To address the gaps in the understanding of how social norms can be used to increase charitable donations, we conducted two experiments with 347 participants. We demonstrated the following: (a) that the norms supporting or not supporting charitable donations influence donation intentions; (b) that injunctive norms (what the majority of people approve of) have stronger influences on donation intentions than descriptive ones (what the majority of people do); and (c) that when injunctive and descriptive norms do not align, they demotivate individuals to donate by reducing perceptions of collective efficacy. Our findings expand the literature on charitable donation, social norms and collective efficacy and offer insights for charitable organisations in terms of increasing donations by crafting convincing marketing content.
Agerström, J., Carlsson, R., Nicklasson, L. and Guntell, L. (2016) Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving: the power of local norms, Journal of Economic Psychology, 52: 147–53.
Ajzen, I. (1991) The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2002) Constructing a TPB questionnaire: conceptual and methodological considerations, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Constructing-a-TpB-Questionnaire%3A-Conceptual-and-Ajzen/6074b33b529ea56c175095872fa40798f8141867?p2df.
Andersson, P.A., Erlandsson, A. and Västfjäll, D. (2022) Norm avoiders: the effect of optional descriptive norms on charitable donations, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 35(1): e2244.
Bardsley, N. (2008) Dictator game giving: altruism or artefact?, Experimental Economics, 11(2): 122–33. doi: 10.1007/s10683-007-9172-2
Bekkers, R. and Wiepking, P. (2011a) A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5): 924–73. doi: 10.1177/0899764010380927
Bekkers, R. and Wiepking, P. (2011b) Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part One: religion, education, age and socialization, Voluntary Sector Review, 2(3): 337–65. doi: 10.1332/204080511X6087712
Bergquist, M. and Nilsson, A. (2019) The DOs and DON’Ts in social norms: a descriptive Don’t‐norm increases conformity, Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 3(3): 158–66. doi: 10.1002/jts5.43
Bicchieri, C. (2005) The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bicchieri, C. and Dimant, E. (2019) Nudging with care: the risks and benefits of social information, Public Choice: 1–30.
Brown, S., Srivastava, P. and Taylor, K. (2012) Preach what you Practice? Donating Behaviour of Parents and their Offspring, Working Paper, Sheffield: University of Sheffield.
Cestac, J., Paran, F. and Delhomme, P. (2014) Drive as I say, not as I drive: influence of injunctive and descriptive norms on speeding intentions among young drivers, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 23: 44–56. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.12.006
Charities Aid Foundation (2020) UK giving and Covid-19, https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/caf-uk-giving-2020-covid-19.pdf.
Chen, Y., Zhu, L. and Chen, Z. (2013) Family income affects children’s altruistic behavior in the dictator game, PloS One, 8(11): e80419. doi: 10.1371/annotation/dd945f7c-c50b-461d-ab38-15e8b0966458
Choukas-Bradley, S., Giletta, M., Cohen, G.L. and Prinstein, M.J. (2015) Peer influence, peer status, and prosocial behavior: an experimental investigation of peer socialization of adolescents’ intentions to volunteer, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(12): 2197–210. doi: 10.1007/s10964-015-0373-2
Cialdini, R.B. and Goldstein, N.J. (2004) Social influence: compliance and conformity, Annual Review of Psychology, 55: 591–621. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
Cialdini, R.B., Reno, R.R. and Kallgren, C.A. (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6): 1015–26. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015.
Colliander, J. and Marder, B. (2018) ‘Snap happy’ brands: Increasing publicity effectiveness through a snapshot aesthetic when marketing a brand on Instagram. Computers in Human Behavior, 78: 34–43.
Craig, C.M., Brooks, M.E. and Bichard, S. (2021) Prosocial consumer socialization: how socialization agents impact prosocial attitudes and behavior, Atlantic Journal of Communication, 29(3): 136–50. doi: 10.1080/15456870.2020.1751627
Croson, R., Handy, F. and Shang, J. (2009) Keeping up with the Joneses: the relationship of perceived descriptive social norms, social information, and charitable giving, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 19(4): 467–89. doi: 10.1002/nml.232
Davies, J., Foxall, G.R. and Pallister, J. (2002) Beyond the intention–behaviour mythology: an integrated model of recycling, Marketing Theory, 2(1): 29–113. doi: 10.1177/1470593102002001645
Davis, R.E., Couper, M.P., Janz, N.K., Caldwell, C.H. and Resnicow, K. (2010) Interviewer effects in public health surveys, Health Education Research, 25(1): 14–26. doi: 10.1093/her/cyp046
Festinger, L. (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2): 117–40.
Frey, B.S. and Meier, S. (2004) Social comparisons and pro-social behavior: testing ‘conditional cooperation’ in a field experiment, American Economic Review, 94(5): 1717–22. doi: 10.1257/0002828043052187
Gibson, C.B. (1999) Do they do what they believe they can? Group efficacy and group effectiveness across tasks and cultures, Academy of Management Journal, 42(2): 138–52.
Göckeritz, S., Schultz, P.W., Rendón, T., Cialdini, R.B., Goldstein, N.J. and Griskevicius, V. (2010) Descriptive normative beliefs and conservation behavior: the moderating roles of personal involvement and injunctive normative beliefs, European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(3): 514–23.
Habib, R., White, K. and Hoegg, J. (2021) Everybody thinks we should but nobody does: how combined injunctive and descriptive norms motivate organ donor registration, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 31(3): 621–30. doi: 10.1002/jcpy.1220
Hayes, A.F. (2017) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach, 2nd edn, New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Hornikx, J., Hendriks, B. and Thijzen, D. (2010) The effects of cultural adaptation in fundraising letters: the case of Help-self and Help-others appeals in a feminine culture, Communications, 35(1): 93–110. doi: 10.1515/comm.2010.005
Hysenbelli, D., Rubaltelli, E. and Rumiati, R. (2013) Others’ opinions count, but not all of them: anchoring to ingroup versus outgroup members’ behavior in charitable giving, Judgment & Decision Making, 8(6): 678–90.
Internal Revenue Service (2021) Tax-exempt status for your organization, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p557.pdf.
Jones, E. E. and Gerard, H. B. (1967) Foundations of social psychology. New York: Wiley.
Lapinski, M.K. and Rimal, R.N. (2005) An explication of social norms, Communication Theory, 15(2): 127–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x
Lindersson, L., Guntell, L., Carlsson, R. and Agerström, J. (2019) Reassessing the impact of descriptive norms on charitable giving, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 24(1): e1617. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.1617
Maccoby, E.E. (2014) Historical overview of socialization research and theory, in J.E. Grusec and P.D. Hastings (eds) Handbook of Socialization, New York, NY: Guilford Press, pp 1–32.
Martin, R. and Randal, J. (2008) How is donation behaviour affected by the donations of others?, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 67(1): 228–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.08.001
McAuliffe, K., Raihani, N.J. and Dunham, Y. (2017) Children are sensitive to norms of giving, Cognition, 167: 151–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.006
McDonald, R.I., Fielding, K.S. and Louis, W.R. (2014) Conflicting norms highlight the need for action, Environment and Behavior, 46(2): 139–62. doi: 10.1177/0013916512453992
Mesch, D.J., Dwyer, P.C., Sherrin, S., Osili, U., Bergdoll, J., Pactor, A. and Ackerman, J. (2018) Encouraging giving to women’s & girls’ causes: the role of social norms, https://givingcompass.org/partners/gender-and-giving/report-social-norms.
Nadler, J. (2017) Expressive law, social norms, and social groups, Law & Social Inquiry, 42(1): 60–75.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J. and Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) The measurement of meaning, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Olson, M. (2009) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, second printing with a new preface and appendix, Vol. 124, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ottoni-Wilhelm, M., Zhang, Y., Estell, D.B. and Perdue, N.H. (2017) Raising charitable children: the effects of verbal socialization and role-modeling on children’s giving, Journal of Population Economics, 30(1): 189–224. doi: 10.1007/s00148-016-0604-1
Raihani, N.J. and McAuliffe, K. (2014) Dictator game giving: the importance of descriptive versus injunctive norms, PloS One, 9(12): e113826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113826
Reyniers, D. and Bhalla, R. (2013) Reluctant altruism and peer pressure in charitable giving, Judgment and Decision Making, 8(1): 7–15.
Rimal, R.N. and Real, K. (2003) Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behaviors, Communication Theory, 13(2): 184–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00288.x
Salamon, L. M. and Anheier, H. K. (1996) The emerging nonprofit sector: An overview, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Salamon, L. M., Hems, L. C. and Chinnock, K. (2000) The nonprofit sector: For what and for whom? Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies.
Shang, J. and Croson, R. (2009) A field experiment in charitable contribution: the impact of social information on the voluntary provision of public goods, The Economic Journal, 119(540): 1422–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02267.x
Smith, J.R. and Louis, W.R. (2008) Do as we say and as we do: the interplay of descriptive and injunctive group norms in the attitude–behaviour relationship, British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4): 647–66. doi: 10.1348/014466607X269748
Smith, J.R., Louis, W.R., Terry, D.J., Greenaway, K.H., Clarke, M.R. and Cheng, X. (2012) Congruent or conflicted? The impact of injunctive and descriptive norms on environmental intentions, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4): 353–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.06.001
Smith, J.R. and McSweeney, A. (2007) Charitable giving: the effectiveness of a revised theory of planned behaviour model in predicting donating intentions and behavior, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17(5): 363–86.
Stapel, D.A. and Blanton, H. (2007) Social Comparison Theories: Key Readings, Hove: Psychology Press.
Thomas, E.F., McGarty, C., Reese, G., Berndsen, M. and Bliuc, A.M. (2016) Where there is a (collective) will, there are (effective) ways: integrating individual- and group-level factors in explaining humanitarian collective action, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(12): 1678–92. doi: 10.1177/0146167216669134
Thompson, K. (2017) An introduction to culture, socialisation, and social norms, https://revisesociology.com/2017/08/04/culture-socialisation-social-norms-introduction.
Van Hoorn, J., van Dijk, E., Meuwese, R., Rieffe, C. and Crone, E.A. (2016) Peer influence on prosocial behavior in adolescence, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1): 90–100. doi: 10.1111/jora.12173
Vargas, P.T., Duff, B.R. and Faber, R.J. (2017) A practical guide to experimental advertising research, Journal of Advertising, 46(1): 101–14. doi: 10.1080/00913367.2017.1281779
Wiepking, P. and Bekkers, R. (2012) Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part Two: Gender, family composition and income, Voluntary Sector Review, 3(2): 217–45. doi: 10.1332/204080512X649379
May 2022 onwards | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 35 | 35 | 35 |
Full Text Views | 36 | 36 | 2 |
PDF Downloads | 31 | 31 | 2 |