The benefit cap and the two-child limit were both introduced with the aim of promoting fairness. However, women are disproportionately affected by both of these polices. This article presents new empirical evidence that demonstrates the gendered impacts of the benefit cap and the two-child limit on mothers. It shows that the benefit cap and the two-child limit ignore the gendered reasons for women’s disproportionate subjection to the policies, devalue unpaid care, fail to recognise gendered barriers to paid work and ultimately, harm women in a wide range of ways, particularly by further entrenching them in poverty.
Alston, P. (2019) Visit to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, New York: United Nations Human Rights Council.
Andersen, K. (2020) Universal Credit, gender and unpaid childcare: mothers’ accounts of the new welfare conditionality regime, Critical Social Policy, 40(3): 430–49. doi: 10.1177/0261018319856487
Campbell, M. (2021a) Capping motherhood, in M.F. Davis, M. Kjaerum and A. Lyons (eds) Research Handbook on Human Rights and Poverty, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp 156–70.
Campbell, M. (2021b) Might makes right: the ‘two-child limit’ and justifiable discrimination against women and children, The Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 43(4): 467–70. doi: 10.1080/09649069.2021.1999111
Campbell, M. (2021c) The austerity of lone motherhood: discrimination law and benefit reform, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 41(4): 1197–226. doi: 10.1093/ojls/gqab018
CoE, CPAG (Church of England, Child Poverty Action Group) and Benefit Changes & Larger Families (2022) It’s heartbreaking that I feel I cannot fully provide for my youngest without struggling: the impact of five years of the two-child limit policy, https://cpag.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/policypost/Heartbreaking_two_child_limit.pdf.
CPAG (Child Poverty Action Group) (2021) The two-child limit challenge, https://cpag.org.uk/welfare-rights/legal-test-cases/two-child-limit-challenge.
De Henau, J. (2018) Social security and women: briefing from the UK Women’s Budget Group on the impact of cuts to social security benefits since 2010 on women, https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Social-Security-November-2018-w-cover.pdf.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2010) 21st Century Welfare, London: DWP.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2012a) Benefit Cap (Housing Benefit) Regulations 2012: Impact Assessment for The Benefit Cap, London: DWP.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2012b) Explanatory memorandum for the social security advisory committee, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324117/hb-benefit-cap-draft-regs-2012-memorandum.pdf.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2014) In-depth Interviews with People Affected by the Benefit Cap, London: DWP.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2015) Welfare Reform and Work Bill: Impact Assessment of Tax Credits and Universal Credit, Changes to Child Element and Family Element, London: DWP.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2016) Welfare Reform and Work Act: Impact Assessment for the Benefit Cap, London: DWP.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2017) Written evidence from Department for Work and Pensions (BEC0023), http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/work-and-pensions-committee/benefit-cap/written/89326.html.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2021a) Benefit cap: number of households capped to May 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/benefit-cap-number-of-households-capped-to-may-2021/benefit-cap-number-of-households-capped-to-may-2021.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2021b) Universal credit and child tax credit claimants: statistics related to the policy to provide support for a maximum of 2 children, April 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/universal-credit-and-child-tax-credit-claimants-statistics-related-to-the-policy-to-provide-support-for-a-maximum-of-2-children-april-2021/universal-credit-and-child-tax-credit-claimants-statistics-related-to-the-policy-to-provide-support-for-a-maximum-of-2-children-april-2021.
DWP (Department for Work and Pensions) (2022) Benefit cap, [Online] https://www.gov.uk/benefit-cap/when-youre-not-affected.
Edmiston, D. (2018) Welfare, Inequality and Social Citizenship: Deprivation and Affluence in Austerity Britain, Bristol: Policy Press.
Engender (2017) Engender submission of evidence on the two-child limit for tax credits and universal credit to the Scottish Parliament Social Security Committee, https://www.engender.org.uk/content/publications/Engender-submission-of-evidence-on-the-two-child-limit-on-Tax-Credits-and-Universal-Credit-to-the-Scottish-Parliament-Social-Security-Committee.pdf.
Engender (2019) Engender parliamentary briefing: Universal credit, https://www.engender.org.uk/content/publications/Engender-Parliamentary-Briefing-Universal-Credit.pdf.
Griffiths, R., Wood, M., Bennett, F. and Millar, J. (2020) Uncharted Territory: Universal Credit, Couples and Money, Bath: Institute for Policy Research.
Hall, S.M., McIntosh, K., Neitzert, E., Pottinger, L., Sandhu, K., Stephenson, M.A., Reed, H. and Taylor, L. (2017) Intersecting inequalities: the impact of austerity on black and ethnic minority women in the UK, https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Intersecting-Inequalities-October-2017-Full-Report.pdf.
HMG (Her Majesty’s Government) (2019) Two-child limit: government response to the committee’s twenty-third report, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmworpen/2147/214702.htm.
Hobson, F. (2022) The Impact of the Two-child Limit in Universal Credit, London: House of Commons Library.
Kennedy, S., Keen, R. and Wilson, W. (2017) Impact of DWP Policies on Low Income Households. Debate Pack: Number CDP-2017/0013, London: House of Commons Library.
Lammasniemi, L. (2016) The benefit cap and the complexity of discrimination: R (SG and others) v secretary of state for work and pensions, Feminist Legal Studies, 24(2): 215–21. doi: 10.1007/s10691-015-9302-8
Lammasniemi, L. (2019) The benefit cap and infliction of poverty, The Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 41(3): 368–71. doi: 10.1080/09649069.2019.1628435
Lynch, K. and Walsh, J. (2009) Love, care and solidarity: what is and is not commodifiable, in K. Lynch, J. Baker, and M. Lyons (eds) Affective Equality: Love, Care and Injustice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 35–53.
McDonough, K. (2019) It’s Just Constant Debt: Why Parents Need Better Support for Childcare Under Universal Credit, London: Save the Children.
Neitzert, E. (2020) Spirals of inequality: how unpaid care is at the heart of gender inequalities, https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Accompanying-paper-FINAL.pdf.
O’Brien, C. (2019) What is the point of social security? Discriminatory and damaging effects of the two-child limit justified by the ‘lottery of birth’, The Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 41(4): 479–82.
ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2018) Household satellite account, UK: 2015 and 2016, https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/satelliteaccounts/articles/householdsatelliteaccounts/2015and2016estimates.
ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2019) Families and households in the UK: 2019, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/bulletins/familiesandhouseholds/2019.
ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2021) Families and households in the UK: 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/bulletins/familiesandhouseholds/2020.
Reader, M., Portes, J. and Patrick, R. (2022) Does cutting child benefits reduce fertility in larger families? Evidence from the UK’s two-child limit, https://docs.iza.org/dp15203.pdf.
Reeves, A., Fransham, M., Stewart, K. and Patrick, R. (2022) Does capping social security harm health? A natural experiment in the UK, Social Policy and Administration, 56(3): 345–59. doi: 10.1111/spol.12768
Reis, S. (2018) The Female Face of Poverty: Examining the Cause and Consequences of Economic Deprivation for Women, London: Women’s Budget Group.
Richards-Gray, L. (2020) Political discourse and gendered welfare reform: a case study of the UK Coalition government, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 1–19.
Rubery, J. and Rafferty, A. (2014) Gender, recession and austerity in the UK, in M. Karamessini and J. Rubery (eds) Women and Austerity, London: Routledge, pp 123–43.
Stat-Xplore (2021) HB point-in-time caseload capped households for single parents by gender, https://stat-xplore.dwp.gov.uk/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml.
Sung, S. and Bennett, F. (2007) Dealing with money in low–moderate income couples: insights from individual interviews, in K. Clarke, T. Maltby and P. Kennett (eds) Social Policy Review 19: Analysis and Debate in Social Policy, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 151–73.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2012) Root and branch restructuring to achieve major cuts: the social policy programme of the 2010 UK coalition government, Social Policy & Administration, 46(1): 61–82.
Wood, M. (2021) Childcare costs and Universal Credit: awareness, affordability and the challenge of an embedded system, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 29(2): 203–20. doi: 10.1332/175982721X16172947026094
Women’s Aid (2018) Women’s Aid responds to Amber Rudd’s speech on Universal Credit and the two child limit, https://www.womensgrid.org.uk/?p=8434.
Work and Pensions Committee (2019a) The Two-child Limit: Third Report of Session 2019, London: House of Commons.
Work and Pensions Committee (2019b) The Benefit Cap: Twenty-fourth Report of Session 2017–19, London: House of Commons.
May 2022 onwards | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 348 | 348 | 40 |
Full Text Views | 240 | 240 | 56 |
PDF Downloads | 175 | 175 | 67 |