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Institutionalisation, Place-Making and City Building
Willem Salet, Camila D’Ottaviano, Stan Majoor and Daniël Bossuyt
With a foreword by Oren Yiftachel
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Cover design by Andrew Corbett
Front cover image: ‘Solidaridad Quitumbe, Quito’ by Hernán Espinoza and Janaina Marx
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List of figures and tables xi
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Notes on contributors xiii
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Foreword xix
Oren Yiftachel
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Preface xxi
Willem Salet, Camila D’Ottaviano, Stan Majoor and Daniël Bossuyt
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1
Introduction: Self-building as a right to the city 1
Willem Salet, Camila D’Ottaviano, Stan Majoor and Daniël Bossuyt
- Part I The changing décor of governance
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2
The institutionalisation of self-build governance: exemplifying governance relationships in São Paulo/Brazil/Latin America 23
Camila D’Ottaviano, Suzana Pasternak, Jorge Bassani and Caio Santo Amore
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3
Contested governance of housing for low- and middle-income groups in European city-regions: the pivotal role of commissioning 43
Willem Salet and Daniël Bossuyt
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4
Self-building in contested spaces: livelihoods and productivity challenges of the urban poor in Africa 57
Nicky Pouw and Marina Humblot
- Part II Changing housing regimes
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5
My House, My Life Programme – Entities: two self-management experiences in the city of São Paulo 79
Camila D’Ottaviano, Adelcke Rossetto Netto, Cecília Andrade Fiúza, Flávia Massimetti and Juliana do Amaral Costa Lima
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6
The Solano Trindade housing occupation as an urban self-management project in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro 101
Luciana Corrêa do Lago, Fernanda Petrus and Irene de Queiroz e Mello
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7
Self-management and the production of habitat: a case study of the Alianza Solidaria Housing Cooperative in Quito 121 Hernán Espinoza Riera, Andrés Cevallos Serrano, Bernardo Rosero, Irina Godoy and Janaina Marx
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8
Residents’ experiences of self-build housing 143
Daniël Bossuyt
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9
Residential experiences in times of shifting housing regimes in Istanbul 167
Zeynep Enlil and İclal Dinçer
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10
The experience of an African city: urban areas in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 191
Adama Belemviré
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11
The implications of self-build for the social and spatial shape of city-regions: exemplifying the cases of São Paulo and Amsterdam 209
Camila D’Ottaviano, Stan Majoor, Suzana Pasternak and Willem Salet
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12
From neighbourhood self-organisation to city building: the case of Bathore, Kamëz (Albania) 229
Ledio Allkja
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13
Conclusion: The normalisation of moral ownership 245
Willem Salet, Camila D’Ottaviano, Stan Majoor and Daniël Bossuyt
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Index 269
- 2.1 Vistas Moravia, Medellin 24
- 2.2 Jardim Lapenna, São Paulo 25
- 2.3 Villa 31, Buenos Aires 26
- 4.1 Urban area sub-division, 1932–2003 67
- 4.2 Selected food producers groups in urban and peri-urban Ouagadougou 68
- 4.3 Self-built food production systems in (peri-)urban agriculture 69
- 4.4 Self-built water irrigation system in (peri-)urban agriculture 70
- 5.1 Dandara building 90
- 5.2 Maria Domitila Assembly 91
- 6.1 Solano Trindade map 107
- 6.2 Timber roof design course 108
- 6.3 Participatory project: families and the technical advisory team 111
- 6.4 BET construction process 115
- 6.5 Vegetarian cookery course 116
- 7.1 The ‘Solidaridad Quitumbe’ social housing project is located in the south of the city of Quito, enclosed by the Ortega and El Carmen quebradas (5 November 2018) 131
- 8.1 Aerial view of Homeruskwartier in the early stages of construction 150
- 8.2 Aerial view of Homeruskwartier in the current stage of construction 150
- 9.1 Former gecekondu densified by low-quality apartment buildings following the amnesties (in between, it is possible to detect one- to two-storey gecekondus) 175
- 9.2 In the foreground is an apartment building from the pre-1980s built through yap-sat, while in the background are high rises of the urban transformation era 180
- 9.3 Different generations of housing 182
- 9.4 Different generations of housing with new CBD in the background 183
- 10.1 Traditional habitat 199
- 10.2 Modern habitat 200
- 12.1 State-led development and voluntary housing 233
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12.2
Urban expansion of Tirana 234 - 12.3 Process of informal development 238
- 12.4 Multi-actor community improvement 240
Figures
- 1.1 Alternative forms of self-building 5
- 2.1 Brazilian housing programmes and institutions, periods and abbreviations 30
- 4.1 Urban populations living in slums and informal settlements (%) 63
- 4.2 Urban productivity index and informal settlement change 65
- 5.1 PMCMV, July 2009 to July 2018 85
- 5.2 PMCMV-E, July 2009 to July 2018 89
- 11.1 Housing programmes SFH/BNH, 1964–85 216
- 11.2 Total households and favela households, and annual growth, per region 217
Tables
Ledio Allkja works as a lecturer of Planning Systems and European Spatial Planning at POLIS University, Tirana (Albania). He has conducted his studies on property development and planning (University of the West of England), then on European spatial and environmental planning (Radboud University Nijmegen), and is currently doing his PhD on the Europeanisation of the Planning System in Albania (TU WIEN). Since 2012, has worked at POLIS University in teaching and research, and has been a member of different groups for the preparation of spatial plans at local, regional and national levels. During 2014–16, Ledio worked as the Head of Sector of Regional and Local Planning at the Ministry of Urban Development. Currently, Ledio also works at Co-PLAN, Institute for Habitat Development, as a planning and territorial governance expert and researcher.
Cecília Andrade Fiúza is an undergraduate student of architecture and urban planning at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo (FAUUSP) since 2015. She holds a professional technical degree in Construction (2012).
Jorge Bassani is an architect and urbanist. He holds a master’s degree in Architecture and Urbanism (1999) and a PhD in Architecture and Urbanism from the University of São Paulo (2005). He is a lecturer at the University of São Paulo at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of History of Architecture and Aesthetics of the Project. He has experience in architecture and urbanism, with emphasis on city history and urbanism, working mainly in the following subjects: art and city, urban art, contemporary city, art and environment, and architecture and culture. Since 1980, he has developed works in the area of art and city, author of sculptures and temporary interventions, mainly in São Paulo.
Adama Belemviré is a rural development engineer, water and forests option (1988–93) from the University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), with a specialisation in remote sensing at the Agronomic University of Wageningen (WAU 1998). He spent two years (1993–94) as a researcher in the Sahelian Antenna Research Programme in partnership with WAU and the University of Ouagadougou. Since then, he has coordinated research (Universities of Wageningen and Amsterdam, African Studies Centre of Leiden) and development programmes.
Andrés Cevallos Serrano is an architect and obtained his MSc in Urban Management and Development at the Erasmus University Rotterdam in 2014. He is currently a Titular Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Universidad Central del Ecuador, where he is also research fellow at the Observatorio de la Producción del Territorio Ecuatoriano. His experience and major interests are urban development studies.
İclal Dinçer is Professor of Urban Planning at the department of Urban and Regional Planning, Yildiz Technical University. Her research and teaching interests include urban and regional geography, urban conservation, urban renewal, and urban regeneration. She has had a large number of articles and papers on these subjects published in both Turkish and English.
Juliana do Amaral Costa Lima has been an undergraduate student of Architecture and Urban Planning at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo (FAUUSP) since 2015.
Luciana Corrêa do Lago is an architect with a PhD in Architecture and Urbanism from the University of São Paulo, Professor at the Núcleo Interdisciplinar para o Desenvolvimento Social (NIDES)/UFRJ and a researcher at the Observatório das Metrópoles/UFRJ, who develops research on social economy and urban policy, with an emphasis on urban self-management, solidarity economy, social movements and urban peripheries.
Camila D’Ottaviano is an architect and urban planner who holds a master’s degree (2002) and Doctorate in Architecture and Urbanism (2008) from the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at University of São Paulo (FAUUSP). She is experienced in architecture and urban planning, with an emphasis on the areas of housing, urban design, city history, habitat and demographics. She is a faculty member of FAUUSP.
Zeynep Enlil is Professor of Urban Planning at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Yıldız Technical University. She holds
Hernán Espinoza Riera is currently Titular Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Universidad Central del Ecuador and a research fellow at the Observatorio de la Producción del Territorio Ecuatoriano. Currently, he is a PhD candidate at Universidade de Sao Paulo and obtained his master’s degree in Materials Science at the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil. His research interests are social technologies and university extension theorisation.
Irina Godoy is Titular Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Universidad Central del Ecuador and research coordinator at the Observatorio de la Producción del Territorio Ecuatoriano. She holds a Msc in Heritage Conservation at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. She has experience and interest in heritage conservation and architectural rehabilitation projects in rural areas.
Marina Humblot holds a bachelor’s in Business Administration from HEC Montreal, Canada, where she specialised in social entrepreneurship in 2015. In 2016, she graduated from the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where she completed a Master of Science in International Development Studies. As part of her thesis, she stayed several months in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to study how female farmers adapt to climate variability in peri-urban agriculture, using various participatory methods to index and illustrate all used agro-ecological practices within targeted groups. Since 2017, she has been working in the communication department of the International Labour Organization and the World Meteorological Organization, United Nations in Geneva.
Stan Majoor is Professor of Coordination of Urban Issues at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands and is director of their interdisciplinary Urban Management research programme. He previously worked as assistant professor and programme director of the bachelor in Geography and Planning at the University of Amsterdam.
Janaina Marx is Titular Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at the Universidad Central del Ecuador and research fellow
Flávia Massimetti is an architect and urban planner and master’s candidate at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at University of São Paulo (FAUUSP) (2016), and researcher of the Laboratório de Habitação e Assentamentos Humanos (Housing and Human Settlements Laboratory) (LabHab-FAUUSP). She coordinates the university outreach project ‘Revisitando o território: novas percepções sobre o Grajaú’ (‘Revisiting the territory: new perceptions about Grajaú’).
Suzana Pasternak received an undergraduate degree in Architecture and Urbanism from Mackenzie Presbyterian University (1966), an undergraduate degree in Public Health from University of São Paulo (1970), a specialisation in Urbanism from Université Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne) (1968), a specialisation in Public Health from University of São Paulo (1970), a Master’s in Public Health from University of São Paulo (1975) and a Doctorate in Public Health from University of São Paulo (1983). Pasternak is currently a Full Professor at the University of São Paulo and is on the editorial staff at Cadernos Metrópole (PUCSP). She has experience in the area of urban and regional planning, with an emphasis on fundamentals of urban and regional planning. She mostly works with the topics of favelas, low-income housing and urban studies.
Fernanda Petrus is an architect and holds a master’s degree in urbanism at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (2019). She is a researcher of the Observatório das Metrópoles UFRJ and develops research on urban social movements, urban self-management and urban occupation.
Nicky Pouw is Associate Professor in the Economics of Wellbeing at the University of Amsterdam, within the Governance and Inclusive Development research programme. Her areas of expertise are: poverty and inequality; inclusive development; gender; social protection; food and nutrition security; and well-being economics. She has published two books: Local Governance and Poverty in Developing Nations (2012, edited with Isa Baud) and Introduction to Gender in Microeconomics (2017), with Routledge. She has edited two special issues on inclusive development (2015, European Journal of Development Research; and
Irene de Queiroz e Mello is a social scientist with a master’s degree in Urban and Regional Planning at IPPUR/UFRJ and researcher at the Observatório das Metrópoles/UFRJ, who develops research on urban social movements, urban self-management and solidarity economy.
Bernardo Rosero is an architect at the Catholic University of Quito, Master of Architecture, with a specialisation in ‘Complex Project’, and a specialist in Cultural Heritage at the Catholic University of Chile. He has experience in territorial and urban planning of touristic and historical areas and has worked for the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing.
Adelcke Rossetto Netto is an architect and urban planner who holds a master’s degree (2017) in Architecture and Urbanism from the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at University of São Paulo (FAUUSP). Adelcke is the founder and architect of Integra Desenvolvimento Urbano (Integra Urban Development), and has experience in architecture design, urban design and urban planning.
Willem Salet is Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Amsterdam. He was President of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) and was awarded a membership of honour. Salet specialised in institutions and planning and investigated the meaning of political, cultural and legal institutions in planning.
Caio Santo Amore is Associate Professor at the Department of Technology of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, where he graduated (1997) and obtained master’s degrees in ‘Environmental and Urban Structures’ (2005) and doctorate in ‘Urban and Regional Planning’ (2013). He is an architect, urban planner and associate of the Peabiru Technical Assistance non-governmental organisation (Community and Environmental Work) since 1998, where he has held positions of financial and general coordination. He has experience in the area of architecture and urbanism, with emphasis on higher education and architectural projects, plans and urban studies, and team coordination, working mainly on issues related to housing of social interest, areas of precarious urbanisation and technical assistance to social and popular movements.
