Doing (in)equality in Swedish families: women’s narratives of outsourcing domestic work

Authors:
Ann-Louise Silfver Umeå University, Sweden

Search for other papers by Ann-Louise Silfver in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close
and
Ulrika Widding Umeå University, Sweden

Search for other papers by Ulrika Widding in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close
Restricted access
Get eTOC alerts
Rights and permissions Cite this article

Outsourcing domestic work is an established global phenomenon increasingly common in Sweden, especially since introducing the RUT reform offering tax deductions for domestic services. Little is known about Swedish families using domestic services. This article investigates the narratives of 12 Swedish women living in families using domestic services and what this means for their everyday family life. The results show that outsourcing in part is regarded as a solution to a gender equality problem as it relieves women from unpaid household work. However, the women’s narratives also reveal that even when domestic work is outsourced, the women continue to have the main responsibility for everyday family life. The article thus contributes insights into how gender equality in everyday family practices is negotiated when domestic work is outsourced.

  • Ahlberg, J., Roman, C. and Duncan, S. (2008) Actualizing the ‘democratic family’? Swedish policy rhetoric versus family practices, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 15(1): 79100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ambjörnsson, F. (2018) Tid att Städa. Om Vardagsstädningens Praktik och Politik, Stockholm: Ordfront.

  • Brah, A. and Phoenix, A. (2004) Ain’t I a woman? Revisiting intersectionality, Journal of International Women’s Studies, 5(3): 7586.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Calleman, C. (2011) Domestic services in a ‘land of equality’: the case of Sweden, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 23(1): 12139. doi: 10.3138/cjwl.23.1.121

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carbin, M., Overud, J. and Kvist, E. (2017) Feminism Som Lönearbete, Stockholm: Leopard.

  • Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. and McCall, L. (2013) Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis, Signs, 38(4): 20324.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Daminger, A. (2019) The cognitive dimension of household labor, American Sociological Review, 84(4): 60933. doi: 10.1177/0003122419859007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • EIGE (European Institute for Gender Equality) (2021) Gender Equality Index, Sweden, https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2021/country/SE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eldén, S. and Anving, T. (2019) Nanny Families: Practices of Care by Nannies, au Pairs, Parents and Children in Sweden, Bristol: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Evertsson, M. (2014) Gender ideology and the sharing of housework and childcare in Sweden, Journal of Family Issues, 35(7): 92749. doi: 10.1177/0192513X14522239

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Faircloth, C. (2021) When equal partners become unequal parents: couple relationships and intensive parenting culture, Families, Relationships and Societies, 2(10): 23148. doi: 10.1332/204674319X15761552010506

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Flèche, S., Lepinteur, A. and Powdthavee, N. (2020) Gender norms, fairness and relative working hours within households, Labour Economics, 65(101866).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Forsberg, L. (2009) Involved Parenthood: Everyday Lives of Swedish Middle-Class Families, [Doctoral thesis], Linköping: Linköping University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Försäkringskassan (2023) Föräldraförsäkringens historia, www.forsakringskassan.se/privatperson/foralder/foraldraforsakringens-historia.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gavanas, A. (2006) De onämnbara. Jämlikhet, ‘svenskhet’ och privata hushållstjänster i pigdebattens Sverige, SOU 2006:59.

  • Gavanas, A. and Calleman, C. (2013) Rena hem på Smutsiga Villkor? Hushållstjänster, Migration och Globalisering, Göteborg: Makadam.

  • Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E. and Brandén, M. (2013) Domestic gender equality and childbearing in Sweden, Demographic Research, 40(29): 1097126.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Halldén, K. and Stenberg, A. (2018) The relationship between hours of outsourced domestic services and female earnings: evidence from a Swedish tax reform, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 55: 12033.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Henz, U. (2022) Couples’ daily childcare schedules: gendered patterns and variations, Families, Relationships and Societies, 1(11): 12746. doi: 10.1332/204674320X15979442575464

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hill Collins, P. (2019) Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory, Durham: Duke University Press.

  • Hochschild. A.R. (2012) The Outsourced Self: What Happens When We Pay Others to Live Our Lives for Us, New York: Picador.

  • Holmberg, C. (1999) Det Kallas Kärlek: En Socialpsykologisk Studie om Kvinnors Underordning och Mäns överordning Bland Unga Jämställda Par, Göteborg: Anamma.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jordansson, B. och Lane, L. (2018:47) Vilka är ‘vi’ i jämställdhetspolitiken? Klass, Kön och Etnicitet i RUT-tjänsternas Sverige, Stockholm: Katalys.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jämställdhetsmyndigheten (2023:17) Livspusslet Som inte gick ihop. En Uppföljning av det Jämställdhetspolitiska Målet om en Jämn Fördelning av det Obetalda hem- och Omsorgsarbetet, Göteborg: Jämställdhetsmyndigheten.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaplan, A., Sabbah-Karkabi, M. and Herzog, H. (2020) ‘When I Iron my son’s shirt, I feel my maternal role’: making women’s invisible work visible, Journal of Family Issues, 41(9): 152545. doi: 10.1177/0192513X19894351

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaufman G. and Grönlund, A. (2021) Displaying parenthood, (un)doing gender: parental leave, daycare and working-time adjustments in Sweden and the UK, Families, Relationships and Societies, 2(10): 21329.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kvist, E. (2012) Changing social organizations of care: a comparison of European policy reforms encouraging paid domestic work, European Journal of Ageing, 9(2): 11117. doi: 10.1007/s10433-012-0225-9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kvist, E. (2013a) Inte bara rena hem: Om att driva företag och organisera arbete inom den privata hushållstjänstebranschen, in A. Gavanas and C. Calleman (eds) Rena hem på Smutsiga Villkor? Hushållstjänster, Migration och Globalisering, Göteborg: Makadam, pp 2746.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kvist, E. (2013b) A booming market of precarious work: selling domestic services in women-friendly Sweden, in Å. Gunnarsson (ed) Tracing the Women-Friendly Welfare State: Gendered Politics of Everyday Life in Sweden, Göteborg, Stockholm: Makadam Förlag, pp 21433.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kvist, E. and Peterson, E. (2010) What has gender equality got to do with it? An analysis of policy debates surrounding domestic services in the welfare states of Spain and Sweden, NORA, Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 18(3): 18520. doi: 10.1080/08038740.2010.498326

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lane, L. and Jordansson, B. (2020) How gender equal is Sweden? An analysis of the shift in focus under neoliberalism, Social Change, 1(50): 2843. doi: 10.1177/0049085719901067

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Legerski, E.M. and Cornwall, M. (2010) Working-class job loss, gender, and the negotiation of household labor, Gender & Society, 24(4): 44774.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lundqvist, Å. (2019) Livet är för Dyrbart för att Dammas Bort: Aktiveringspolitik, Kvinnors Förvärvsarbete och Omvandlingen av Familjen 1960-1980, Lund: Nordic Academic Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lutz, H. (2011) The New Maids: Transnational Women and the Care Economy, London: Zed Books.

  • Magnusson, E. (2006) Hon, han och Hemmet: Genuspsykologiska Perspektiv på Vardagslivet i Nordiska Barnfamiljer, Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Magnusson, E. and Marecek, J. (2015) Doing Interview-Based Qualitative Research, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Mannino, C.A. and Deutsch, F.M. (2007) Changing the division of household labor: a negotiated process between partners, Sex Roles, 56: 30924. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9181-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martucci, S. (2023) He’s working from home and I’m at home trying to work: experiences of childcare and the work-family balance among mothers during COVID-19, Journal of Family Issues, 44(2): 291314. doi: 10.1177/0192513X211048476

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miles, M. and Huberman, M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis, London: Sage.

  • Moreno-Colom, S. (2017) The gendered division of housework time: analysis of time use by type and daily frequency of household tasks, Time & Society, 26(1): 327.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Morgan, D.H.J. (2011) Rethinking Family Practices, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Nyberg, A. (2023) Rutavdraget och jämställdhet, underlagsrapport 2023:3. Göteborg: Jämställdhetsmyndigheten.

  • Platzer, E. (2006) From private solutions to public responsibility and back again: the new domestic services in Sweden, Gender and History, 18(2): 21121. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00426.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Platzer, E. (2007) Från Folkhem Till Karriärhushåll: Den nya Husliga Arbetsdelningen, [Doktorsavhandling], Växjö: Växjö universitet.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Potter, J., Edwards, D. and Wetherell, M. (1993) A model of discourse in action, American Behavioral Scientist, 36(3): 383401. doi: 10.1177/0002764293036003008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Riksrevisionen (2020) Rutavdraget – Konsekvenser av Reformen. RIR 2020:2.

  • Skatteverket (2023) Skattereduktion för rot och rut – Översikt, www6.skatteverket.se/sense/app/adb533d4-7f01-4446-8eba-b0cd4c06c77e/sheet/e4f9aa7e-de62-483a-801f-912761d52dbd/state/analysis.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Statistics Sweden (2022) Women and men in Sweden – facts and figures 2022, https://swedishgenderequalityagency.se/gender-equality-in-sweden.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Walters, P. and Whitehouse, G. (2012) A limit to reflexivity: the challenge for working women of negotiating sharing of household labor, Journal of Family Issues, 33(8): 111739. doi: 10.1177/0192513X11431566

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wetherell, M. (2006) Formulating selves: social psychology and the study of identity, Social Psychological Review, 8(2): 6273. doi: 10.53841/bpsspr.2006.8.2.62

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wissö, T. (2012) Småbarnsföräldrars Vardagsliv: Omsorg, Moral och Socialt Kapital, [Doktorsavhandling], Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Ann-Louise Silfver Umeå University, Sweden

Search for other papers by Ann-Louise Silfver in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close
and
Ulrika Widding Umeå University, Sweden

Search for other papers by Ulrika Widding in
Current site
Google Scholar
Close

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1816 1667 289
Full Text Views 452 352 1
PDF Downloads 375 304 2

Altmetrics

Dimensions

Families, Relationships and Societies
An international journal of research and debate