Ageing, consumption and middle-classness: implications for intergenerational relations in India

Author:
Tannistha Samanta FLAME University, India

Search for other papers by Tannistha Samanta in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close
Restricted access
Get eTOC alerts
Rights and permissions Cite this article

In this piece, I use consumption as a lens to argue how urban, middle-class Indians in their middle and later ages are emerging as a distinctive consumer society while rewriting the scripts of growing old in India. This cultural shift is happening at a time when novel modes of ageing are imagined against the backdrop of transnational family arrangements, market-based care and a quest for vitality and autonomy among older Indians, altering the cultural continuities of intergenerational relationships. I show how consumption as a cultural force both expands the expressive capabilities of older persons but, at the same time, imposes disciplinary discourses around the family and social relationships. Overall, I critically reflect on what the ‘downward blurring’ of the ageing self does to the contemporary frameworks of intergenerational relationships in India. I conclude by discussing both the possibility and the (cultural) limit of theories developed in the industrialised West to capture the shifting realities of transitional societies.

  • Ahlin, T. (2020) Frequent callers: ‘Good care’ with ICTs in Indian transnational families, Medical Anthropology, 39(1): 6982. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2018.1532424

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allendorf, K. (2015) Like her own: Ideals and experiences of the mother-in-law/daughter-in-law relationship, Journal of Family Issues. doi: 10.1177/0192513x15590685

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Alley, D.E., Putney, N.M., Rice, M. and Bengtson, V.L. (2010) The increasing use of theory in social gerontology: 1990–2004, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65(5): 58390.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Alvares, C. (2011) A critique of Eurocentric social science and the question of alternatives, Economic and Political Weekly, 46(22): 728.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bass, S. (2000) Emergence of the third age: Toward a productive aging society, Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 11(2-3): 717.

  • Baviskar, A. and Ray, R. (2011) Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes, New Delhi: Routledge.

  • Bengtson, V.L., Burgess, E.O. and Parrott, T.M. (1997) Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(2): S7288.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bengtson, V., Giarrusso, R., Mabry, J. and Silverstein, M. (2002) Solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence: Complementary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships?, Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3): 56876.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bergstrom, T.C. (1997) A survey of theories of the family, in M.R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark (eds) Handbook of Population and Family Economics, 1a: 2179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bhat, A. and Dhruvarajan, R. (2001) Ageing in India: Drifting intergenerational relations, challenges and options, Ageing and Society, 21(5): 62140. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X0100842X

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Biggs, S., Phillipson, C., Leach, R. and Money, A.M. (2007) The mature imagination and consumption strategies: Age and generation in the development of a United Kingdom baby boomer identity, International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 2(2): 3159.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Birren, J.E. and Bengtson, V.L. (1988) Emergent Theories of Aging, New York, NY: Springer.

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Breheny, M., Stephens, C. and Spilsbury, L. (2013) Involvement without interference: How grandparents negotiate intergenerational expectations in relationships with grandchildren, Journal of Family Studies, 19(2): 17484. doi: 10.5172/jfs.2013.19.2.174

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brosius, C. (2014) India’s Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption and Prosperity, Oxon: Routledge.

  • Chadha, N. (2008) Understanding intergenerational relationships in India, Journal of Intergenerational Relationships in India, 2(3–4): 6373. doi: 10.1300/J194v02n03_06

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Changfoot, N., Rice, C., Chivers, S., Williams, A.O., Connors, A., Barrett, A., et al (2022) Revisioning aging: indigenous, crip and queer renderings, Journal of Aging Studies, 63:100930. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100930

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cohen, L. (1998) No Aging in India: Alzheimer’s, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things, Berkely, CA: University of California Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Connidis, I. and McMullin, J. (2002) Sociological ambivalence and family ties: A critical perspective, Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3): 55867. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00558.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Elder, G. (1999) Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience, 25th anniversary edition, Boulder: Westview Press.

  • Featherstone, M. (1991) Consumer Culture and Postmodernism, London: SAGE.

  • Featherstone, M. and Hepworth, M. (1989) Ageing and old age: reflections on the post-modern life course, in B. Bytheway (ed) Becoming and Be-ing Old: Sociological Approaches to Later Life, London: SAGE, pp 14357.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gibbons, H.M. (2016) Compulsory youthfulness: intersections of ableism and ageism in “successful aging” discourses, Review of Disability Studies, 12(2-3): 119. https://www.rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/574.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilleard, C. and Higgs, P. (2005) Contexts of Ageing: Class, Cohort and Community, Cambridge: Polity.

  • Gilleard, C., Higgs, P., Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. and Blane, D. (2005) Class, cohort, and consumption: The British experience of the third age, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, S30510. doi: 10.1093/geronb/60.6.s305

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of India (1999) National Policy for Older Persons, New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

  • Grover, S. (2017) Marriage, Love, Caste and Kinship Support: Lived Experiences of the Urban Poor in India, New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Gulati, L. and Rajan, S. (1999) The added years: Elderly in India and Kerala, Economic and Political Weekly, 34(44): WS4651.

  • Guo, B., Pickard, J. and Huang, J. (2008) A cultural perspective on the health outcomes of caregiving grandparents, Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 5(4): 2540. doi: 10.1300/j194v05n04_03

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Higgs, P. and Gilleard, C. (2006) Departing the margins: Social class and later life in a second modernity, Journal of Sociology, 42(3): 21941. doi: 10.1177/1440783306066724

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Higgs, P. and Gilleard, C. (2015) Fitness and consumerism in later life, in E. Tulle and C. Phoenix (eds) Physical Activity and Sport in Later Life: Global Culture and Sport Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 3242.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Higgs, P., Hyde, M., Gilleard, C., Victor, C., Wiggins, R. and Jones, I. (2009) From passive to active consumers? Later life consumption in the UK from 1968–2005, The Sociological Review, 57(1). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.01806.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Huinink, J. and Feldhaus, M. (2009) Family research from the life course perspective, International Sociology, 24(3): 299324. doi: 10.1177/0268580909102910

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kalavar, J. and Jamuna, D. (2008) Interpersonal relationships of elderly in selected old age homes in urban India, Interpersona, 2(2): 193215. doi: 10.5964/ijpr.v2i2.26

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Katz, S. (2013) Active and successful aging: Lifestyle as a gerontological idea, Recherches Sociologiques et Anthropologiques, 1: 5375. doi: 10.4000/rsa.910

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • King, V. and Elder Jr, G.H. (1995) American children view their grandparents: linked lives across three rural generations, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(1): 16578. doi: 10.2307/353825

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lamb, S. (2013) In/dependence, intergenerational uncertainty, and the ambivalent state: Perceptions of old age security in India, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 36(1). doi: 10.1080/00856401.2012.732552

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lamb, S. (2014) Permanent personhood or meaningful decline? Toward a critical anthropology of successful aging, Journal of Aging Studies, 29: 4152. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2013.12.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lamb, S. (2015) Beyond the view of the West: Ageing and anthropology, in J. Twigg and W. Martin (eds) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology, London: Routledge, pp 3744.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lamb, S. (2017) Successful Aging as a Contemporary Obsession: Global Perspectives, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

  • Lamb, S. and Goswami, N. (2024) Healthy aging, self-care, and choice in India: Class-based engagements with globally circulating ideologies, Journal of Aging Studies, 68: 101194. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101194

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laslett, P. (1989) A Fresh Map of Life: The Emergence of the Third Age, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

  • Lowenstein, A. (2005) Global ageing and challenges to families, in M. Johnson (ed) Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 40313.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mannheim, K. (1952/1997) The problem of generations, in M. Hardy (ed) Studying Aging and Social Change, London: SAGE, pp 2265.

  • Miller, D., Abed Rabho, L., Awondo, P., de Vries, M., Duque, M., Garvey, P., et al (2021) The Global Smartphone: Beyond a Youth Technology, London: UCL Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nelson, J.A. (2006) Can we talk? Feminist economists in dialogue with social theorists, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 31(4): 105174. doi: 10.1086/500599

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Osella, C. (2012) Desires under reform: contemporary reconfigurations of family, marriage, love and gendering in a transnational south Indian matrilineal Muslim community, Culture and Religion, 13(2): 24164. doi: 10.1080/14755610.2012.675508

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Palriwala, R. (2015) Rationality, instrumentality and the affective: crossings and blurrings in relations of care and intimacy, Korean Journal of Sociology, 49(3): 2138. doi: 10.21562/kjs.2015.06.49.3.21

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parsons, T. and Bales, R. (1955) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, Glencoe: Free Press.

  • Patel, S. (2016) Feminist challenges to sociology in India: an essay in disciplinary history, Contributions to Indian Sociology, 50(3): 32042. doi: 10.1177/0069966716657457

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Popenoe, D. (1993) American family decline, 1960–1990: a review and appraisal, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(3): 52755. doi: 10.2307/353333

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rabindranathan, S. (2004) Intergenerational co-residence: conflict and resolution in familial contexts in India, Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 10(4): 5878. doi: 10.1080/12259276.2004.11665980

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rajan, S. and Mishra, U. (2014) National policy for older persons: Critical issues in implementation, in G. Giridhar, K. Sathyanarayana, S. Kumar, K. James and M. Alam (eds) Population Ageing in India, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rotkirch, A. (2018) Evolutionary family sociology, in R.L. Hopcroft (ed) Oxford handbook of Evolution, Biology and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 133.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rowe, J. and Kahn, R. (2015) Successful aging 2.0: Conceptual expansions for the 21st century, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 70(4): 5936. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv025

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (2018) The ‘good life’: Third Age, brand Modi and the cultural demise of old age in India, Journal of Anthropology & Aging, 39(1): 94104.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (2019) The joint family and its discontents: Examining ambivalence in intergenerational relationships, Asian Population Studies, 15(1): 2846. doi: 10.1080/17441730.2018.1560659

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (2021a) Aging, housing markets and social inclusion: Insights from India, Journal of Aging Studies, 57: 100939. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100939

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (2021b) Living solo at midlife: Can the pandemic destigmatize living alone in India? Journal of Aging Studies, 56. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100907

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (2023) Social egg-freezing as ambivalent materialities of aging, Journal of Aging Studies, 67: 100907. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101183

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T. (ed) (2017) Cross-Cultural and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Social Gerontology, Singapore: Springer Nature, https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811016530.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samanta, T., Chen, F. and Vanneman, R. (2015) Living arrangements and health of older adults in India, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(6): 93747. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu164

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sandberg, L. (2008) The old, the ugly and the queer: thinking old age in relation to queer theory, Graduate Journal of Social Science, 5(2): 11739.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Settersten, R. (2007) Passages to adulthood: Linking demographic change and human development, European Journal of Population, 23(3): 25172. doi: 10.1007/s10680-007-9132-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shah, A.M. (2014) The Writings of A.M. Shah: The Household and Family in India, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.

  • Shah, A.M. (1999) Changes in the family and the elderly, Economic and Political Weekly, 34(20): 117982. doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407956

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sharma, A. and Subramanyam, M. (2020) Psychological wellbeing of middle-aged and older queer men in India: A mixed-methods approach, PLOS One, 15(3): e0229893.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Silverstein, M. and Bengtson, V.L. (1997) Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child–parent relationships in American families, American Journal of Sociology, 42960. doi: 10.1086/231213

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Silverstein, M., Lendon, J. and Giarruso, R. (2012) Ethnic and cultural diversity in aging families: implications for resource allocation and well-being across generations, in R. Blieszner and V. Bedford (eds) Handbook of Families and Aging, 2nd edn, New York, NY: Praeger, pp 287307.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Srivastava, A. and Mohanty, S. (2012) Poverty among elderly in India, Social Indicators Research, 109(3): 493514. doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9913-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Townsend, P. (1964) The Last Refuge, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

  • Tripathi, A. and Samanta, T. (2024) Third agers in India: Empirical evidence from longitudinal aging study in India (LASI), 2017–2018, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 43(4): 42336. doi: 10.1177/07334648231207465

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Twigg, J. and Martin, W. (2015) The challenge of cultural gerontology, The Gerontologist, 55(3): 35359. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnu061

  • Uberoi, P. (1995) Problems with patriarchy: conceptual issues in anthropology and feminism, Sociological Bulletin, 44(2): 195221. doi: 10.1177/0038022919950204

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vaidya, R. and Raje, A. (2014) Housing for the elderly: the changing scenario in India, Architectural Design, 84(2): 607. doi: 10.1002/ad.1729

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vera-Sanso, P. (1999) Dominant daughters-in-law and submissive mothers-in-law? Cooperation and conflict in South India, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5(4): 57793. doi: 10.2307/2661149

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Verma, S. and Satyanarayana, A. (2012) Patterns of intergenerational relations in Indian family, Indian Journal of Gerontology, 26(3): 36785.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Warde, A. (2022) Society and consumption, Consumption and Society, 1(1): 1130. doi: 10.1332/GTYE7193

  • Wild, K., Wiles, J.L. and Allen, R.E.S. (2013) Resilience: thoughts on the value of the concept for critical gerontology, Aging & Society, 33(1): 13758.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zhan, H.J., Feng, X.T. and Luo, B.Z. (2008) Placing elderly parents in institutions in urban China: a reinterpretation of filial piety, Research on Aging, 30(5): 54371. doi: 10.1177/0164027508319471

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Tannistha Samanta FLAME University, India

Search for other papers by Tannistha Samanta in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 489 322 0
Full Text Views 557 551 150
PDF Downloads 136 129 11

Altmetrics

Dimensions