Cover The Allied Health Professions
The Allied Health Professions
A Sociological Perspective
Series:
Sociology of Health Professions

Index

Publication Date:
10 Mar 2021
Pages:
231–242
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447345381.bm002
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A

Abbott, A. 12–13, 20–21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 65, 148–149, 184
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health practice 31, 81–82, 193
accreditation 31, 54, 62, 113, 135, 161, 177
acupuncture 6, 30, 135
Adams, T. 61–62, 70, 74
advanced practice 33, 179, 200
Africa 36, 77
ageing populations 44, 94–95, 100, 137, 165, 192, 201
Agenda for Change 32, 34, 118, 138, 176, 196
AHPA (Allied Health Professions Australia) 5–6, 31, 107, 109–110, 123, 131
AHPF (Allied Health Professions Federation) 5, 93–94
AHPRA (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency) 136, 193
Al Busaidy, N. S. M. 38, 39
Allied Health Aotearoa New Zealand 131
Allsop, J. 108, 131
alternative medicine see complementary and alternative medicine
altruism 9, 86
AMA (Australian Medical Association) 42–43, 50
American Occupational Therapy Association 76
American Physiotherapy Association 73
Anglo-American focus 29, 35–36, 38, 111
Arabic countries 38
army medical training 156
art therapy 30
artificial intelligence (AI) 12, 116, 198
art-science distinction 12, 17, 115
Asia 36, 39
assistant/aide grades 19, 20, 137, 153
  see also support workers
attributes, key 8–9
audiology 28, 29, 107, 134, 135
Australia
chiropractic 31
competency-based training 176
DEs (development educators) 119–125, 193
devolved healthcare markets 32
diabetes education 177–181
early training courses 50
ethnic diversity 77, 81–82
funding 1–2, 43–44, 197
gender diversity 59
global mutual recognition of qualifications 40–41
health and social care context 42–46, 196
historical context 30–31, 50–52, 197
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 116–119
optometry 77–78, 86, 89–91, 96
organisation of allied health 197
osteopathy 34
OTAs (occupational therapy assistants) 136
pedorthics 110–116, 126
physiotherapy 80, 151
podiatry 31, 41, 143, 146–147
prescription of medicines 86, 96, 104, 164, 166, 167–168, 170, 197
professional recognition 5–6, 109–110, 193
radiography 99–100
reason for focus on 1, 4, 40
registration requirements 53
rural allied health generalist model 181–187
senior leadership 195
state control over healthcare 53–55, 197
support workers 133, 135
autonomy 20, 21, 27–28, 63, 84, 85, 89, 138, 154
auxiliary workers 3, 30, 53, 131–150

B

BAME (black, Asian and minority ethnic) people 74–82
Bennett, C. J. 151
Bentham, J. 15
Bithell, C. 79
Black, R. M. 75
BMA (British Medical Association) 7, 53, 87, 88, 98, 117, 159
Board of Registration of Medical Auxiliaries 7, 53, 98, 159
body part-based jurisdictions 28, 33, 47, 84, 85, 155–156, 193
bonesetters 37–38, 48
Boniol, M. 59–60
Borthwick, A. 4, 16, 19, 23, 32, 38, 39, 74, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 104, 134, 137, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164, 170, 178, 179, 180, 188
Bourdieu, P. 22–24, 105, 162, 163, 200
Boyce, R. 30, 83, 85, 93, 195, 196, 198–199
brokering models 148, 150
Brooks, C. 78

C

Calderdale Framework 135, 171, 183, 186
Canada
allied health generally 32, 39, 41
diabetes education 178
diversity 61, 70, 72, 77
legal frameworks 156
optometry 96
pedorthics 111
state control over healthcare 54
support workers 133
capitalism 10–11, 61
  see also neo-liberalism
care outcomes, accountability for 141, 147, 194–195
care workers 60, 65
career choices 71–72, 78–79
career progressions 132, 137, 139–140, 179
caring aspects of work 61–68, 71, 74, 99, 153, 180–181, 188, 194, 198
Carlton, A.-L. 31, 42, 51, 53
Carmel, S. 93, 185
Carvalho, T. 169
case management roles 175
cast technicians 134, 135
CDEs (credentialed diabetes educators) 177–181
Cena, L. 75–76, 77
certification of professional status 18, 31, 62, 88, 114, 177
  see also protected titles ; registration requirements ; training
chartered status 87, 98
Chau, M. 77
Chen, M.-S. 36
China 36–37, 39
Chinese medicine 31, 37
chiropody 30, 48, 53, 155, 158
  see also podiatry
chiropractic 6, 28, 30, 31, 47, 59, 72–74, 84, 85
CHM (Commission on Human Medicines) 94, 102, 103, 166–167
chronic conditions 1, 43, 112, 115, 153, 185–186
class structures 10–11, 76, 140–141
clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) 155, 168–169, 170
clinical management plans (CMPs) 102, 165
Coalition of Health Professionals (New South Wales) 31
Cochrane collaboration 34–35
codes of conduct/ethics 108, 121, 122, 126
codification 12, 51, 133–135, 148, 154, 175–176, 182–185, 191
collective recognition 7, 27–55, 83, 92–97, 179, 191–194, 195
commodification of tasks 173, 175, 182–183
community-based care 44, 120, 127, 140, 149, 186, 188
competencies
codification of 135
competency-based training 176
cultural competence approaches 76–77
international registrations 40
pay scales 32, 118
post-professionalism 188
reorganisations based on 134
support workers 142
surgery 156
testing of 54
competition
between allied health professions 33, 122–123, 197–198, 201
costs of entry to professions 114
historical context 8
internal markets 160, 161
inter-professional 118
with the medical profession 51, 152
neo-Weberianism 17
occupational imperialism 20
for patients 29
private sector markets 201
symbolic capital and symbolic violence 163
competitive tendering 94–95
complementary and alternative medicine 5, 6, 30, 31, 34–35, 193
complex cases 138–139, 149, 174, 185–186, 187, 189, 192
consultant-level allied health practitioners 34, 99, 104
Cope Committee 29–30, 98
Corbett, R. 116, 118, 128
co-regulation 54, 113–114, 122, 125–126, 197
costs of entry 114, 117–118, 127–128
Coulter, I. 34–35
Council of the Professions Supplementary to Medicine 30
counselling 107
COVID-19 3, 75–76, 192, 200
craft guilds 50, 110–111, 115
credential creep 118, 127–128
Crown Report (UK) 92, 95, 101, 165
cultural competence approaches 76–77
cultural heritage 36, 38–39, 140
cultural safety 76
CWP (Changing Workforce Programme) 137, 196

D

Dagnall, J. 48
Dahl-Michelsen, T. 67, 69, 70, 72, 74
Davis, M. 99, 104
definitions of allied health professions 2, 4–6, 27–32, 109, 191–192, 193
delegation of tasks
‘ditching the dirty work’ 149, 153
medicine 32, 131–132, 133, 152
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 136–143
outside professions 197
podiatric surgery 160
podiatry assistants 143–147
post-professionalism 173–189
dental hygienists 70
dentistry
Australia 31
body part-based jurisdictions 16, 84
cultural competence approaches 78
disciplinary power 14, 15
gender diversity 60, 61–62, 70
jurisdictions 28
mainstream medical professions 6
prescription of medicines 163–164
professionalisation 155–156
protected titles 162
UK 7
deprofessionalisation 12, 146, 169, 174, 175, 202
DEs (development educators) 29, 44, 107, 119–129, 193
diabetes education 34, 107, 126, 175, 177–181, 197
diagnosis 16, 90, 94, 104, 148, 154, 198
diagnostic radiography 30, 74, 101–102, 103
dietetics 30, 54, 59, 147
disabilities, people with 43–44, 112, 115, 119–125
disciplinary power 14–17
discursive strategies 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 180, 200
diversity 57–80, 193
divisions of labour
diversity 61, 63, 70
implications for the sociology of the professions 199–202
occupational imperialism 20
optometry 86
post-professionalism 188
support workers 131–150
drama therapy 30
dual closure 18, 19, 199
Duckett, S. 132, 189, 192
Duffy, J. 135, 183

E

Ehrenreich, B. 11
elite professions 11, 21, 28
Ellison, C. 119, 121, 123
Elston, M. 11, 12, 20
emergency mobilisation of workforce 192
emerging allied professions 28–29, 32, 34, 46–55, 107–129, 197
entrepreneurship 32, 197
entry criteria
ethnic diversity 79
optometry 91
pedorthics 112–113, 126
physiotherapy 67
qualifying associations 109
restricted access to professions 51
variable across professions 18, 54, 108, 153, 193
see also training
ethnicity 74–82, 193
ethnocentrism 35–36, 77
Etzioni, A. 9, 100, 108
European Union 40
Evetts, J. 169
evidence-based practice 14, 34–35, 135, 176, 194–195
exclusivity 18, 62, 64–65, 105, 108, 152, 163, 175, 184, 200
exercise physiology 29, 48, 107, 126, 197

F

Farndon, L. 145, 152
fee-for-service models 43, 186–187, 198
feminisation 58–59, 62–63, 64, 66, 74
Fennell, M. L. 124, 152, 153
First World War 51, 68, 97–98, 111, 119
flexibility 2, 32, 34, 93–95, 102–103, 161–165, 171, 189–192, 197
Foucault, M. 14–17
Freidson, E. 19, 21, 28, 33, 103, 154
functionalist perspectives 8–9, 86
funding
and accreditation 54
Australia 1–2, 43–44, 197
DEs (development educators) 124
and emerging professions 107, 109
fee-for-service models 43, 186–187, 198
feminisation 66
internal markets 170
pedorthics 112, 114, 127
prescription of medicines 168
rural allied health generalist model 186–187
shortages 194
for training 46
UK 1–2, 45, 196
US 29
Fuscaldo, G. 78

G

gender diversity 58–70, 73–74, 80, 153, 161, 194
General Medical Council 42, 50
genetic counselling 107
gig economy 198–199
global workforces 40–42, 62
governmentality 17
GPs 43, 45, 160, 168, 170
Grant, M. J. 151
Gray, M. 76
Greater Northern Australia Regional Training Network (GNARTN) 181
Greenwood, N. 79, 80
gymnastics 48

H

Hamilton, J. 77
Hammond, J. A. 77, 79, 81
Hancock, H. 142
Hardy, M. L. 99
Haug, M. R. 175
HCPC (Health and Care Professions Council) 5, 30, 38, 40, 46, 95, 131, 136, 161, 170, 193, 196
health inequalities 75–76
health insurance 43, 73, 170
health literacy 78
Health Professions Council of Australia 30–31
health visiting 153
Health Workforce Australia 96
Heap, R. 72, 73
herbalism 30, 52
hierarchies in allied professions 19, 20, 23, 28, 132, 146, 169, 179, 186–187, 191
hierarchies of medicine 4–5, 29, 32–33, 34, 152, 159, 179, 187, 191
historical context 3–10, 27–28, 35, 48–55, 83–87, 107–108, 133, 196
Hogg, P. 98, 99, 101, 102
homeopathy 6, 30, 84
Howe, D. 153
HPC (Health Professions Council) 30, 107, 117, 118
Hughes, E. 10, 149
Hugman, R. 18, 19, 21, 131, 142, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 188
hybrid professionalism 149, 180, 186, 191

I

incorporation 185
independent prescriber status 86, 95, 96–97, 101–102, 103, 151–152, 165
indeterminacy see technicality-indeterminacy ratio
India 39, 78
Indigenous Allied Health Australia 31
indigenous workers 31, 81–82
Industrial Revolution 4, 35, 48, 49–50, 57, 111
interactionist sociology 9–10
interdisciplinary teams 173, 174, 185, 195–196
internal closure 19, 62, 131, 153
internal markets 159, 170
international comparisons 196–198
international context 35–40
interprofessional working 21, 72–74, 77, 84, 92–97, 122, 154, 161, 173–189, 192
intersectionality 39, 57, 71, 72
intra-professional tensions 33, 117–118
Islamic culture 39, 78, 80

J

Jamous, H. 12, 13, 14, 116, 134, 175, 176, 181, 182, 183
Japan 111
Johnson, T. 12, 17

K

Kennedy, S. 65, 69, 71, 72, 74
King, O. 154, 177, 179, 180, 182, 188
knowledge
abstract 13–14
codification 12, 51, 133–135, 148, 154, 175–176, 182–185, 191
craft knowledge 13–14
democratisation of 175
disciplinary power 14–17
and expertise 12
medicine’s authority over 28
patient knowledge 12
professional authority 28
professional knowledge 12–14
professional project 21–22
role jurisdictions 21
scientific 14, 28, 61, 86, 176
and specialisation 153
tacit knowledge 13, 134
technical versus knowledge-based skills 62–63
women’s 61
see also technicality-indeterminacy ratio
Kritzer, H. M. 175, 178

L

laboratory technicians 30
labour shortages
COVID-19 192
and diversity 62, 66
emerging allied professions 46, 117
implications for the sociology of the professions 201
post-professionalism 187
prescription of medicines 167
radiography 100, 102
rural allied health generalist model 181
support workers 132, 143, 147, 148–149
language 36, 77, 140
Larkin, G. V. 7, 20, 21, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52–53, 62, 83, 84, 87, 88, 97, 98, 107, 115, 126, 127, 146, 151, 155, 158, 188, 192
Larson, M. 21–22, 49, 109, 117–118, 131
leadership 194–196
legal frameworks 6–7, 23, 156, 167, 180, 192
  see also regulation
legitimation processes 30, 47, 84, 158, 160, 170
Leicht, K. 124, 152, 153
Lewis, S. J. 99, 100
licensing frameworks 53–55, 127
Lindsay, S. 66, 74
Linker, B. 68, 69, 73, 74
litigation 156
lobbying groups 31, 195
local anaesthetics 156, 157, 164
local community, workers from 140
low-income countries 36–40, 41
low-risk work 145, 147
low-status work 32–33, 131–132, 146, 152–153, 186–187, 188
lymphoedema therapy 107

M

Macdonald, K. M. 4, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22, 35, 60–61, 62, 64, 65–66, 74, 108, 109, 152
MacDonald, R. 35–36, 79
machine learning 12, 116, 198
Mackey, H. 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 176
managerial roles, progressing to 132, 139–140, 183, 195
managerialism
and the allied health collective 46, 52–53, 191
medical power 200
NHS 159–160
optometry 94–95, 104
post-professionalism 175, 187
prescription of medicines 169
specialisation 161, 170
support workers 133–134, 140, 141, 148–149
marketplaces
commercial gain 86, 91, 115
implications for the sociology of the professions 201
internal markets 159, 170
labour markets 49
Marxist theory 11
neo-Weberianism 17
pedorthics 111–112, 127
podiatry/chiropody 157, 159
prescription of medicines 165
quasi-markets 45
sociology of the professions 8
stability 32
Marxist theory 9, 10–12, 15
Mason, J. 6
massage 48, 52, 67
Matthews, B. 119, 121, 123
McPherson, K. 34
Medical Act 1858 (Australia) 51
Medical Act 1983 (UK) 160, 162
medical imperialism 86
medical physicists 74
Medicare 43, 54, 100
medicine
brand recognition 27
co-dependency with 85
divisions of labour 11–12, 84
evidence-based practice 14
gender diversity 59, 60, 61
generalist focus 32, 153–154
global mutual recognition of qualifications 40
influence on regulatory frameworks 46–47
medical dominance 51–52, 84, 85, 86, 88–89, 90–92, 200
medical hegemony 27, 46, 48, 51, 68, 83, 170
normative coercion 15
occupational jurisdictions 12, 108, 200
prescription of medicines 163–164
prestigious titles 23
professional dominance 19
relationship with allied health 27–28, 85, 197–198
specialisations within 32–33, 34, 152, 154
Medicines Act 1960/1968 (UK) 93, 156, 163, 164
medico-bureaucratic alliance 52–53, 83–84, 104
Meerabeau, L. 65
mental health services 175
‘mental retardation’ nurses 124–125
mentoring 168
micro-aggressions 81
micro-credentialing 135–136
micro-specialisations 134, 135
middle classes 11, 49, 52, 70, 72, 75, 76, 90, 141
midwifery 31, 60, 84, 153
migration 40–42, 62
Millerson, G. 48, 108
Murphy, R. 18
music therapy 30
myotherapy 107

N

Nancarrow, S. 27, 28, 32, 59, 74, 93, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 150, 157, 176, 178, 179, 182, 185, 188, 195
NASRHP (National Alliance for Self Regulated Health Professions) 123, 126, 193
National Allied Health Conference, Australia 1992 30
National Health Act 1952 (Australia) 92
National Insurance Act 1936 (UK) 88
Navarro, V. 11, 141
NDIS (National Disability Insurance Scheme) 43–44, 120, 175
negative licensing 54
neo-liberalism 1–2, 45, 94, 157, 159, 170
neo-Weberianism
delegation of tasks 132
diversity 62, 64–65
emerging allied professions 108, 114
established allied health professions 83, 84, 86, 104
implications for the sociology of the professions 199, 201
knowledge monopolies 175, 191
prescription of medicines 166
professionalisation 124, 150
and the professions 10, 11, 12, 17–24, 187
and specialisation 154–155
Nettleton, S. 14, 15, 16, 38
New Public Management 169
New Zealand 54, 77, 96, 99, 121, 151
NHS (National Health Service, UK)
Agenda for Change 32, 34, 118, 138, 176, 196
centralised model 31–32
CWP (Changing Workforce Programme) 137, 196
emerging allied professions 107
health and social care context 43
and the history of allied health professions 29–30
HR in the NHS Plan 137
independent prescriber status 96
monopolies 196
NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework 176
podiatric surgery 159–162
prescription of medicines 164–166, 168
recognition of allied health 5, 7, 126
sociohistorical context 44–45
state control over healthcare 53–55
support workers 132, 133
technicising tendency 176
workforce supply levers 129
NHS and Community Care Act 1990 (UK) 99
Nicholls, D. A. 69, 176
Nigeria 37–38
non-Western perspectives 4, 35–40, 75, 111
Noordegraaf, M. 149, 169, 179, 183, 185, 191
North America see Canada ; US
North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare Trust 137–143
Northern Ireland 45, 96
Norway 72
NRAS (National Registration and Accreditation Scheme, Australia) 31, 41, 100
nursing
Australia 31
brand recognition 27
costs of professionalisation 128
diabetes education 178–180
differentiation from other professions 52, 65, 73
disability 120
diversity 58, 60, 68, 194
generalist focus 32
global mutual recognition of qualifications 40
hierarchies in 33, 34
indeterminacy-technicality ratio 181
interdependency with medicine 84
medical dominance 20, 51
occupational jurisdictions 200
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 116–117, 118
physiotherapy 52
podiatry 146
prescription of medicines 96, 164, 165, 166
professional project 66
radiography 63, 64, 99–100
semi-professions 9, 108
specialisations within 32–33, 153, 187
unsuccessful professions 124–125

O

occupational closure 18, 63, 65, 117, 152, 185
  see also professional closure
occupational imperialism 20
occupational therapy
Anglo-American background 38–39
Australian recognition of 31
as ‘core’ allied profession 28
diversity 59, 68–69, 76, 79
indeterminacy-technicality ratio 176
NHS recognition of 30
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 136–143, 149
registration requirements 54
rural allied health generalist model 184
occupations versus professions 10, 108
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 30, 107, 116–119, 127–128
Olgiati, V. 22
Olofsson, G. 128
Olson, S. 27, 28, 29
oncology 101–102
Onyemaechi, N. O. 37–38
optometry
Australian recognition of 31
body part-based jurisdictions 84
as ‘core’ allied profession 7, 28
cultural competence approaches 77–78
gender diversity 59
historical context 7, 48, 53, 85, 86, 87, 115, 192
scientific basis 86–87
status with relation to medicine 86–92, 94, 103–105, 201
orthoptics 30, 59
orthotics see prosthetics
osteopathy 5, 30, 31, 34, 47, 59, 74, 84, 85
Ottosson, A. 67–68

P

paramedics 30, 165, 166, 167
Parkin, F. 9, 12, 17, 18, 124
Parsons, T. 8
part-time working 72
patient group directions (PGDs) 101, 102, 165
patient pathways 109
patient-centred approaches 45, 62, 133, 149, 176, 184, 185, 187
patriarchy 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70
patronage 52, 63
pay scales
Australia 179
common pay scales 32
gender pay gap 64
NHS 32, 117, 118, 137
pay parity 117, 128
and professionalisation 128
specialisations 151
support workers 138
Payne, K. 72, 74
pedorthics 50, 107, 110–116, 125–129
Peloille, B. 12, 13, 14, 116, 134, 175, 176, 181, 182, 183
perfusionists 107
pharmacy 6, 28, 60, 66, 96, 165, 166, 168
Philip, K. 33
phlebotomy 135
physician assistants 66
physiotherapy
Australia 31, 41, 50
as ‘core’ allied profession 28
cultural competence approaches 79
diversity 66–74, 79, 80, 81
historical context 140
and the history of allied health professions 30
indeterminacy-technicality ratio 176
jurisdictions 72–73
NHS recognition of 30
non-Western perspectives 39
and nursing 52
occupational status 80
prescription of medicines 165, 166, 167, 168
rural allied health generalist model 184
specialisations within 151
Pickard, S. 152
podiatry
ancient origins 48, 85
Australia 31, 41
body part-based jurisdictions 84
as ‘core’ allied profession 28
diabetes specialists 180
global mutual recognition of qualifications 40–41
high-status roles 74
historical context 50
podiatry assistants 143–147
prescription of medicines 164–165, 166, 167, 168
registration requirements 54
scientific basis 86–87
surgery 145, 146–147, 152, 155–163, 169
UK 50
policy-level decision-making 195
postgraduate qualifications 39, 96, 157, 168, 177, 185
post-professionalism 173–189, 192
power
authority and sovereignty 20
disciplinary power 14–17
indeterminacy-technicality ratio 181
and language 140
Marxist theory 10
micro-powers 14–17
neo-Weberianism 17
professional authority 28
professional dominance 19–21
and the professional project 105
re-stratification of 169
sociology of the professions 9–10
and specialisation 153, 154–155, 157
symbolic capital and symbolic violence 22–24, 163, 200
Powers, J. 157
pre-profession stages 34, 48–50
prescription of medicines
as core of medicine 154
history of allied health professions 19, 163–171, 197
managerialism 170
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117
optometry 86, 92–93
podiatry 151–152
radiography 101–103
state control over healthcare 103–104
prestige 23, 74, 163, 200
private healthcare
Australia 43
funding 194
gender diversity 60, 72, 194
implications for the sociology of the professions 201
non-hospital-based care 186
origins of practices 85
pedorthics 112
podiatry 147, 157, 158
prescription of medicines 168
retail business 86
and support workers 143
UK 45
profession, definition of 10, 13
professional associations 50, 108, 109, 111, 112, 117–118
professional bodies 54, 63, 85, 108, 144–145, 158, 196
professional closure
allied health generally 66
and the delegation of lower-status tasks 131–132
DEs (development educators) 122, 125
exercise therapy 126–127
medicine 105
neo-Weberianism 64–65, 84
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117, 118
pedorthics 114
professionalisation 108–109, 125–126, 128
and the professions generally 18–19, 61, 200
professional identities
allied health generally 38, 108, 193
confederated nature of management 195
default identities 81
DEs (development educators) 121, 123
diabetes education 178
medical registration 51
optometry 93
post-professionalism 173–174
professional project 21–22, 66, 67, 90, 109, 125–126, 131, 150, 180, 192
professionalisation 31, 34, 38, 39, 48–55, 86–92, 107–129, 154
Professions Supplementary to Medicine Act 1960 (UK) 30, 53, 107, 164, 196
prohibition from practice 54
promotion 71–72
  see also career progressions
prosthetics 30, 59, 111, 112, 127
protected titles
and the allied health collective 32, 50, 51, 52–53, 54
CDE (credentialed diabetes educators) 177
DEs (development educators) 122
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 127
optometry 89
pedorthics 114
podiatry 160, 169–170
symbolic capital 162–163
psychology 31
psychotherapy 107
public good 8, 108, 127
public safety perspectives 53–54
purchaser-provider systems 94–95, 159

Q

quasi-markets 45

R

race/ethnicity 74–82
radiography
cultural competence approaches 76–77
gender diversity 62–64, 65, 71–72
historical context 85, 97–98, 99, 192
and the history of allied health professions 30
interdependency with medicine 84
NHS recognition of 30
prescription of medicines 101–103, 165
status with relation to medicine 97–101, 103–105
technological developments 33
radiology 63, 97, 100
recruitment 79
  see also entry criteria
referral pathways 109
regional coordination 45
registration requirements
Australia 31, 41, 53
historical context 50–52, 53
medical registration 50–52
non-state 127
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117
optometry 84, 87, 89, 90, 91
pedorthics 113
podiatry/chiropody 158
social closure 18
UK 30, 38, 52–53
voluntary registration 52, 117
regulation
advanced practice 34
Australia 31–32, 38
co-dependency with medicine 85
co-regulation 54, 113–114, 122, 125–126, 197
emerging allied professions 109
and emerging professions 107
international context 35–36
medical dominance 47
non-Western perspectives 39
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117–118
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 141–142
podiatry 155, 158
post-professionalism 185
rural allied health generalist model 187
self-regulation 15, 19, 38, 54, 110, 113–114, 119, 122, 125–127, 193, 197
state control over healthcare 53–55
UK 30, 38
rehabilitation 29, 33, 107, 126
remote care 198
Riska, E. 64, 65
robotics 198
role jurisdictions 19, 21, 28, 72–73, 84–87, 138–139, 155–156, 177, 180, 181–187, 193
Rumney, N. 95
rural providers 31, 37, 134, 181–187, 188

S

Saks, M. 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 17, 22, 30, 51, 83, 84, 105, 108, 124, 131, 140, 149, 150, 154, 155, 169, 170, 180, 187
Schofield, T. 59
Schott, K-H. 110
scope of practice
allied health generally 7, 40–41, 47, 51, 52, 193–194
and the delegation of lower-status tasks 131–132
DEs (development educators) 122
diabetes education 178, 180
independent prescriber status 95
optometry 88, 90
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 139
podiatry assistants 144
podiatry/chiropody 158–159
prescription of medicines 104
radiography 98
state control over healthcare 54
Scotland 45, 96
scrutiny 35, 94
self-regulation 15, 19, 38, 54, 110, 113–114, 119, 122, 125–127, 193, 197
Selig, S. 77–78
semi-professions 9, 18, 108, 128
senior leadership in allied health 195–196
service commissioning models 45, 199
service user approaches 76
Shams-Avari, P. 77
Singapore 39
Smith, A. C. 3
Smith, R. 135, 183
social care 44, 45, 46, 196
social closure 18–19, 61, 64–65, 84, 108, 200
  see also occupational closure ; professional closure
social model of disability 43–44, 119, 123–124
social workers 46, 108
social-constructivism 65
socialisation theory 64, 71
socioeconomic status 78–79
sociohistorical context 6–8, 9, 10, 29, 35–36, 44–45, 61, 200
sociology 2–3, 4, 8–24, 29, 35, 57, 128, 174, 199–202
sociopolitical circumstances 4, 38, 45, 60, 67, 76, 134, 143, 147, 200
Solbraekke, K.N. 69
sonography 28, 29, 107–108
specialisation 7, 151–171, 179
speech language therapy 28, 30, 41, 54, 59, 79, 80
spiritual counselling 107
Stapleford, J. 79, 80
state control
and allied health 197–198
and the allied health collective 17, 53–55
DEs (development educators) 124–125
emerging allied professions 108, 118, 119–120
established allied health professions 84, 87, 103
implications for the sociology of the professions 201
optometry 91
professionalisation 126
support workers 149
statistics on allied health professions 27
stigmatised patient groups 124, 152, 153
Suckling, S. 116, 118, 128
supervision 70, 88, 98, 100, 127, 141, 144–145, 160, 168
supplementary prescribing 95, 101, 165–166, 196
support workers 131–150, 200
surgery 51, 151–152, 154, 155–162, 169–170
surveillance 15–17
Sweden 67, 68
symbolic capital and symbolic violence 22–24, 105, 162–163, 200

T

tacit knowledge 13, 134
Tanner, J. 116, 117, 127, 141, 180
Tawiah, A. K. 39
taxonomic approach to professions 8–9, 108, 131, 199
Taylorism 134
technicality-indeterminacy ratio 12–14, 116, 134, 139, 148, 175–176, 181–183, 187–188, 201
technicising tendency 176
technique-based jurisdictions 28, 33, 193
technological developments
and allied health 198–199
emerging allied professions 49
Industrial Revolution 49
Marxist theory 12
pedorthics 115–116
producing divisions in medical work 33
radiography 97, 98–99
telehealth/e-health 3
theatre technicians 117
therapeutic radiography 30, 101–102
Timmons, S. 116, 117, 118, 119, 127, 141, 180
Titcomb, L. 94, 95
Todd, C. 79, 80
training
as ‘allied health professionals’ 195–196
Australia versus UK 46
CDE (credentialed diabetes educators) 177
competency-based 135, 176
credential creep 128
cultural competence approaches 76–77
DEs (development educators) 120, 123, 124
desexualisation of 69–70
emerging allied professions 108, 109–110
ethnic diversity 75, 78–79
and feminisation 63
interdisciplinary teams 174
managerialism 170
in medical specialisms 32
microcredentialing 135–136
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117, 118, 127–128
optometry 91–92, 95
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 139–140
pedorthics 112–113, 127–128
physiotherapy 67
podiatry 156, 157, 159, 161
post-professionalism 174
pre-profession stages 50
prescription of medicines 168
radiography 98, 100
and social closure 109
in supervision 141
support workers 144
see also postgraduate qualifications ; university-level training ; vocational training
trait-based perspectives on professions 9, 100
transdisciplinary practice 173, 174
Traynor, M. 13–14, 175, 182
Truong, M. 77–78
Turner, B. 4, 5, 15, 27–28, 30, 32, 47, 84

U

UK
British/American ethnocentricity 35
diabetes education 197
dietetic support workers 147
formal recognition of ‘allied health professionals’ 5
funding 1–2, 45, 196
health and social care context 42–46
historical context 29–30, 52, 196–197
international registrations 40
legal frameworks 156
medical registration 50–52
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 116–119
optometry 86, 87, 96
osteopathy 30, 34
OTAs (occupational therapy assistant) practitioners 136–143
pedorthics 111, 127
physiotherapy 66–67, 80
podiatry 143–147, 155–162
prescription of medicines 86, 92–97, 104, 163–164, 165–171
radiography 99, 100
reason for focus on 1, 4, 40
recognition of allied health 193
scope of practice 52
specialisations 155
state control over healthcare 53–55
unions 179, 186
university-level training
credential creep 128
DEs (development educators) 120, 122, 123
ODPs (operating department practitioners) 117, 118
pedorthics 109, 113
podiatry/chiropody 161
unsuccessful professions 125
US
allied health generally 29, 32
Ambrit fallacy 35
diabetes education 177, 178
ethnic diversity 75, 77
optometry 96
pedorthics 110, 111
physiotherapy 68, 73
podiatry/chiropody 157
regulatory bodies 39
state control over healthcare 54
support workers 147

V

veterinary science 62, 163–164
Victorian Allied Health Workforce Research Project 59, 194
Victorian Assistant Workforce Model (VAWM) 135
Vietnam 39
virtuoso roles 21, 33, 147, 152, 153, 188, 202
vocational training 111, 112, 114, 117, 128, 131, 137, 138, 142, 144
voluntary registration 52, 117

W

Wales 45, 96
Webb, F. 143, 146
Weber, M. 9, 10, 17–24
Western medicine 35, 36, 37, 74–75, 76
whole-body knowledge 32, 33
Wilensky, H. L. 48, 108, 148
Willis, E. 19–20, 34–35, 36, 50, 90, 92
Witz, A. 19, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 74, 97, 98, 99, 108, 151
workforce shortages see labour shortages
working classes 11, 90, 140–141
World Health Organization 37, 59–60

Y

Yeowell, G. 76, 79, 81
Yielder, J. 99, 104

Z

Zetka, J. R. 152, 187

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