge: Polity.

  • BBC News (2020) Germany coronavirus: Hundreds arrested in German ‘anti-corona’ protests, BBC News, 30 August, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53959552.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Becker, E. (1973/2020) The Denial of Death, Croydon: Souvenir Press.

  • Bergenfalk, J. (2020) Coronavirus, Risk, and Responsibility. A Governmental Analysis of Swedish Crisis Management During the Covid-19 Pandemic, unpublished MA thesis, Lund University, Sweden.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism, London: Sage.

  • Boin, A., Lodge, M. and Luesink, M. (2020) Learning from the COVID-19 crisis: an initial analysis of national responses, Policy Design and Practice, 3(3): 189204. doi: 10.1080/25741292.2020.1823670

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • BR24 (2020) Mahnerin Merkel: Einschränkungen eine ‘demokratische Zumutung’, BR24, 23 April, www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/mahnerin-merkel-corona-eine-demokratische-zumutung,RwzYxbC.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Braun, M. (2020) Die Stunde des Giuseppe Conte, Zeit Online, 14 March, www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2020-03/guiseppe-conte-coronavirus-italien-quarantaene-ansprache.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Camus, A. (1948) The Plague, New York: Alfred Knopf.

  • Cicourel, A.V. (1975) Sprache in der Sozialen Interaktion, Munich: List.

  • Corbett, T. (2020) Liebe Österreicherinnen, Liebe Österreicher…, Wie eine Pandemie zur (Re)-Nationalisierung Europas führt, Vienna: IWM, www.iwm.at/closedbutacitve/corona-focus/tim-corbett-liebe-osterreicherinnen-liebe-osterreicher-wie-eine-pandemie-zur-re-nationalisierung-europas-fuhrt/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crayne, M.P. and Medeiros, K.E. (2020) Making sense of crisis: charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leadership in response to COVID-19, American Psychologist, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000715.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • De Rycker, A. and Mohd Don, Z. (eds) (2013) Discourse and Crisis, Amsterdam: Benjamins.

  • Diaz, J. (2020) U.K. begins nationwide coronavirus immunization, largest in nation’s history, NPR, 8 December, www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944125280/u-k-begins-nationwide-coronavirus-immunization-largest-in-nations-history.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • EFE/Reuters (2020) Bergamo in Italy: army called in as funeral services cannot cope with coronavirus victims, DW, 19 March, www.dw.com/en/bergamo-in-italy-army-called-in-as-funeral-services-cannot-cope-with-coronavirus-victims/a-52838461.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Entman, R.M. (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43(4): 5158, doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.1993.tb01304.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Euronews with AP (2020) Israeli PM kicks off national vaccination campaign with public jab, Euronews, 20 December, www.euronews.com/2020/12/20/israeli-pm-kicks-off-national-vaccination-campaign-with-public-jab.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • European Parliament (2019) Parliamentary questions: penalties imposed on the Hungarian government in connection with cohesion policy, European Parliament, 29 June, www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2019-002798_EN.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fillmore, Ch. (1976) Frame Semantics and the Nature of Language, Berkeley, CA: University of California.

  • Flinders, M. and Wood, M. (2018) Discursive depolitisation and political disengagement, in R. Wodak and B. Forchtner (eds) Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics, London: Routledge, pp 61830.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • FNFEurope (2020) Is the state of emergency in Hungary really over?, FNFEurope, 29 June, https://fnf-europe.org/2020/06/29/is-the-state-of-emergency-in-hungary-really-over/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gallagher, J. (2020) New coronavirus variant: What do we know? BBC News, 20 December, www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55388846.

  • Gotsbachner, E. (1999) Identitätspolitik. Ausländerbilder als symbolische Ressource in Schlichtungsverhandlungen, in Ch. Pelikan (ed) Mediationsverfahren. Jahrbuch für Rechts- und Kriminalsoziologie, Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp 189239.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grabbe, H. and Lehne, S. (2019) The EU’s values crisis: Past and future responses to threats to the rule of law and democratic principles, in P. Bevelander and R. Wodak (eds) Europe at the Crossroads, Lund: Nordic Academic Press, pp 4962.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. and Pyszczynski, T. (2015) The Worm at the Core: On the Role of Death in Life, New York: Penguin Random House.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hallengren, L. (2020) Speech by Minister for Health and Social Affairs Lena Hallengren at WHO briefing 23 April, Government Offices of Sweden, 29 April, www.government.se/speeches/2020/04/speech-by-minister-for-health-and-social-affairs-lena-hallengren-at-who-briefing-23-april/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hansson, S. (2015) Discursive strategies of blame avoidance in government: a framework for analysis, Discourse & Society, 26(3): 297323.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hattke, F. and Martin, H. (2020) Collective action during the Covid-19 pandemic: the case of Germany’s fragmented authority, Administrative Theory and Praxis, doi: 10.1080710841806.2020.1805273.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Helsingen, L.E., Refsum, E., Gjøstein, D.K., Løberg, M., Bretthauer, M., Kalager, M. and Emilsson, L. (2020) Trust, threats, and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway and Sweden – a comparative survey, MedRxiv Preprint, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.16.20089953.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hewer, P. (2020) Reimagining the terrain of liquid times: reflexive marketing and the sociological imagination, Journal of Consumer Culture, doi: 10.1177/1469540520955203

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Huang, M. and Holmgreen, L.L. (eds) (2020) The Language of Crisis. Metaphors, Frames and Discourses, Amsterdam: Benjamins.

  • ITV News (2020) Italy announces tough new measures as coronavirus death toll spikes, ITV News, 22 March, www.itv.com/news/2020-03-22/italy-announces-tough-new-measures-as-coronavirus-death-toll-spikes.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jost, J.T., Stern, C., Rule, N.O. and Sterling, J. (2017) The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35(4): 32453, doi: 10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Khoo, H. and Schimpfössl, E. (2020) Virus im Brexitland, in T. Schmidinger and J. Weidenholzer (eds) Virenregime. Wie die Coronakrise unsere Welt verändert. Befunde, Analysen, Anregungen, Vienna: Bahoe Books, pp 15364.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Koselleck, R. (1973) Kritik und Krise, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

  • Lakoff, G. (2004) Don’t Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate, White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.

  • Lazar, M. (2020) Leaders revealed by Covid-19: The curious Giuseppe Conte, Institute Montaigne, 1 September, www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/leaders-revealed-covid-19-curious-giuseppe-conte.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lehner, S. and Wodak, R. (2020) Nationalismus und Populismus, in R. de Cillia, R. Wodak, M. Rheindorf, and S. Lehner (eds) Österreichische Identitäten im Wandel, Berlin: Springer, pp 169204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macron, E. (2020) Déclaration de M. Emmanuel Macron, Président de la République, sur la mobilisation face à l’épidémie de Covid-19, en particulier le rôle des soignants, et sur le lancement de l’opération militaire Résilience en soutien à lutte contre la diffusion du coronavirus, Mulhouse, le 25 mars 2020, Vie Publique, 25 March, www.vie-publique.fr/discours/273982-emmanuel-macron-25-mars-2020-discours-de-mulhouse.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maragakis, L.L. (2020) Coronavirus second wave? Why cases increase, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 17 November, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/first-and-second-waves-of-coronavirus.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marin, B. (2020) Welfare in post-quarantimes: life and work after the corona-camp, unpublished manuscript, Vienna: Institute for Human Sciences.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McNamara, A. (2020) Could people still be infectious after they’re vaccinated for COVID-19?, CBS News, 11 December, www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-infectious/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merkel, A. (2020) Pressekonferenz von Bundeskanzlerin Dr. Angela Merkel anlässlich der Besprechung mit den Regierungschefinnen und Regierungschefs der Länder zum Coronavirus, Bundesregierung.de, 22 March, www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/992798/1733226/d1abd72b7073991584d48db842f4b0f3/2020-03-22-streaming-merkel-bundeslaender-gebaerdensprache-ausschriftung-data.pdf?download=1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merkur.de (2020) Wegen Corona-krise: Hängt Merkel noch eine Amtszeit dran? Umfrage zeigt bereits Zustimmung, Merkur.de, 18 May, www.merkur.de/politik/coronavirus-deutschland-angela-merkel-kanzler-soeder-merz-laschet-roettgen-kanzlerschaft-news-zr-13639261.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mitsotakis, K. (2020) Message of the Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis to the citizens, Office of the Prime Minister, 13 April, https://primeminister.gr/2020/04/13/23747.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Musolff, A. (2010) Metaphor, Nation, and the Holocaust, London: Routledge.

  • Neüff, M. (2018) Words of Crisis as Words of Power, Amsterdam: Benjamins.

  • Novy, A. and Winckler, C.R. (2020) Covid-19 in Brasilien, in T. Schmidinger and J. Weidenholzer (eds) (2020) Virenregime. Wie die Coronakrise unsere Welt verändert. Befunde, Analysen, Anregungen, Vienna: Bahoe Books, pp. 218229.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orbán, V. (2020) Orbán Viktor sajtónyilatkozata az operatív törzs ülését követően, Miniszterelnok.hu, 23 March, www.miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-sajtonyilatkozata-az-operativ-torzs-uleset-kovetoen/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Overgaard, S. (2020) Sweden bans groups larger than 50 in its first major coronavirus crackdown, NPR, 27 March, www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/03/27/822463152/sweden-bans-groups-larger-than-50-in-its-first-major-coronavirus-crackdown?t=1602070770378.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pankl, G. (2020) Bernd Marin in dialogue with Georg Pankl: Post-quarantimes: ways out of the ‘Corona Camp’, IWM, 29 April, www.iwm.at/always-active/corona-focus/bernd-marin-im-dialog-mit-georg-panklpost-quarantimes-wege-aus-dem-corona-camp/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Picheta, R. and Halasz, S. (2020) Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orbán rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic, CNN, 30 March, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-powers-vote-intl/index.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pierre, J. (2020) Nudges against pandemics: Sweden’s COVID-19 containment strategy in perspective, Policy and Society, 39(3): 478493, doi:10.1080/14494035.2020.1783787.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Powers, J.H. and Xiao, X. (eds) (2008) The Social Construction of SARS, Amsterdam: Benjamins.

  • Public Health Agency of Sweden (2020) COVID-19, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 21 December, www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/the-public-health-agency-of-sweden/communicable-disease-control/covid-19/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pyszczynski, T. (2004) What are we so afraid of? A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear, Social Research, 71(4): 82748.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pyszczynski, T., Lockett, M., Greenberg, J. and Solomon, S. (2020) Terror management theory and the COVID-19, Pandemic Journal of Humanistic Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820959488.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Radio Sweden (2020) Anders Tegnell: my comments were overinterpreted, Radio Sweden, 3 June, https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/7487961.

  • Rainsford, S. (2020) Coronavirus: Sputnik V vaccine rushed out to wary Russians, BBC News, 8 December, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-55221785.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2001) Discourse and Discrimination. The Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism, London: Routledge.

  • Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2009) The discourse-historical approach (DHA), in R. Wodak and M. Meyer (eds) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Sage, pp 87121.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rheindorf, M. (2018) Disciplining the unwilling. normalisation of (demands for) punitive measures against immigrants in Austrian populist discourse, in M. Kranert and G. Horan (eds) ‘Doing Politics’: Discursivity, Performativity and Mediation in Political Discourse, London: Benjamins, pp 179208.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rheindorf, M. (2019) Revisiting the Toolbox of Discourse Studies, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  • Rheindorf, M. and Wodak, R. (2018) Borders, fences and limits – protecting Austria from refugees: metadiscursive negotiations of meaning in the current refugee crisis, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1–2): 1538.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rheindorf, M. and Wodak, R. (2020) Building ‘Fortress Europe’: legitimizing exclusion from basic human rights, in M. Rheindorf and R. Wodak (eds) Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Migration Control, Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp 11641.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schmidinger, T. and Weidenholzer, J. (eds) (2020) Virenregime. Wie die Coronakrise unsere Welt verändert. Befunde, Analysen, Anregungen, Vienna: Bahoe Books.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schumann, F. and Simmank, J. (2020) Wir haben es selbst in der Hand, Zeit Online, 8 October, www.zeit.de/wissen/2020-10/christian-drosten-corona-massnahmen-neuinfektionen-herbst-winter-covid-19.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Simon, G. (2020) Swedish government and country image during the international media coverage of the coronavirus pandemic strategy: From bold to pariah, Journalism & Media, 1(1): 4158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spring, M. and Wendling, M. (2020) How Covid-19 myths are merging with the QAnon conspiracy theory, BBC News, 2 September, www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-53997203.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Statista (2021) Entwicklung der Coronavirus-Epidemie (COVID-19) im Bundesland Tirol Februar 2020, Statista, 3 January, https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1114903/umfrage/entwicklung-der-fallzahlen-des-coronavirus-in-tirol/#professional.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stern, V. (2020) Die USA in Zeiten von Corona, in T. Schmidinger and J. Weidenholzer (eds) Virenregime. Wie die Coronakrise unsere Welt verändert. Befunde, Analysen, Anregungen, Vienna: Bahoe Books, pp 1827.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stråth, B. and Wodak, R. (2009) Europe – discourse – politics – media – history: Constructing crises? in A. Triandafyllidou, R. Wodak and M. Krzyżanowski (eds) Europe in Crisis: The ‘European Public Sphere’ and National Media in the Post-War Period, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 1533.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tan, Y. (2020) Covid: What do we know about China’s coronavirus vaccines? BBC News, 30 December, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55212787.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • The Lancet (2020) COVID-19: learning from experience, The Lancet, 395(10229): 1011, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30686-3

  • Triandafyllidou, A., Wodak, R. and Krzyżanowski, M. (eds) (2009) Europe in Crisis: The ‘European Public Sphere’ and National Media in the Post-War Period, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turner, V. (1987) Betwixt and between: the liminal period in rites of passage, in L.C. Mahdi, S. Foster and M. Little (eds) Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation, Peru, IL: Open Court, pp 322.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Dijk, T.A. (1991) News as Discourse, New York: Erlbaum.

  • Van Dijk, T.A. (1992) Discourse and the denial of racism, Discourse & Society, 3(1): 87118.

  • Van Dijk, T.A. (2020) Critical review of framing studies in social movement research, unpublished paper, Barcelona: Centre of Discourse Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Leeuwen, T. and Wodak, R. (1999) Legitimizing immigration control: a Discourse-historical analysis, Discourse Studies, 1(1): 83118, doi: 10.1177/1461445699001001005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • VFA (2020) Vaccines to protect against Covid-19, the new coronavirus infection, VFA, 2 December, www.vfa.de/de/englische-inhalte/vaccines-to-protect-against-covid-19.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vienna.at (2020) Kurz: ‘Coronavirus wird uns noch monatelang begleiten’, vienna.at, 11 April, www.vienna.at/kurz-coronavirus-wird-uns-noch-monatelang-begleiten/6585613.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vint, S. (2009) Liquid Fear, Science Fiction, Film and Television, 2(1): 11519.

  • WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, WHO, www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

  • WKO (2021) Coronavirus: situation in Griechenland, WKO, www.wko.at/service/aussenwirtschaft/coronavirus:-situation-in-griechenland.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2018) ‘Strangers in Europe’: a discourse-historical approach to the legitimation of immigration control 2015/16, in S. Zhao, E. Djonov, A. Björkvall, and M. Boeriis (eds) Advancing Multimodal and Critical Discourse Studies, London: Routledge, pp 3150.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2019a) Entering the ‘post-shame era’ – the rise of illiberal democracy, populism and neo-authoritarianism in EU-rope: The case of the turquoise-blue government in Austria 2017/2018, Global Discourse, 9(1): 195213, doi: 10.1332/204378919X15470487645420.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2019b) ‘We have the character of an island nation’: a discourse-historical analysis of David Cameron’s ‘Bloomberg Speech’ on the European Union, in M. Kranert and G. Horan (eds) ‘Doing Politics’: Discursivity, Performativity and Mediation in Political Discourse, London: Benjamins, pp 2758.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2020a) Analysing the politics of denial: critical discourse studies and the discourse-historical approach, in K. Krippendorf and N. Halabi (eds) Discourses in Action. What Language Enables us to do, London: Routledge, pp 1936.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2020b) ‘Wir haben alles richtig gemacht!’ – Krisenkommunikation und Krisenmanagement in ‘Corona-Zeiten’, in T. Schmidinger and J. Weidenholzer (eds) Virenregime. Wie die Coronakrise unsere Welt verändert. Befunde, Analysen, Anregungen, Vienna: Bahoe Books, pp 33041.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2020c) Normalization to the right: analyzing the micro-politics of the far right, in S.D. Ashe, J. Busher, G. Macklin and A. Winter (eds) Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practice, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wodak, R. (2021) The Politics of Fear. The Shameless Normalization of Far-right Discourses (2nd revised and extended edition), London: Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 108 108 63
Full Text Views 1 1 0
PDF Downloads 1 1 0

Altmetrics