Globally, life expectancy is increasing, as is the need for effective care responses to chronic health conditions, global emergencies and health disparities. Alongside this is a shortage of skilled caregivers. This four-country qualitative study investigates the views of ‘care’ and ‘care careers’ of Generation Z (the next generation to join the workforce). Four cross-cultural themes emerged: conceptualising care; objects and subjects of care; recognising the challenges of care; and appreciating care work. Discussed in relation to Tronto’s analysis of care, these themes illuminate Generation Z’s commitment to care and highlight the need for organisational and political action to attract young people to care careers.
Barnett-Page, E. and Thomas, J. (2009) Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: a critical review, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1): 59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-9-59
Beck, L. and Wright, A. (2019) iGen: what you should know about post-millennial students, College and University, 94(1): 21–6.
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2): 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bryan, C.S. (2011) Medical professionalism meets generation X: a perfect storm?, Texas Heart Institute Journal, 38(5): 465–70.
Butler, K., Bannock, C. and Obordo, R. (2021) GenZ: a generation feeling betrayed and ready to fight back, The Guardian, 3 June, www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/02/how-the-covid-shock-has-radicalised-generation-z.
Central Statistics Office (2020) Population and labour force projections 2017–2051, www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-plfp/populationandlabourforceprojections2017-2051/
Coggins, J., St John-Matthews, J. and Gibbs, V. (2019) Welcoming Generation Z: understanding multi-generational working and learning within radiography, Imaging and Therapy Practice, uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/2688666/welcoming-generation-z-understanding-multi-generational-working-and-learning-within-radiography
Eckleberry-Hunt, J., Lick, D. and Hunt, R. (2018) Is medical education ready for Generation Z?, Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 10(4): 378–81. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-18-00466.1
Federal State Statistic Service (2020) https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/13721.
Fisher, B. and Tronto, J.C. (1991) Towards a feminist theory of care, in E. Abel and M. Nelson (eds) Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women’s Lives, New York: State University of New York Press.
Frank, A. (2010) Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-narratology, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p 43.
Hampton, D. and Welsh, D. (2019) Work values of Generation Z nurses, JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 49(10): 480–86.
Harper, D. (2002) Talking about pictures: a case for photo elicitation, Visual Studies, 17(1): 13–26. doi: 10.1080/14725860220137345
Health Services Executive (2020) Population projections 2011 to 2041, Health Services Executive, http://hse.ie/eng/about/who/population_health/population_health_approach/population_projections_2011_to_2041.pdf.
INMO (Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation) (2019) Workforce planning for nursing and midwifery.
International Labour Organisation (2020) COVID-19: are there enough health workers?, https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-are-there-enough-health-workers/.
Kasimovskaya, N.A. and Ivleva, S.A. (2020) Current state and prospects for integration of specialists with secondary medical education into continuing professional development system, Medical Education and Professional Development, 11(3): 153–60.
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2018) Summary of the Report by the Study Group for Future Supply and Demand of Elderly Nursing Care Systems (meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/pdf/0409_004a.pdf).
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2018) Required number of long-term care personnel based on the 7th long-term care initiative. (mhlw.go.jp/english/new-info/2018.html)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2019) Subcommittee interim report of nursing staff supply and demand, mhlw.go.jp/english/new-info/2019.html
National Projects ‘Health’ and ‘Demography’ (2020) https://minzdrav.gov.ru/poleznye-resursy/natsproektzdravoohranenie.
Office for National Statistics (2020) National life tables – life expectancy in the UK: 2017–2019, www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/nationallifetablesunitedkingdom/2017to2019.
Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L.I.e. (1994) Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research, in A. Bryman and R. Burgess (eds) Analysing Qualitative Data, London: Routledge.
Rose, G. (2014) On the relation between ‘visual research methods’ and contemporary visual culture, The Sociological Review, 62(1): 24–46. doi: 10.1111/1467-954X.12109
Roseberry-McKibbin, C. (2017) Generation Z rising, The ASHA Leader, 22(12): 36–8. doi: 10.1044/leader.AE.22122017.36
Schartz, E. (2020) The global health care worker shortage; 10 numbers to note project hope, www.projecthope.org/the-global-health-worker-shortage-10-numbers-to-note/02/2020/.
Schwieger, D. and Ladwig, C. (2018) Reaching and retaining the next generation: adapting to the expectations of Gen Z in the classroom, Information Systems Education Journal, 16(3): 45–54.
Seemiller, C. and Grace, M. (2017) Generation Z: educating and engaging the next generation of students, About Campus, 22(3): 21–6. doi: 10.1002/abc.21293
Skills for Care (2019) The Size and Structure of the Adult Social Care Sector and Workforce Report in England, Leeds, skillsforcare.org.uk/adult-social-care-workforce-data/Workforce-intelligence/documents/State-of-the-adult-social-sector/State-of-Report-2019.pdf.
The Health Foundation (2018) Closing the Gap: Key Areas for Action on the Health and Care Workforce, London: Health Foundation.
Tronto, J. (1993) Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, New York: Routledge.
Tronto, J. C. and Fisher, B. (1991) Toward a feminist theory of care, in R. Abel and M. Nelson (eds) Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women’s Lives Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, p 40.
Turner, A. (2015) Generation Z: technology and social interest, The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2): 103–13. doi: 10.1353/jip.2015.0021
United Nations (2020) Sustainable development goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
Wang, C. and Burris, M.A. (1997) Photovoice: concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment, Health Education & Behavior, 24(3): 369–87.
World Demographic and Ageing Forum Expert Symposium (2012) Social & economic implications of shrinking societies: the case of Japan, https://demographic-challenge.com/demographic-change-in-japan.html#:~:text=According%20United%20Nations%20Population%20Statistics,%2C%20or%20a%2017%20%25%20decrease.
Wood, H. and Skeggs, B. (2020) Clap for carers? From care gratitude to care justice, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(4): 641–7. doi: 10.1177/1367549420928362
World Economic Forum (2020) Here’s how we can prepare for an aging population, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/population-growth-high-demand-caregiving/.
World Health Organisation (2020a) Mortality and global health estimates, www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates.
World Health Organisation (2020b) The State of the World’s Nursing 2020: Investing in Education, Jobs and Leadership, Geneva, who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003279
May 2022 onwards | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 42 | 42 | 42 |
Full Text Views | 11 | 11 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 14 | 14 | 0 |