Front Matter

Publication Date:
28 Jan 2022
Pages:
i–viii
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447352167.fm001
Free access
Download PDF
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter

Medical Doctors in Health Reforms

Medical Doctors in Health Reforms

A Comparative Study of England and Canada

Jean-Louis Denis, Sabrina Germain, Catherine Régis and Gianluca Veronesi

First published in Great Britain in 2022 by

Policy Press, an imprint of

Bristol University Press

University of Bristol

1–9 Old Park Hill

Bristol

BS2 8BB

UK

t: +44 (0)117 954 5940

e: bup-info@bristol.ac.uk

Details of international sales and distribution partners are available at policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk

© Bristol University Press 2022

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-4473-5215-0 hardcover

ISBN 978-1-4473-5217-4 ePub

ISBN 978-1-4473-5216-7 ePdf

The right of Jean-Louis Denis, Sabrina Germain, Catherine Régis and Gianluca Veronesi to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Bristol University Press.

Every reasonable effort has been made to obtain permission to reproduce copyrighted material. If, however, anyone knows of an oversight, please contact the publisher.

The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the authors and not of the University of Bristol or Bristol University Press. The University of Bristol and Bristol University Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication.

Bristol University Press and Policy Press work to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality.

Cover design by Gareth Davies at Qube Design

Image credit: istock.com/filo

Bristol University Press and Policy Press use environmentally responsible print partners.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

Contents

  • List of abbreviations vi

  • Acknowledgements viii

  • Preface ix

  • Editors’ overview xi

  1. Introduction: Medical doctors and healthcare reforms 1

  2. 1Theoretical framework 8
  3. 2Research methodology: tracking the role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms 23
  4. 3The role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in two Canadian provinces 29
  5. 4The role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in the NHS in England 96
  6. 5Comparative analysis 140
  7. 6Discussion and conclusion 164

  • Epilogue 183

  • Appendix: Key constructs and related concepts 188

  • References 193

  • Index 230

List of abbreviations

AI

artificial intelligence
AJMQ

Association des jeunes médecins du Québec [Quebec Association of Young Doctors]
AMQ

Association médicale du Québec [Quebec Medical Association]
APED

assistant president and executive directors
APP

alternate payment plan
BC

British Columbia
BMA

British Medical Association
CCG

Clinical Commissioning Group
CHC

Community Health Clinic
CMA

Canadian Medical Association
CMDP

Council of Medical Doctors, Dentists and Pharmacists
CMP

Conseil pour la protection des malades [Council for the Protection of Patients]
CMPA

Canadian Medical Protective Association
CMQ

Collège des médecins du Québec [College of Physicians of Quebec]
CPSO

College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
CQC

Care Quality Commission
DGH

District General Hospital
DHA

District Health Authority
DRMG

Direction régionale de médecine générale [Regional Directorates of GPs]
EHR

electronic health record
FHN

Family Health Network
FHO

Family Health Organisation
FLQ

Front de libération du Québec [Quebec Liberation Front]
FMG

Family Medicine Group
FMOQ

Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec [Association of General Practitioners of Quebec]
FMRQ

Fédération des médecins résidents du Québec [Association of Medical Residents of Quebec]
FMSQ

Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec [Association of Medical Specialists of Quebec]
GMC

General Medical Council
GMS

General Medical Services
GMSC

General Medical Services Committee
HSO

Health Service Organisation
HSRC

Health Services Restructuring Commission
ICS

Integrated Care Systems
LHIN

Local Health Integration Network
MQRP

Médecins Québécois pour le regime public [Quebec Doctors for a Public System]
MRG

Medical Reform Group
MSIC

Medical Services Insurance Council
NDP

New Democratic Party
NHI

National Health Insurance
NHS

National Health Service
NICE

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
NP

nurse practitioner
NPM

new public management
OHIP

Ontario Health Insurance Plan
OMA

Ontario Medical Association
OMSIP

Ontario Medical Services Insurance Plan
ORAS

Organisation régionale des affaires sociales [Regional Association of Social Affairs]
PC

Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
PCG

Primary Care Group
PCN

Primary Care Network
PCT

Primary Care Trust
PFHS

publicly funded healthcare system
PL

projet de loi [Bill]
PMS

Personal Medical Services
QMA

Québec Medical Association
RAMQ

Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec [Quebec Health Insurance Board]
RCGP

Royal College of General Practitioners
RHA

Regional Health Authority
SHA

Strategic Health Authority
STP

Sustainability and Transformation Plans

Acknowledgements

This book required a significant amount of research of primary and secondary sources in order to build solid narratives for the Canadian and UK case studies. It would have been impossible to complete this book without help, and we would like to express our gratitude to the following people. We are extremely grateful to Léa Boutrouille, Clara Champagne, François Lamalice and Susan Usher, who were respectively a Bachelors’ student in Law at the Université de Montréal, a Master’s student in individual study at the Université de Montréal, a Bachelor’s student in law at the Université de Montréal, and a Doctoral student in public administration at the École nationale d’administration publique during their work on this book. Their work was rigorous, meticulous and immensely helpful.

We are also in debt to Susan Usher for editing this book. The version you are now reading results from her amazing editing skills that go beyond what anyone can expect from an editor.

Last, but certainly not least, we would like to thank Johanne Préval for being our trusted collaborator on this and so many other projects.

  • Abbott, A. (1988) The System of Professions: An Essay on the Expert Division of Labor, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Abbott, A. (2005) ‘Linked ecologies: States and universities as environments for professions’, Sociological Theory, 23(3): 245–74.

  • Abel, A.L. and Lewin, W. (1959) ‘Report on hospital building’, BMJ, 1(suppl): 108–14.

  • Abel-Smith, B. (1964) The Hospitals, 1800–1948: A Study in Social Administration in England and Wales, London: Heinemann.

  • Abramovitz, M. (2005) ‘The largely untold story of welfare reform and the human services’, Social Work, 50(2): 175–86.

  • Ackroyd, S. (2016) ‘Sociological and organisational theories of professions and professionalism’, in M. Dent, I. Bourgeault, J.-L. Denis and E. Kuhlman (eds) The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 33–48.

  • Ackroyd, S., Hughes, J. and Soothill, K. (1989) ‘Public sector services and their management’, Journal of Management Studies, 26(6): 603–19.

  • ACMDPQ (Association des conseils des médecins, dentistes et pharmaciens du Québec) (2014) ‘Mémoire de l’Association des conseils des médecins, dentistes et pharmaciens du Québec’, Projet de loi n° 10: Loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales, présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, novembre.

  • Adams, T.L. (2015) ‘Sociology of professions: International divergences and research directions’, Work, Employment and Society, 29(1): 154–65.

  • Adler, P.S. and Kwon, S.W. (2013) ‘The mutation of professionalism as a contested diffusion process: Clinical guidelines as carriers of institutional change in medicine’, Journal of Management Studies, 50(5): 930–62.

  • Adler, P.S., Kwon, S.W. and Heckscher, C. (2008) ‘Perspective – Professional work: The emergence of collaborative community’, Organization Science, 19(2): 359–76.

  • Adler, P.S., Heckscher, C., McCarthy, J.E. and Rubinstein, S.A. (2015) ‘The mutations of professional responsibility: Toward collaborative community’, in D.E. Mitchell and R.K. Ream (eds) Professional Responsibility, Cham: Springer, pp 309–26.

  • Aggarwal, M. (2009) ‘Primary care reform: A case study of Ontario’, Doctoral dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto.

  • Ahmed, H., Brown, A. and Saks, M. (2018) ‘Patterns of medical oversight and regulation in Canada’, in J.M. Chamberlain, M. Dent and M. Saks (eds) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 135–59.

  • AJMQ (Association des jeunes médecins du Québec) (1998) ‘Mémoire de l’Association des jeunes médecins du Québec concernant le projet de loi n°404, loi modifiant la loi sur les services sociaux et modifiant diverses dispositions législatives’, 24 février.

  • Alam, N. (2016) ‘Why I’m voting “no”’, Medical Post, 52(9).

  • Alford, R.R. (1977) Health Care Politics: Ideological and Interest Group Barriers to Reform, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Allen, U.D., Collins, T., Sefa Dei, G.J., Henry, F., Ibrahim, A. and James, C.E. (2021) Impacts of COVID-19 in Racialized Communities, Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada.

  • Alvarez-Rosete, A. and Mays, N. (2008) ‘Reconciling two conflicting tales of the English health policy process since 1997’, British Politics, 3: 183–2.

  • Alvarez-Rosete, A. and Mays, N. (2014) ‘Understanding NHS policy making in England: The formulation of the NHS plan 2000’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16: 624–44.

  • AMQ (Association médicale du Québec) (2017) ‘Cohérence et régulation dans l’organisation clinique et dans la gestion des établissements: Misons sur le partenariat médico-administratif’, Mémoire de l’Association médicale du Québec, Projet de loi n°130, Loi modifiant certaines dispositions relatives à l’organisation clinique et à la gestion des établissements de santé et de services sociaux, février.

  • AMQ and CMA (Canadian Medical Association) (2015) ‘Accessibilité: La solution passe par la concertation’, Mémoire conjoint de l’Association médicale du Québec et de l’Association médicale canadienne, Projet de loi no 20: Loi édictant la Loi favorisant l’accès aux services de médecine de famille et de médecine spécialisée et modifiant diverses dispositions législatives en matière de procréation assistée, 25 mars.

  • Anonymous (2016) ‘Why I’m voting “yes”’, Medical Post, 52(9): 9.

  • Ansell, C. and Gash, A. (2008) ‘Collaborative governance in theory and practice’, Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 18: 543–71.

  • Association pour l’accès à l’avortement c. Québec, 2006 QCCS 4694, [2006] RJQ 1938t

  • Baggott, R. (2015) Understanding Health Policy, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Baker, G.R. and Denis, J.L. (2011) ‘Medical leadership in health care systems: From professional authority to organizational leadership’, Public Money & Management, 31(5): 355–62.

  • Baker, G.R., Norton, P.G., Flintoft, V., Blais, R., Brown, A., Cox, J. et al (2004) ‘The Canadian Adverse Events Study: The incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(11): 1678–86.

  • Barnard, K. and Lee, K. (1977) Conflicts in the National Health Service, London: Croom Helm.

  • Barnett, H. (2020) Constitutional and Administrative Law, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Barry, N.P. (1989) An Introduction to Modern Political Theory (2nd edn), Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • BCMA (British Columbia Medical Association) (2000) Turning the Tide – Saving Medicare for Canadians, Part I of II Laying the Foundation for Sustaining Medicare, A Discussion Paper by BC’s Physicians, July.

  • Beaulieu, C. (1987) ‘Un conseil exécutoire de médiation pourra réduire les horaires de travail des internes’, Le Devoir, 19 novembre.

  • Bejerot, E. and Hasselbladh, H. (2011) ‘Professional autonomy and pastoral power: The transformation of quality registers in Swedish health care’, Public Administration, 89(4): 1604–21.

  • Bélanger, J.-P. (1992) ‘De la Commission Castonguay à la Commission Rochon … Vingt ans d’histoire de l’évolution des services de santé et des services sociaux au Québec’, Service Social, 41(2): 49–70.

  • Belluz, J. (2012a) ‘The new doctor war: Are MDs losing bargaining power?’, Medical Post, 48(10) 8, 10.

  • Belluz, J. (2012b) ‘OMA board recommends “yes” vote to new fee deal’, Medical Post, 48(20) 10.

  • Belluz, J. (2012c) ‘Ontario LHINs to oversee primary care: Minister’, Medical Post, 48(3) 6.

  • Besly, N., Goldsmith, T., Rogers, R. and Walters, R.H. (2018) How Parliament Works, London: Taylor & Francis.

  • Beveridge, W.H. (1942) Social Insurance and Allied Services, London: HMO.

  • Bevir, M. (2010) ‘Rethinking governmentality: Towards genealogies of governance’, European Journal of Social Theory, 13(4): 423–41.

  • Bevir, M. (2011) ‘Governance and governmentality after neoliberalism’, Policy & Politics, 39(4): 457–71.

  • Bevir, M. (2013) A Theory of Governance, University of California, e-Scholarship.

  • Bevir, M. and Waring, J. (2018) Decentring Health Policy: Learning from British Experiences in Healthcare Governance, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Bevir, M., Rhodes, R.A. and Weller, P. (2003) ‘Comparative governance: Prospects and lessons’, Public Administration, 81(1): 191–210.

  • Bhatia, R.S., Chu, C., Pang, A., Tadrous, M., Stamenova, V. and Cram, P. (2021) ‘Virtual care use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study’, CMAJ Open, 9(1): E107.

  • Blanchet, N.J. and Fox, A.M. (2013) ‘Prospective political analysis for policy design: Enhancing the political viability of single-payer health reform in Vermont’, Health Policy, 111: 78–85.

  • Blau, P. and Scott, W.R. (1962) Formal Organizations, San Francisco, CA: Chandler.

  • Bloomfield, B. and Best, A. (1992) ‘Management consultants, systems development, power and the translation of problems’, The Sociological Review, 40(3): 533–60.

  • British Medical Association (BMA) (1942) Medical Planning Commission: Draft Interim Report, London: BMA.

  • BMA (1969) Health Services Financing, London: BMA.

  • BMA (2010) Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS – BMA Response, London: BMA.

  • BMA (2015) Junior Doctors: Contract Proposals for Junior Doctors, London: BMA.

  • BMA (2020) COVID-19: Ethical Issues – A Guidance Note. Available at: www.bma.org.uk/media/2360/bma-covid-19-ethics-guidance-april-2020.pdf

  • BMA (2021) Member Briefing: Government Health White Paper, London: BMA.

  • British Medical Journal (BMJ) (1950) ‘A falling policy’, 2: 1262–3.

  • BMJ (1963) ‘Discontent with-’, 2: 1143–4.

  • BMJ (1964) ‘The basis of unity’, 1: 253–4.

  • BMJ (1969) ‘On the brink’, 5640: 329.

  • BMJ (1972) ‘Sir Paul Chambers: Report of an inquiry into the association’s constitution and organization’, 2: 45–67.

  • BMJ (1974) ‘Damaging and needles collision’, 4: 305–6.

  • BMJ (1975) ‘Report of the proceedings of the Central Committee for Hospital Medicine Services’, 4: 593–5.

  • BMJ (1977) ‘Discussion document on ethical responsibilities of doctors practising in the national health service’, 1: 157–9.

  • BMJ (1978) ‘The disalienation of the NHS’, 2: 12.

  • BMJ (1980) ‘New NHS structure needs new attitudes’, 281: 342–2.

  • BMJ (1983) ‘Business management for the NHS?’, 287: 1321–2.

  • BMJ (1985) ‘Gridlock and incentives in NHS’, 291: 992–3.

  • BMJ (1986) ‘BMA’s statement’, 292: 1152.

  • BMJ (1988) ‘Evidence to the government internal review of the national health service’, 296: 1411–13.

  • BMJ (1989) ‘BMA launches campaign against white paper’, 298: 676–9.

  • Borsellino, M. (1998a) ‘OMA snap election’, Medical Post, 34(2): 2.

  • Borsellino, M. (1998b) ‘Pilot sites chosen for Ontario primary care project’, Medical Post, 34(21): 12.

  • Borsellino, M. (2000) ‘Ontario NPs seeking their place’, Medical Post, 36(33): 51.

  • Borsellino, M. (2003) ‘Bill 8 not great, say Ont MDs’, Medical Post, 39(46): 1.

  • Borsellino, M. (2004a) ‘Ontario doctors blast medicare legislation’, Medical Post, 40(10): 2.

  • Borsellino, M. (2004b) ‘OMA lobbying effects amendments to Bill 8’, Medical Post, 40(14): 9.

  • Borsellino, M. (2004c) ‘Ontario doctors mull over complex package’, Medical Post, 40(37): 1.

  • Borsellino, M. (2004d) ‘Ont. deal a no-go?’, Medical Post, 40(42): 1.

  • Borsellino, M. (2004e) ‘Imposing contract’, Medical Post, 40(47): 2.

  • Borsellino, M. (2005a) ‘Ontario’s 11% solution’, Medical Post, 41(11): 1.

  • Borsellino, M. (2005b) ‘One unexpected result of the OMA agreement’, Medical Post, 41(14): 12.

  • Borsellino, M. (2005c) ‘New president turns attention to wait times, disease prevention’, Medical Post, 41(20): 27.

  • Borsellino, M. (2005d) ‘Ontario’s wait-time czar offers answers’, Medical Post, 41(23): 23.

  • Borsellino, M. (2005e) ‘Winning the waiting game’, Medical Post, 41(22): 31.

  • Borsellino, M. (2010a) ‘Hospital prototype bylaws draw MD’s fire’, Medical Post, 46(10): 41.

  • Borsellino, M. (2010b) ‘Money at root of OMA/OHA battle’, Medical Post, 46(8): 8.

  • Bourque, M. and Leruste, G. (2010) ‘La transformation des idées sur la privatisation du système de santé québécois depuis 1970: Le passage à un nouveau référentiel sectoriel?’, Politique et sociétés, 29(2): 105–29.

  • Boutrouille, L., Régis, C. and Pomey, M.-P. (2021) ‘Enjeux juridiques propres au modèle émergent des patients accompagnateurs dans les milieux de soins au Québec’, Revue juridique, Thémis de l’université de Montréal, 55–1.

  • Boylan-Kemp, J. (ed) (2008) The English Legal System – The Fundamentals, London: Sweet & Maxwell.

  • Boyle, T. (2016a) ‘MDs battle each other in contract vote’, Toronto Star, 14 August.

  • Boyle, T. (2016b) ‘Doctors association could turn into union’, Toronto Star, 26 August.

  • Boyle, T. (2017a) ‘MDs vote on ousting OMA heads’, Toronto Star, 28 January.

  • Boyle, T. (2017b) ‘OMA executive committee resigns’, Toronto Star, 7 February.

  • Bradburn, J. (2018) ‘In the mood for cuts: How the “Common Sense Revolution” swept Ontario in 1995’, TVO, 8 June. Available at: www.tvo.org/article/in-the-mood-for-cuts-how-the-common-sense-revolution-swept-ontario-in-1995

  • Braverman, H. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.

  • Breton, P. and Sirois, A. (2002) ‘Guerre ouverte avec Québec’, La Presse, 1 novembre.

  • Brint, S. (1993) ‘Eliot Freidson’s contribution to the sociology of professions’, Work and Occupations, 20(3): 259–78.

  • Brock, D.M., Powell, M.J. and Hinings, C. (2007) ‘Archetypal change and the professional service firm’, in A.B. Shani and D.A. Noumair (eds) Research in Organizational Change and Development, Kidlington: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp 221–51.

  • Brock, D.M., Leblebici, H. and Muzio, D. (2013) ‘Understanding professionals and their workplaces: The mission of the Journal of Professions and Organization’, Journal of Professions and Organization, 1(1): 1–15.

  • Bronca, T. (2015) ‘The high cost of care’, Medical Post, 51(2): 19–23.

  • Bronca, T. (2016a) ‘Hundreds of doctors endorse five principles to guide future negotiations’, Medical Post, 52(11): 10.

  • Bronca, T. (2016b) ‘Concerned Ontario doctors: Putting faces on the cuts’, Medical Post, 52(6): 10.

  • Bronca, T. (2016c) ‘Turmoil hits Ontario doctor groups after fee deal voted down’, Medical Post, 52(10) 13–14.

  • Bronca, T. (2016d) ‘Hundreds of doctors endorse five principles to guide future negotiations’, Medical Post, 52(11): 10.

  • Bronca, T. (2019) ‘The specialists’ divorce’, Medical Post.

  • Brown, P. and Flores, R. (2018) ‘The informalisation of professional–patient interactions and the consequences for regulation in the United Kingdom’, in J.M. Chamberlain, M. Dent and M. Saks (eds) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 39–59.

  • Buchanan, B. (1974) ‘Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 509–32.

  • Calnan, M. and Gabe, J. (1991) ‘Recent developments in general practice: A sociological analysis’, in M. Calnan, J. Gabe and M. Bury (eds) The Sociology of the Health Service, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 150–71.

  • Cameron, J. (1965) A Charter for the Family Doctor Service, London: BMA.

  • Campbell, A.L. (2011) ‘Policy feedbacks and the impact of policy designs on public opinion’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 36(6): 961–73.

  • Campbell, C. (2009) ‘Distinguishing the power of agency from agentic power: A note on Weber and the “black box” of personal agency’, Sociological Theory, 27(4): 407–18.

  • Campbell, D. (2010) ‘Doctors warned to expect unrest over NHS reforms’, The Guardian, 19 November.

  • Campbell, D. (2015) ‘Junior doctors likely to strike as government talks falter’, The Guardian, 29 December.

  • Carpenter, D. (2012) ‘Is health politics different?’, Annual Review of Political Science, 15: 287–311.

  • Cary, P. (2005) ‘Process under scrutiny’, Medical Post, 41(10): 13.

  • Central Committee for Hospital Medical Services (1988) NHS Funding: The Crisis in the Acute Hospital Sector, London: BMA.

  • Central Health Services Council (1954) Report of the Committee on General Practice within the National Health Service (Cohen Committee), London: HMSO.

  • Chalvin, S. (1971) ‘Hôpitaux et médecins s’élèvent contre la réorganisation projetée’, Le Devoir, 6 octobre.

  • Chamberlain, J.M., Dent, M. and Saks, M. (eds) (2018) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Chaoulli vs Québec (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 35 (CanLII), [2005] 1 SCR 791.

  • Chief Medical Officer (2006) Good Doctors, Safer Patients, London: Department of Health.

  • Chouinard, T. (2016) ‘Nouvelle collision entre Barrette et les fédérations de médecins’, La Presse, 10 decembre.

  • Clarke, M. and Stewart, J. (1997) Handling the Wicked Issues – A Challenge for Government, Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

  • Clegg, S.R. (1989) Frameworks of Power, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

  • Cloutier, C., Denis, J.L., Langley, A., and Lamothe, L. (2016) ‘Agency at the managerial interface: Public sector reform as institutional work’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26(2): 259–76.

  • CMA (Canadian Medical Association) (1976) ‘Ontario Health Ministry prepares plans to close 3000 hospital beds, save $50 million’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 144: 455.

  • CMA (1984) ‘OMA to challenge Canada Health Act in the courts’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 131(2): 125–8.

  • CMA (1993) ‘OHIP holds back 4.8% of payments to MDs’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 149(10): 1499.

  • CMA (2010) Health Care Transformation in Canada: Change that Works, Care that Lasts. Available at: http://policybase.cma.ca/dbtw-wpd/PolicyPDF/PD10-05.PDF

  • CMA (2021) COVID-19 Long-Term Considerations for the Canadian Medical Association, Ottawa.

  • Collège des medecins du Québec (CMQ) (2005) ‘Mémoire du Collège des medecins du Québec: Projet de loi n°83’, Loi modifiant la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et d’autres dispositions législatifves, présenté à la Commission des affaires sociales, 21 janvier.

  • CMQ (College of Physicians of Quebec) (2014) ‘Projet de loi n°10: Loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales’, Mémoire présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, CSSS – 006M CP – PL 10 Abolition des agences régionales, Collège des médecins du Québec, 20 octobre.

  • CMQ (2017) ‘Mémoire Projet de loi n°130, Loi modifiant certaines dispositions relatives à l’organisation clinique et à la gestion des établissements de santé et de services sociaux’, Mémoire présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, 7 février.

  • Coburn, D. (1993) ‘State authority, medical dominance, and trends in the regulation of the health professions: The Ontario case’, Social Science & Medicine, 37(2): 129.

  • Coburn, D., Rappolt, S. and Bourgeault, I. (1997) ‘Decline vs retention of medical power through restratification: An examination of the Ontario Case’, Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(1): 1–22.

  • Collins, R. and Sanderson, S.K. (2015) Conflict Sociology: A Sociological Classic Updated, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Commission d’enquête sur les services de santé et les services sociaux, Rochon, J. (Commissaire) (1988) Rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur les services de santé et les services sociaux, Québec: Publications du Québec.

  • Commission d’enquête sur la santé et le bien-être social – Québec, C. Castonguay et G. Nepveu (Commissaires) (1967–72) Rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur la santé et le bien-être social, Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec.

  • Commission d’étude sur les services de santé et les services sociaux – Québec, M. Clair (Commissaire) (2000) Rapport et recommandations – Les solutions émergentes, Québec: Publications du Québec.

  • Commission de la santé (1969) Journal des débats, Commission des sciences de la santé B-2181, Commission de la santé, Fascicule no 36, 22 mai.

  • Commission permanente des affaires sociales (1971) Projet de loi no 65, Loi de l’organisation des services de santé et des services sociaux, Journal des débats de la Commission permanente des affaires sociales, 5 octobre, 11(88).

  • Constitution Acts (1867–82) Constitution Act, 1867, 30 and 31 Victoria, c. 3 (UK) An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof; and for Purposes connected therewith, 29 March 1867. Available at: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-1.html

  • Contandriopoulos, A.P., Lemay, A., Tessier, G. and Champagne, F. (1989) ‘Modalités de financement et contrôle des coûts du système de soins: l’exemple du Québec’, Sciences sociales et santé, 7(4): 113–37.

  • Cooper, D.J. and Robson, K. (2006) ‘Accounting, professions and regulation: Locating the sites of professionalization’, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31: 415–44.

  • Courpasson, D., Dany, F. and Clegg, S. (2012) ‘Resisters at work: Generating productive resistance in the workplace’, Organization Science, 23(3): 801–19.

  • CPHA (Canadian Public Health Association) (1995) ‘Le transfert canadien en matière de santé et des programmes sociaux et l’équité en matière de santé’. Available at: www.cpha.ca/fr/le-transfert-canadien-en-matiere-de-sante-et-des-programmes-sociaux-et-lequite-en-matiere-de-sante

  • CPSO (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario) (2009) The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario’s Submission on Bill 179 – The Regulated Health Professions Statute Law Amendment Act, 2009, 25 September, 18.

  • Crane, R.T. (1907) State in Constitutional and International Law, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.

  • Crawford, T. (1984) ‘Norton won’t rule out extra-billing ban’, Toronto Star, 2 August.

  • Crinson, I. (1998) ‘Putting patients first: The continuity of the consumerist discourse in health policy, from radical right to New Labour’, Critical Social Policy, 18(55): 227–39.

  • Crinson, I. (2009) Health Policy: A Critical Perspective, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

  • Crompton, R. (1990) ‘Professions in the current context’, Work, Employment and Society, 4(5): 147–66.

  • Crowe, P. (1982) ‘Family OHIP could go up by $10’, Toronto Star, 4 May.

  • Cruess, R.L., Cruess, S.R. and Johnston, S.E. (2000) ‘Professionalism: An ideal to be sustained’, The Lancet, 356(9224): 156–9.

  • Cruess, S.R., Johnston, S. and Cruess, R.L. (2004) ‘“Profession”: A working definition for medical educators’, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16(1): 74–6.

  • Cruickshank, G. and Jenkins, A. (2014) ‘Re: NHS England’s five year plan’, British Medical Journal, 349: g6484.

  • Dacin, T.M., Goodstein, J. and Scott, R.W. (2002) ‘Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum’, Academy of Management Journal, 45(1): 45–56.

  • Daoust, G. (1971) ‘Les omnipraticiens veulent un rôle de participation’, La Presse, 6 octobre.

  • Daoust-Boivert, A. (2014a) ‘Étalement: Les spécialistes disent oui’, Le Devoir, 27 septembre.

  • Daoust-Boivert, A. (2014b) ‘Les critiques s’accumulent’, Le Devoir, 23 octobre.

  • Dawson, S. and Dargie, C. (2002) ‘New public management: A discussion with special reference to UK health’, in K. McLaughlin, S.P. Osborne and E. Ferlie (eds) New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects, London: Routledge, pp 34–56.

  • Day, P. and Klein, R. (1985) ‘Central accountability and local decision making: Towards a new NHS’, British Medical Journal, 290: 1676.

  • Day, P. and Klein, R. (1991) ‘Britain’s health care experiment’, Health Affairs, 10: 39–59.

  • Day, P. and Klein, R. (1992) ‘Constitutional and distributional conflict in British medical politics: The case of general practice, 1911–1991’, Political Studies, 40: 462–78.

  • De Bruijn, J.A. (2010) Managing Professionals, London: Routledge.

  • deCarteret Cory, P. (2005) ‘Study, conclusions and recommendations pertaining to medical audit practice in Ontario’, 21 April, 326.

  • Demers, L. (2003) ‘La profession médicale et l’État: Le système de santé au Québec – Organisations, acteurs, enjeux’, in V. Lemieux, P. Bergeron, C. Bégin and G. Bélanger (eds) Le système de santé au Québec, Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, pp 261–96.

  • Demont, J. (2003) ‘Liberals win Ontario 2003 election’, The Canadian Encyclopedia, 25 November.

  • Denhardt, R.B. and Denhardt, J.V. (2000) ‘The new public service: Serving rather than steering’, Public Administration Review, 60(6): 549–59.

  • Denis, J. -L. and van Gestel, N. (2016) ‘Medical doctors in healthcare leadership: Theoretical and practical challenges’, BMC Health Services Research, 16(2): 158.

  • Denis, J.-L., Langley, A. and Rouleau, L. (2006) ‘The power of numbers in strategizing’, Strategic Organization, 4(4): 349–77.

  • Denis, J.-L., Baker, G.R., Black, C., Langley, A., Lawless, B., Leblanc, D. et al (2013) Exploring the Dynamics of Physician Engagement and Leadership for Health System Improvement: Prospects for Canadian Healthcare Systems, Report on physician engagement and leadership for health system improvement, CIHR/ CFHI.

  • Denis, J.-L., van Gestel, N. and Lepage, A. (2016) ‘Professional agency, leadership and organizational change’, in M. Dent, I.L. Bourgeault, J-L. Denis and E. Kuhlmann (eds) The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 215–27.

  • Denis, J.-L., Côté, N., Fleury, C., Currie, G. and Spyridonidis, D. (2021) ‘Global health and innovation: A panoramic view on health human resources in the COVID-19 pandemic context’, The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 36(S1): 58–70.

  • Denning, M., Goh, E.T., Tan, B., Kanneganti, A., Almonte, M., Scott, A. et al (2021) ‘Determinants of burnout and other aspects of psychological well-being in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A multinational cross-sectional study’, PLoS One, 16(4): e0238666. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238666

  • Dent, M. (2018) ‘Health care governance, user involvement and medical regulation in Europe’, in J.M. Chamberlain, M. Dent and M. Saks (eds) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 17–37.

  • Department of Health and Social Care (2021) Integration and Innovation: Working Together to Improve Health and Social Care, London: The Stationery Office.

  • des Rivières, P. (1982) ‘Selon le CPQ, Québec aurait tort de geler unilatéralement les salaires’, Le Devoir, 14 mai.

  • Desrosiers, G. (1986) ‘The Québec health care system’, Journal of Public Health Policy, 7(2): 211–17.

  • Deverell, J. (1986) ‘Doctors stand alone on extra billing’, Toronto Star, 17 January.

  • DH (Department of Health) (2001) Shifting the Balance of Power within the NHS – Securing Delivery, London: DH.

  • DHSS (Department of Health and Social Services) (1971) National Health Service Reorganisation: Consultative Document, London: HMSO.

  • DHSS (1979) Patients first: Consultative paper on the structure and management of the National Health Service in England and Wales, London, HMSO.

  • DHSS (1983) NHS Management Inquiry (Griffiths Report), London: HMSO.

  • Dickinson, H., Bismark, M., Phelps, G. and Loh, E. (2016) ‘Future of medical engagement’, Australian Health Review, 40(4): 443–6.

  • DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. (1983) ‘The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields’, American Sociological Review, 48: 147–60.

  • DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. (1991) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Dingwall, R. (2016) Essays on Professions, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Dixon, J. and Dewar, S. (2000) ‘The NHS plan: As good as it gets – make the most of it’, British Medical Journal, 321: 315–16.

  • Dobrow, M.J., Goel V., Lemieux-Charles, L. and Black, N.A. (2006) ‘The impact of context on evidence utilization: A framework for expert groups developing health policy recommendations’, Social Science & Medicine, 63(7): 1811–24.

  • Doern, G.B. and Phidd, R.W. (1992) Canadian Public Policy: Ideas, Structure, Process (2nd edn), Toronto, ON: Nelson.

  • Doig, J. (1967) ‘OMSIP cheques shredded, NDP says’, Toronto Star, 3 May.

  • Dowling, B. (2000) GPs and Purchasing in the NHS: The Internal Market and Beyond, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

  • Drazin, R. (1990) ‘Professionals and innovation: Structural-functional versus radical-structural perspectives’, Journal of Management Studies, 27(3): 245–63.

  • Drummond, D. (2012) Public Services for Ontarians: A Path to Sustainability and Excellence, Commission on the Reform of Ontario’s Public Services, Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Available at: www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/reformcommission

  • Dunlop, M. (1971) ‘Doctors are warned they’re losing right to determine income’, Toronto Star, 10 August.

  • Dunlop, M. (1972a) ‘Doctors may help set up health centres’, Toronto Star, 26 August.

  • Dunlop, M. (1972b) ‘Looking after healthy waster of money: MDs’, Toronto Star, 25 September.

  • Dunlop, M. (1980) ‘Doctors seek better deal from OHIP’, Toronto Star, 7 June.

  • Dunlop, M. and Newbery, L. (1985) ‘MDs vow all-out battle against “dictatorial” bill’, Toronto Star, 21 December.

  • Dupre, M. (1970) ‘Québec ne pliera pas au chantage des professionnels de la santé’, La Presse, 4 juillet.

  • Dussault, G. (1975) ‘Les médecins du Québec (1940–1970)’, Recherches sociographiques, 16(1): 69–84.

  • Dutrisac, C. (1970a) ‘Les médecins spécialistes: Non au projet de loi de Castonguay’, La Presse, 3 juillet.

  • Dutrisac, C. (1970b) ‘Assurance-maladie. Les médecins veulent pouvoir se soustraire à l’entente de la Fédération avec Québec’, La Presse, 7 juillet.

  • Dyer, C. (2001) ‘Bristol inquiry condemns hospital’s club “culture”’, British Medical Journal, 323: 181.

  • Eckstein, H. (1958) The English Health Service: Its Origins, Structure, and Achievements, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Eckstein, H. (1960) Pressure Group Politics: The Case of the British Medical Association, Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Elliott, O.V. and Salamon, L.M. (2002) The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Elshaug, A.G., Rosenthal, M.B., Lavis, J.N., Brownlee, S., Schmidt, H., Nagpal, S. et al (2017) ‘Levers for addressing medical underuse and overuse: Achieving high-value health care’, The Lancet, 390(10090): 191–202.

  • Elston, M.A. (2002) ‘The politics of professional power: Medicine in a changing health service’, in M. Bury, M. Calnan and J. Gabe (eds) The Sociology of the Health Service, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 68–98.

  • Emirbayer, M. and Mische, A. (1998) ‘What is agency?’, American Journal of Sociology, 103(4): 962–1023.

  • Estabrooks, C.A., Straus, S.E., Flood, C. M., Keefe, J., Armstrong, P., Donner, G.J. et al (2020) Restoring Trust: COVID-19 and the Future of Long-Term Care in Canada, Ottawa, ON: Royal Society of Canada.

  • Etzioni, A. (1969) The Semi-Professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers, New York, NY: Free Press.

  • Evetts, J. (2004) ‘Organizational or occupational professionalism: Centralized regulation or occupational trust’, Paper presented at the ISA RC52 Interim Conference, Versailles, France.

  • Evetts, J. (2011) ‘A new professionalism? Challenges and opportunities’, Current Sociology, 59(4): 406–22.

  • Evetts, J. (2013) ‘Professionalism: Value and ideology’, Current Sociology, 61(5–6): 778–96.

  • Expenditure Committee (1971) Employment and Social Services Sub-Committee, Minutes of Evidence, 31 March 1971, Session 1970–1, HC 323ii, London: HMSO.

  • Exworthy, M., Mannion, R. and Martin, P. (2016) Dismantling the NHS: Evaluating the Impact of Health Reforms, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Facal, J. (2006) Volonté politique et pouvoir médical. La naissance de l’assurance-maladie au Québec et aux États-Unis, Montréal, QC: Les Éditions du Boréal.

  • Ferguson, J. (1986) ‘MDs meet to decide job action’, Toronto Star, 18 January.

  • Ferguson, R. (1986) ‘How doctors wrote wrong prescription for effective strike’, Toronto Star, 26 July.

  • Ferlie, E. and McGivern, G. (2013) ‘Bringing Anglo-governmentality into public management scholarship: The case of evidence-based medicine in UK health care’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24(1): 59–83.

  • Ferlie, E., Musselin, C. and Andresani, G. (2008) ‘The steering of higher education systems: A public management perspective’, Higher Education, 56(3): 325.

  • Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., Wood, M. and Hawkins, C. (2005) ‘The nonspread of innovations: The mediating role of professionals’, Academy of Management Journal, 48: 117–34.

  • Fiset-Laniel, J., Guyon, A.I., Perreault, R. and Strumpf, E.C. (2020) ‘Public health investments: Neglect or wilful omission? Historical trends in Québec and implications for Canada’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111: 383–8.

  • Fitzgerald, L. and Dopson, S. (2009) ‘Comparative case study designs: Their utility and development in organisational research’, in D.A. Buchanan and A. Bryman (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp 465–83.

  • Flavelle, D. (1985) ‘Billing ban means war: MDs’, Toronto Star, 6 July.

  • Flood, C.M. and Joanna Erdman, J. (2004) ‘The boundaries of Medicare: Tensions in the dual role of Ontario’s physician services review committee’, working paper, 12:1 HLJ1.

  • Flood, C.M. and Thomas, B. (2016) ‘Modernizing the Canada Health Act’, Dalhousie Law Journal, 39: 397.

  • FMOQ (Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec) (1996) ‘Mémoire à la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales relativement au projet de loi 116 modifiant à nouveau la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux’, 17 mai.

  • FMOQ (1998) ‘Mémoire à la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales relativement au projet de loi 404 modifiant à nouveau la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux’, 26 février.

  • FMOQ (2001) ‘Mémoire à la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales relativement au projet de loi n° 28 modifiant à nouveau la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux’, 5 juin.

  • FMOQ (2003) ‘Mémoire à la Commission des affaires sociales relativement au projet de loi n° 25, Loi sur les agences de développement de réseaux locaux de services se danté et de services sociaux’, 2 décembre.

  • FMOQ (2005) ‘Résumé du Mémoire de la FMOQ à la Commission des affaires sociales relativement au projet de loi n° 83, Loi modifiant la loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et d’autres dispositions législatives’, Janvier.

  • FMOQ (2006) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec à la Commission des affaires sociales, Projet de loi n° 33, Loi modifiant la loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et d’autres dispositions législatives’, 13 septembre.

  • FMOQ (2014) ‘Mémoire de la FMOQ présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux. Concernant le projet de loi n° 10: Loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales’, CSSS – 010M CP – PL 10 Abolition des agences régionales, octobre.

  • FMOQ (2015a) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux. Concernant le projet de loi n°20: Loi édictant la Loi favorisant l’accès aux services de médecine de famille et de médecine spécialisée et modifiant diverses dispositions législatives en matière de procréation assistée’, CSSS – 045M, CP – PL 20, Accès services de médecine, mars.

  • FMOQ (2015b) ‘Adoption du projet de loi 20: une loi inutile et contre-productive’, Press release, Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec, 10 novembre.

  • FMOQ (2017) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec (FMOQ) présenté à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux. Concernant le projet de loi n° 130: Loi modifiant certaines dispositions relatives à l’organisation clinique et à la gestion des établissements de santé et de services sociaux’, CSSS – 013M, CP – PL 130, Organisation clinique, fevrier.

  • FMOQ, FMSQ and FMRQ (2002) ‘Crise dans les urgences: les médecins omnipraticiens, spécialistes et résidents’, Press release, 11 juillet.

  • FMRQ (Fédération des médecins résidents du Québec) (1996) ‘Commentaires de la Fédération des médecins résidents du Québec sur le projet loi n° 116: Loi modifiant de nouveau la loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux’, Présentés lors des audiences de la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales, 23 mai.

  • FMRQ (2001) ‘Mémoire concernant le Projet de loi n° 28 modifiant à nouveau la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et modifiant diverses dispositions législatives’, 6 juin.

  • FMSQ (Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec) (1991) Manifeste: La médecine ligotée: Projet de loi no 120.

  • FMSQ (1996) Lettre à la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales, 23 mai.

  • FMSQ (1998) ‘Avis Projet de loi 404 pour discussion en Commission parlementaire’, 26 février.

  • FMSQ (2000a) ‘Mémoire relatif au financement et à l’organisation des services de santé des services sociaux dans le cadre de la Commission d’étude sur les services de santé et les services sociaux’, Présenté par la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec, 21 septembre.

  • FMSQ (2000b) ‘La Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec donne son point de vue sur le système public de santé québécois dans le cadre de la Commission Clair’, Presse release, 25 octobre.

  • FMSQ (2001) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec. Projet de loi n° 28: Loi modifiant la Loi sur les services sociaux e modifiant diverses dispositions législatives’, Présenté à la Commission parlementaire des affaires sociales, 6 juin.

  • FMSQ (2003) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec: Projet de Loi n° 25, Loi sur les agences de développement de réseaux locaux de services se danté et de services sociaux’, Présenté à la Commission des affaires sociales, 2 décembre.

  • FMSQ (2006) ‘Un financement du système de santé public fort, sans argent? La FMSQ s’étonne’, 4 avril.

  • FMSQ (2014) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec. Projet de loi n° 10: Loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales’, CSSS – 007M CP – PL 10, Abolition des agences régionales, Déposé à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, 20 octobre.

  • FMSQ (2015a) ‘50 ans Fédération des médecins spécilaistes du Québec’, Le Spécialiste, 17, numéro hors série, décembre.

  • FMSQ (2015b) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec, Projet de loi n° 20: Loi édictant la Loi favorisant l’accès aux services de médecine de famille et de médecine spécialisée et modifiant diverses dispositions législatives en matière de procréation assistée’, CSSS – 038M, CP – PL 20, Accès services de médecine, Déposé à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, 17 mars.

  • FMSQ (2017) ‘Mémoire de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec, Projet de loi n° 130: Loi modifiant certaines dispositions relatives à l’organisation clinique et à la gestion des établissements de santé et de services sociaux’, CSSS – 010M, CP – PL 130, Organisation clinique, Déposé à la Commission de la santé et des services sociaux, 14 février.

  • Ford-Gilboe, M., Wathen, C.N., Varcoe, C., Herbert, C., Jackson, B.E., Lavoie, J.G. et al (2018) ‘How equity-oriented health care affects health: Key mechanisms and implications for primary health care practice and policy’, The Milbank Quarterly, 96(4): 635–71.

  • Forest, P.G. and Denis, J.L. (2012) ‘Real reform in health systems: An introduction’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 37(4): 575–86.

  • Forest, P.G. and Martin, D. (2018) Fit for Purpose: Findings and Recommendations of the External Review of the Pan-Canadian Health Organizations: Summary Report, Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

  • Fournier, M.A. (2001) ‘Les politiques de main-d’oeuvre médicale au Québec: Bilan 1970–2000’, Ruptures: Revue transdisciplinaire en sante, 7(2): 79–98.

  • Fournier, M.A. and Contandriopoulos, A.P. (1997) ‘Les effectifs médicaux au Québec: Mieux comprendre le passé pour envisager l’avenir, situation de 1980 à 1994 et projections pour les années 2000’, Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé, Université de Montréal.

  • Fox, T. (1950) ‘Mechanism and purpose’, The Lancet, 1: 27.

  • Fox, T. (1976) ‘Industrial action, the national health service, and the medical profession’, The Lancet, 23(2): 892–5.

  • Fredman, S. and Morris, G. (1989) The State as Employer: Labour Law in the Public Service, London and New York: Mansell.

  • Freemantle, N., Richardson, M., Wood, J., Ray, D., Khosla, S., Shahian, D. et al (2012) ‘Weekend hospitalization and additional risk of death: An analysis of inpatient data’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105: 74–84.

  • Freidson, E. (1974) Professional Dominance: The Social Structure of Medical Care, New Jersey, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

  • Freidson, E. (1983) ‘The reorganization of the professions by regulation’, Law and Human Behavior, 7(2–3): 279.

  • Freidson, E. (1985) ‘The reorganization of the medical profession’, Medical Care Review, 42(1): 11–35.

  • Freidson, E. (1988) Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Freidson, E. (1994) Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Freidson, E. (2001) Professionalism, the Third Logic: On the Practice of Knowledge, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Friedman, C.P., Allee, N.J., Delaney, B.C., Flynn, A.J., Silverstein, J.C., Sullivan, K. and Young, K.A. (2017) ‘The science of Learning Health Systems: Foundations for a new journal’, Learning Health Systems, 1(1): e10020.

  • Garant, P. (2017) Droit administratif (7th edn), Montreal: Thomson Reuters.

  • Gemine, R., Davies G.R., Tarrant, S., Davies, R.M., James, M. and Lewis, K.E. (2021) ‘Factors associated with work-related burnout in NHS staff during COVID-19: A cross-sectional mixed methods study’, BMJ Open. Available at: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/1/e042591

  • General Medical Services Committee (1986) Report to a Special Conference of Representatives of Local Medical Committees on 13 November 1986, London: BMA.

  • General Medical Services Committee (1989) Report to a Special Conference of Representatives of Local Medical Committees on 21/22 June 1989, London: BMA.

  • General Medical Services Committee (1990) Report to a Special Conference of Representatives of Local Media Committees on 21 March 1990, London: BMA.

  • Germain, S. (2019) Justice and Profit in Healthcare Law: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and the United Kingdom, London: Hart Publishing.

  • Germain, S. (2021) ‘The role of medical professionals in shaping healthcare law during COVID-19’, Amicus Curiae, 3(1): 33–55.

  • Germain, S. and Yong, A. (2020) ‘COVID-19 highlighting inequalities in access to healthcare in England: A case study of ethnic minority and migrant women’, Feminist Legal Studies, 28: 301–10.

  • Germain, S. and Yong, S. (2021a) Written Evidence from the Gender & Sexualities Research Centre (GSRC) at City, University of London for Women’s Health Strategy, City Law School Working Paper 2021/05.

  • Germain, S. and Yong, A. (2021b: forthcoming) ‘Ethnic minority and migrant women’s struggles in accessing healthcare during COVID-19: An intersectional analysis’, Journal of Cultural Research.

  • Gerth, H.H. and Wright Mills, C. (eds) (1948) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Gillett, J., Hutchison, B., and Birch, S. (2001) ‘Capitation and primary care in Canada: Financial incentives and the evolution of health service organizations’, International Journal of Health Services, 31(3): 583–603.

  • Gingras, P. (1982) ‘Les médecins lancent la guerre des chiffres’, La Presse, 17 mai.

  • Giroux, M., Rocher, G. and Lajoie, A. (1999) ‘L’émergence de la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux de 1991: Une chronologie des événements’, Revue juridique thémis, 33(3): 659–95.

  • Glennerster, H. (1995) British Social Policy since 1945, Oxford: Blackwell.

  • The Globe and Mail (1966) ‘OMA pamphlet urges doctors bypass OMSIP.’

  • Godber, G. (1975) The Health Service: Past, Present and Future, London: The Athlone Press.

  • Godlee, F. (2012) ‘The NHS is heading down a hole – should we stop digging?’, British Medical Journal, 344: e805.

  • Goldman, B. (1991) ‘OMA agreement signals cooperation with government, disagreement among doctors’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 145(2): 145–6.

  • Goodwin, M. (2012) ‘It’s representational rights, duh’, Medical Post, 48(12): 13.

  • Gordon, A. and Dunlop, M. (1982) ‘Ontario doctors to stage one-day protest on pay’, Toronto Star, 27 January.

  • Gouldner, A.W. (1957) ‘Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles. I’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(3): 281–306.

  • Gouldner, A.W. (1958) ‘Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles. II’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(4): 444–80.

  • Grabham, T. (1994) ‘Divided we fall (yet again)’, British Medical Journal, 309: 1100–1.

  • Grant, K. (2015) ‘Ontario slashes fees it pays to doctors following negotiations’, The Globe and Mail, 15 January.

  • Greener, I. (2002) ‘Understanding NHS reform: The policy-transfer, social learning, and path-dependency perspectives’, Governance, 15: 161–83.

  • Greener, I. (2005) ‘The role of the patient in healthcare reform: Customer, consumer or creator?’, in S. Dawson and C. Sausmann (eds) Future Health Organisations and Systems, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 227–45.

  • Greener, I. (2006) ‘Where are the medical voices raised in protest?’, BMJ, 333: 660.

  • Greener, I. (2009) Public Management: A Critical Text, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Greener, I. and Harrington, B.E. (2014) Reforming Healthcare: What’s the Evidence?, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Greenwood, R. and Suddaby, R. (2006) ‘Institutional entrepreneurship in mature fields: The big five accounting firms’, Academy of Management Journal, 49(1): 27–48.

  • Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Sahin, K. and Suddaby, R. (2008) ‘Introduction’, in R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin and R. Suddaby (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, London, Thousand Oaks, New Dehli, Singapore: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp 1–46.

  • Greenwood, R., Raynard, M., Kodeih, F., Micelotta, E.R. and Lounsbury, M. (2011) ‘Institutional complexity and organizational responses’, Academy of Management Annals, 5(1): 317–71.

  • Greer, H. (1966) ‘Ontario medicare now law’, Toronto Star, 18 February.

  • Greer, H. (1966) ‘Ontario yields on Medicare, accepts compulsory coverage’, Toronto Star, 26 October.

  • Gruen, R.L., Campbell, E.G. and Blumenthal, D. (2006) ‘Public roles of US physicians: Community participation, political involvement, and collective advocacy’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(20): 2467–75.

  • Guardian, The (2015) ‘Junior doctors to be balloted for strike action, says British Medical Association’, 26 September.

  • Guindon, H. (1998) ‘Chronique de l’évolution sociale et politique du Québec depuis 1945’, Cahiers de recherche sociologique, 30: 33–78.

  • Gunz, H.P. and Gunz, S.P. (2006) ‘Professional ethics in formal organizations’, in Professional Service Firms (pp 257–81), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

  • Hafferty, F.W. and Light, D.W. (1995) ‘Professional dynamics and the changing nature of medical work’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, ‘Extra Issue: Forty Years of Medical Sociology: The State of the Art and Directions for the Future’: 132–53.

  • Hafferty, F.W. and Castellani, B. (2011) ‘Two cultures: Two ships: The rise of a professionalism movement within modern medicine and medical sociology’s disappearance from the professionalism debate’, in B.A. Pescosolido, J.K. Martin, J.D. McLeod and J.D. Rogers (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing, New York: Springer, pp 201–19.

  • Halcrow, M. (1989) Keith Joseph: A Single Mind, London: Macmillan.

  • Haliechuk, R. (1981) ‘Ontario told to ban MD’s extra billing or face cash loss’, Toronto Star, 18 October.

  • Hallett vs Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Neutral Citation Number [2018] EWHC 796 (QB) (2018).

  • Ham, C. (2000) The Politics of NHS Reforms 1988-1997, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Ham, C. (2009) Health Policy in Britain, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Ham, C., Clark, J. and Spurgeon, J. (2011) Medical Leadership: From Dark Side to Centre Stage, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Harrington, D. (1985a) ‘Liberals, NDP sign a pact, but Peterson says I’m the boss’, Toronto Star, 29 May.

  • Harrington, D. (1985b) ‘Ready to deliver the prescription’, Toronto Star, 20 July.

  • Harrington, D. (1986) ‘Negotiate an end to extra-billing Elston urges doctors’, Toronto Star, 4 March.

  • Harrison, B. and Guo M. (2015) ‘2015 Ontario health cut backs: Overview and specific impact on primary care’, University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine, 5(1): 21–5.

  • Harrison, R.G. (1993) ‘Hybrids and hybrid zones: Historical perspective’, in R.G. Harrison (ed) Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 3–12.

  • Harrison, S. and Pollitt, C. (1994) Controlling Health Professionals, Buckingham: Open University Press.

  • Haug, M.R. (1972) ‘Deprofessionalization: An alternate hypothesis for the future’, The Sociological Review, 20(S1): 195–211.

  • Haug, M.R. (1988) ‘A re-examination of the hypothesis of physician deprofessionalization’, The Milbank Quarterly, 66(S2): 48–56.

  • Health and Social Care Act (2012) Health and Social Care Act, London: HMSO.

  • Health Foundation (2020) Building Back Fairer: The Covid-19 Marmot Review, London: Health Foundation.

  • Hebdon, B. and Warrian, P. (1999) ‘Coercive bargaining: Public sector restructuring under the Ontario Social Contract, 1993–1996’, ILR Review, 52(2): 196–212.

  • Heller, L. (1979) ‘Exodus – and doctors blame status not greed’, Toronto Star, 14 March.

  • Henderich, J. (1979) ‘Bégin blames “stingy” fees for doctors quitting OHIP’, Toronto Star, 14 March.

  • Hinings, C.R. (2005) ‘The professions’, in S. Ackroyd, P. Batt, P. Thompson and P.S. Tolbert (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 485–507.

  • Hinsliff-Smith, K., Gordon, A., Devi, R. and Goodman, C. (2020) ‘The COVID-19 pandemic in UK care homes: Revealing the cracks in the system’, The Journal of Nursing Home Research Science, 2020(6): 58–60.

  • HM Government (2010) The Coalition: Our Programme for Government, London: Cabinet Office.

  • Hodges, D. (2005) ‘Web tool gauges efficiency of Ont. cancer care’, Medical Post, 41(18): 10 May.

  • Hollobon, J. (1968) ‘Leave public attitudes to public, Ontario Medical Association told’, The Globe and Mail.

  • Holloran, S.T. (1990) ‘The federal government, Ontario and medical care insurance: A study in federal provincial relations’, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 3996.

  • Honigsbaum, F. (1989) Health, Happiness and Security: The Creation of the National Health Service, Abingdon: Routlege.

  • Hood, C. (1983) The Tools of Government, London: Macmillan.

  • House of Commons (1946) Second Reading of the NHS Bill.

  • House of Commons (1989a) Second Reading of the White Paper Working for Patients.

  • House of Commons (1989b) Second Reading of the NHS Community and Care Bill.

  • House of Commons (2010) Health Committee.

  • House of Lords (1973) Second Reading of the NHS Reorganisation Bill.

  • House of Lords (2007) Companion to the Standing Orders and Proceedings of the House of Lords, Appendix E.

  • House of Lords (2011) Second Reading of the Health and Social Care Bill.

  • Howlett, M. (2012) ‘The lessons of failure: learning and blame avoidance in public policy-making’, International Political Science Review, 33(5): 539–55.

  • Howlett, M., Kekez, A. and Poocharoen, O.O. (2017) ‘Understanding co-production as a policy tool: Integrating new public governance and comparative policy theory’, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(5): 487–501.

  • Hunter, D.J. (2016) The Health Debate, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Hwang, H. and Powell, W.W. (2005) ‘Institutions and entrepreneurship’, in S.A. Alvarez, R. Agarwal and O. Sorenson (eds) Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Cham: Springer, pp 201–32.

  • Iacobucci, G. (2014) ‘NHS England’s five year plan’, British Medical Journal, 349: g6484.

  • Iacobucci, G. (2015) ‘Tackle shortfall in NHS funding, healthcare leaders tell health secretary’, British Medical Journal, 350: h2577.

  • Immergut, E.M. (1990) ‘Institutions, veto points, and policy results: A comparative analysis of health care’, Journal of Public Policy, 10(4): 391–416.

  • Irvine, D. (1999) ‘The performance of doctors: The new professionalism’, The Lancet, 353: 1174–7.

  • Jensen, L.S. (2008) ‘Government, the State, and governance polity’, Polity, 40(3): 379–85.

  • Jessop, B. (2011) ‘The state: Government and governance’, in A. Pike, A. Rodríguez-Pose and J. Tomaney (eds) Handbook of Local and Regional Development (2nd edn), London: Routledge, pp 239–41.

  • Johns, G. (2006) ‘The essential impact of context on organizational behavior’, Academy of Management Review, 31(2): 386–408.

  • Johnson, T. (1972) ‘Imperialism and the professions: Notes on the development of professional occupations in Britain’s colonies and the New States’, The Sociological Review, 20(1_suppl): 281–309.

  • Johnson, T., Larkin, G. and Saks, M. (1995) ‘Governmentality and the institutionalization of expertise’, in T. Johnson, G. Larkin and M. Saks (eds) Health Professions and the State in Europe, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 11–20.

  • Jones, C. (1950) Enquiry into the Financial Working of the Service, CAB 134/518, PRO.

  • Jones, H. (2014) Health and Society in Twentieth Century Britain, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Judge, K. and Solomon, M. (1993) ‘Public opinion and the National Health Service: Patterns and perspectives in consumer satisfaction’, Journal of Social Policy, 22: 299–327.

  • Justice for Health Ltd, R (On the Application Of) vs The Secretary of State for Health (2016).

  • Kahn-Freund, O. (1972) Labour and the Law, London: Stevens & Sons Ltd.

  • Kaissi, A. (2014) ‘Enhancing physician engagement: An international perspective’, International Journal of Health Services, 44(3): 567–92.

  • Kavanagh, D. and Morris, P. (1989) Consensus Politics from Attlee to Thatcher, Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Kennedy, I. (2001) Learning from Bristol: The Report of the Public Inquiry into Children’s Heart Surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, 1984–95, London: The Stationery Office.

  • The King’s Fund (2015) The NHS under the Coalition Government Part One: NHS Reform, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Kitchener, M., Caronna, C.A. and Shortell, S.M. (2005) ‘From the doctor’s workshop to the iron cage? Evolving modes of physician control in US health systems’, Social Science & Medicine, 60(6): 1311–22.

  • Klein, R. (1990) ‘The state and the profession: The politics of the double bed’, BMJ, 301: 700–2.

  • Klein, R. (2013) The New Politics of the NHS: From Creation to Reinvention (7th edn), Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Klein, R. (2018) ‘The National Health Service (NHS) at 70: Bevan’s double-edged legacy’, Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14(1): 1–10.

  • Kleinert, S. and Horton, R. (2017) ‘From universal health coverage to right care for health’, The Lancet, 390(10090): 101–2.

  • Kmietowicz, Z. (2003) ‘Consultants threaten strike over contract stalemate’, British Medical Journal, 326: 1165.

  • Kmietowicz, Z. (2005) ‘GMC gives evidence to inquiry’, British Medical Journal, 330: 1044.

  • Kondro, W. (2007) ‘Ontario overhauls medical audit regime’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 177(4): 334.

  • Koul, S. (2012) ‘Shoot-out at the OMA corral’, Medical Post, 48(9): 10.

  • Kralj, B. and Barber, J. (2013) ‘Physician payment reform – part II: Implementation of episode bundling/quality based procedures’, Ontario Medical Review, 21–5.

  • La Presse (1970) ‘Les omnipraticiens signent leur convention collective’, 12 novembre, A1, A6.

  • La Presse (2002) ‘Un décès ne fait pas reculer l’hôpital de Shawinigan. Les urgences fermés la nuit’, 22 juin, A3.

  • La Presse (2015a) Publicity by FMOQ, 24 February, A6

  • La Presse (2015b) Publicity by FMOQ, 27 February, A5.

  • La Presse (2015c) Publicity by FMOQ, 21 March, A6.

  • Lacoursier, A. (2015) ‘Projet de loi 20: La grogne s’installe chez les médecins’, La Presse, 26 mars.

  • The Lancet (1971) ‘Invitation to counsult’, 297: 1056.

  • Langley, A. (1999) ‘Strategies for theorizing from process data’, Academy of Management Review, 24(4): 691–710.

  • Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and van de Ven, A.H. (2013) ‘Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow’, Academy of Management Journal, 56(1): 1–13.

  • Lansley, A. (2005) ‘The future of health and public service regulation’, Speech, NHS Confederation.

  • Larson, L.M. (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis, Berkeley, CA: University of California.

  • Larson, M.S. (1979) ‘Professionalism: Rise and fall’, International Journal of Health Services, 9(4): 607–27.

  • Lascoumes, P. and Le Galès, P. (2004) Gouverner par les instruments, Paris: Presses de Sciences po.

  • Lascoumes, P. and Le Galès, P. (2007) ‘Introduction: Understanding public policy through its instruments – from the nature of instruments to the sociology of public policy instrumentation’, Governance, 20(1): 1–21.

  • Lascoumes, P. and Le Galès, P. (2010) ‘Instrument’, in L. Boussaguet, S. Jacquot and P. Ravinet (eds) Dictionnaire des politiques publiques (vol 3), Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, pp 325–35.

  • Laugesen, M.J. (2016) Fixing Medical Prices, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Lazar, H., Forest, P. G., Church, J. and Lavis, J. N. (eds) (2013) Paradigm Freeze: Why It Is So Hard to Reform Health Care in Canada, Montréal, QC: McGill-Queen’s Press.

  • Le Devoir (2002) ‘Legault sonne la fin de la récréation: Le ministre de la santé est prêt à se heurter aux médecins pour “préserver le système”’, 25 juillet.

  • Lee-Potter, J. (1997) A Damn Bad Business: The NHS Deformed, London: Gollancz.

  • Leicht, K.T. (2005) ‘Professions’, in G. Ritzer (ed) Encyclopedia of Social Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp 603–6.

  • Leicht, K.T. and Fennell, M.L. (1997) ‘The changing organizational context of professional work’, Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1): 215–31.

  • Leicht, K.T. and Fennell, M.L. (2008) ‘Institutionalism and the professions’, in R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby and K. Sahlin Anderson (eds) Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp 431–48.

  • Lemke, T. (2007) ‘An indigestible meal? Foucault, governmentality and state theory’, Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 8(2), 43–64.

  • Leslie, C. (2013a) ‘Behind the scenes of OMA fee talks’, Medical Post, 49(16): 14.

  • Leslie, C. (2013b) ‘The income-raising role of medical associations’, Medical Post, 49(18): 14.

  • Leslie, C. (2015a) ‘2 negotiations. The timeline, the players’, Medical Post, 51(2): 22.

  • Leslie, C. (2015b) ‘It’s time to get back to the negotiating table in Ontario’, Medical Post, 51(6): 6.

  • Leslie, C. (2016) ‘The road to binding arbitration’, Medical Post, 52(4): 4.

  • Lewis, S. (2015) ‘A system in name only: Access, variation, and reform in Canada’s provinces’, New England Journal of Medicine, 372(6): 497–500.

  • Light, D. (1995) ‘Countervailing powers’, in T. Johnson, G. Larkin and M. Saks (eds) Health Professions and the State in Europe, London: Routledge, pp 25–41.

  • Linder, S.H. and Peters, B.G. (1989) ‘Instruments of government: Perceptions and contexts’, Journal of Public Policy, 9: 35–58.

  • Littler, C.R. (1990) ‘The labour process debate: A theoretical teview 1974–88’, in D. Knights and H. Willmott (eds) Labour Process Theory, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 46–94.

  • Lodge, M. (2008) ‘Regulation, the regulatory state and European politics’, West European Politics, 31(1–2): 280–301.

  • Loudon, I., Horder, J. and Webster, C. (1998) General Practice under the National Health Service, 1948–1997, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Lowe, R. (1998) The Welfare State in Britain since 1945, Basingstoke: Macmillan International Higher Education.

  • Macdonald, K.M. (1995) The Sociology of the Professions, London: SAGE Publications.

  • Mackenzie, H. (2010) Steering Ontario Out of Recession: A Plan of Action, Technical Paper: Ontario Budget 2010, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

  • Maioni, A. (1997) ‘Parting at the crossroads: The development of health insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940–1965’, Comparative Politics, 411–31.

  • Maioni, A. (2004) ‘New century, new risks: The Marsh Report and the post-war welfare state in Canada’, Policy Options – Montreal, 25(7): 20.

  • Malling, E. (1970) ‘Special report: 60% of Ontario doctors accept medicare rates’, Toronto Star, 10 October.

  • Manthorpe, J. (1979) ‘Ontario puts the boot to physicians’ union – but gently, gently’, Toronto Star, 31 March.

  • Marchildon, G.P. (2013) ‘Canada: Health system review’, Health System in Transition, 15(1): 1–179.

  • Marchildon, G.P. and Hutchison, B. (2016) ‘Primary care in Ontario, Canada: New proposals after 15 years of reform’, Health Policy, 120(7): 732–8.

  • Marcus, L.J., Dorn, B.C. and McNulty, E.J. (2011) Renegotiating Health Care: Resolving Conflict to Build Collaboration (2nd edn), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

  • Marin S. (2017) ‘Les Médecins spécialistes exigent le retrait du projet de loi 130’, Le Soleil, 25 mai.

  • Marmor, T. and Wendt, C. (2012) ‘Conceptual frameworks for comparing healthcare politics and policy’, Health Policy, 107(1): 11–20.

  • Marshall, T.H. (1939) ‘The recent history of professionalism in relation to social structure and social policy’, Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue canadienne de economiques et science politique, 5(3): 325–40.

  • Martin, G.P. and Waring, J. (2018) ‘Realising governmentality: Pastoral power, governmental discourse and the (re) constitution of subjectivities’, The Sociological Review, 0038026118755616.

  • Martin, J.L. and Lembo, A. (2020) ‘On the other side of values’, American Journal of Sociology, 126(1): 52–98.

  • Mauss, M. and Durkheim, É. (1937) ‘Morale professionnelle: Trois leçons extraites d’un cours d’Émile Durkheim, de morale civique et professionnelle (1898–1900)’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 44(3): 527–44.

  • Maynard, A. (2013) ‘Health care rationing: Doing it better in public and private health care systems’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 38(6): 1103–27.

  • McGivern, G., Currie, G., Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L. and Waring, J. (2015) ‘Hybrid manager-professionals’ identity work: The maintenance and hybridization of medical professionalism in managerial contexts’, Public Administration, 93(2): 412–32.

  • McIver, S. (2000) ‘Public consultation. Consulting room’, The Health Service Journal, 110: 28–9.

  • McKinlay, J.B. and Arches, J. (1985) ‘Towards the proletarianization of physicians’, International Journal of Health Services, 15(2): 161–95.

  • McKinlay, J.B. and Marceau, L.D. (2002) ‘The end of the golden age of doctoring’, International Journal of Health Services, 32(2): 379–416.

  • McNulty, T. and Ferlie, E. (2002) Re-engineering Health Care: The Complexities of Organizational Transformation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Mechanic, D. and Rochefort, D.A. (1996) ‘Comparative medical systems’, Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1): 239–70.

  • Medical Post (1996a) ‘Ontario doctors warming to capitation: Rostering’, 32(1): 52.

  • Medical Post (1996b) ‘OMA plots media strategy’, 32(1): 6

  • Medical Post (1996c) ‘Ontario doctors lose out in government power grab’, 32(5): 1–81.

  • Medical Post (1996d) ‘Ontario health minister Jim Wilson takes aim at misconceptions about controversial Bill 26’, 32(2): 22–3.

  • Medical Post (1996e) ‘Bill 26 will give Ontario doctors less say’, 32(11): 44.

  • Medical Post (1997) ‘Ontario’s FP coalition picking up steam’, 33(28): 4.

  • Medical Services Review Committee (1962) A Review of the Medical Services in Great Britain: The Report of [the Medical Services Review] Committee (Sir Arthur Porritt), Social Assay.

  • Meyer, J.W. (2010) ‘World society, institutional theories, and the actor’, Annual Review of Sociology, 36: 1–20.

  • Millin, L. (1968) ‘OMA leader says Canada is communist’, The Globe and Mail.

  • Milnes, A. and Zade, R. (2017) ‘Acknowledgements’, in D. Peterson and S. Paikin (authors) and A. Milnes and R. Zade (eds) Without Walls or Barriers: The Speeches of Premier David Peterson, Montréal, Kingston, London and Ithaca, NY: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp xiii–xiv.

  • Minister of Health (1962) A Hospital Plan for England and Wales, Cmnd. 1604, London: HMSO.

  • Ministry of Health and Department of Health for Scotland (1944) A National Health Service: The White Paper Proposals in Brief, London: HMSO. Available at: https://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/the-sma-and-the-foundation-of-the-national-health-service-dr-leslie-hilliard-1980/a-national-health-service/

  • Mintzberg, H. (1979) The Structuring of Organizations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  • Mintzberg, H. and Waters, J.A. (1982) ‘Tracking strategy in an entrepreneurial firm’, Academy of Management Journal, 25: 465–99.

  • Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. and Wood, D.J. (1997) ‘Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts’, Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 853–86.

  • MOHLTC (Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care) (2012) Ontario’s Action Plan for Health Care: Better Patient Care through Better Value from our Health Care Dollars, January, Toronto: Government of Ontario.

  • Montagna, P.D. (1968) ‘Professionalization and bureaucratization in large professional organizations’, American Journal of Sociology, 74(2): 138–45.

  • Moran, M. (1995) ‘Explaining change in the National Health Service: Corporatism, closure and democratic capitalism’, Public Policy and Administration, 10: 21–33.

  • Morrell, D. (1998) ‘Introduction and overview’, in I. Loudon, J. Horder and C. Webster (eds) General Practice under the National Heath Service 1948–1997, London: Clarendon Press, pp 1–19.

  • Morrell, K. (2006) ‘Policy as narrative: New Labour’s reform of the National Health Service’, Public Administration, 84(2): 367–85.

  • Morris, T., Greenwood, R. and Fairclough, S. (2010) ‘Decision making in professional service firms’, in P.C. Nutt and D.C. Wilson (eds) Handbook of Decision Making, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp 276–306.

  • Mumby, D.K., Thomas, R., Martí, I. and Seidl, D. (2017) ‘Resistance redux’, Organization Studies, 38(9): 1157–83.

  • MSSS (Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux) (1989) ‘Pour améliorer la santé et le bien-être au Québec: Orientations’, Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux avril.

  • MSSS (1990) ‘Une réforme axée sur le citoyen’ [‘A citizen-centred reform’], Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux, décembre.

  • MSSS (2006) ‘Garantir l’accès: un défi d’ équité, d’efficience et de qualité’, Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux fevrier.

  • Muncin, C. (1997) ‘Sinclair sets sights on primary-care reform’, Medical Post, 33(34): 4.

  • Muzio, D. and Kirkpatrick, I. (2011) ‘Introduction: Professions and organizations – A conceptual framework’, Current Sociology, 59(4): 389–405.

  • Muzio, D., Brock, D.M. and Suddaby, R. (2013) ‘Professions and institutional change: Towards an institutionalist sociology of the professions’, Journal of Management Studies, 50(5): 699–721.

  • Nadeau, J. (2015a) ‘Le Barreau et la FMOQ refusent de comparaître tant qu’ils ne seront pas prêts’, Le Devoir, 24 février.

  • Nadeau, J. (2015b) ‘Duel épique pour une réforme condamnée’, Le Devoir, 18 mars.

  • Nadeau, J. (2015c) ‘Les omnipraticiens veulent négocier en privé’, Le Devoir, 19 mars.

  • NAHA (National Association of Health Authorities for England and Wales) (1987) Autumn Survey.

  • Nairne P. (1983) ‘Managing the DHSS elephant: Reflections on a giant department Sir Patrick Nairne’, The Political Quarterly, 54: 243–56.

  • NAO (National Audit Office) (2007) Pay Modernisation: A New Contract for NHS Consultants in England, London: NAO.

  • National Assembly Debates (1970a) Assemblée nationale, Journal des débats, Commission permanente de la santé, 7 juillet, 10(21). Available at: http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/cs-4-avant-1984-29-1/journal-debats/CS-700707.html?appelant=MC.

  • National Assembly Debates (1970b) Assemblée nationale, Journal des débats, Commission permanente de la santé, 1 octobre, 10(29); Fascicule n°22, 15 octobre, pp 1385–436.

  • National Assembly Debates (1990) Assemblée nationale, Journal des débats, Commission permanente des affaires sociales, 19 mars, 31(64): 8, 9.

  • National Assembly Debates (2015a) Bill 20, 17 mars, 44(40).

  • National Assembly Debates (2015b) 19 mars, 44(42).

  • National Housing Federation (2020) Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee Inquiry into the Impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on Homelessness and the Private Rented Sector, London, National Housing Federation Limited.

  • Nettl, J.P. (1968) ‘The State as a conceptual variable’, World Politics, 20: 559–63.

  • Newbery, L. (1980) ‘Doctors’ check-up gets college okay’, Toronto Star, 3 July.

  • Newbery, L. (1986) ‘Here are the issues’, Toronto Star, 15 June.

  • NHS England (2014) ‘Five year forward view’, NHS England.

  • NHS Future Forum (2011) Summary Report on Proposed Changes to the NHS.

  • Noel, A. (1987) ‘Les résidents et internes rentrent au travail’, La Presse, 18 novembre.

  • Noordegraaf, M. (2011) ‘Risky business: How professionals and professional fields (must) deal with organizational issues’, Organization Studies, 32(10): 1349–71.

  • Noordegraaf, M. (2013) ‘Reconfiguring professional work: Changing forms of professionalism in public services’, Administration & Society, 48(7): 783–810.

  • Noordegraaf, M. (2015) ‘Hybrid professionalism and beyond: (New) Forms of public professionalism in changing organizational and societal contexts’, Journal of Professions and Organization, 2(2): 187–206.

  • O’Donnell, J. (1979) ‘I’m not a money-grubber’, Toronto Star, 6 January.

  • OMA (Ontario Medical Association) (2009) Submission to the Standing Committee on Social Policy on Bill 179: ‘An Act to Amend Regulated Health Professions Statutes’, 16 September.

  • OMSIP (1967) ‘OMSIP progress report: Most MDs back plan, Dymond says’, The Globe and Mail. Available at: https://search.proquest.com/hnpglobeandmail/docview/1270026443/abstract/120703C2716142BEPQ/5

  • Oppenheimer, M. (1972) ‘The proletarianization of the professional’, The Sociological Review, 20(1_suppl): 213–27.

  • Ouellet, M. (2014) ‘Réforme en santé: un projet de loi irrecevable, selon les médecins spécialistes’, Le Devoir, 20 octobre.

  • Pal, L. (2006) Beyond Policy Analysis – Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times, Toronto: Nelson Education.

  • Paradeise, C. (1988) ‘Les professions comme marchés du travail fermés’, Sociologie et sociétés, 20(2): 9–21.

  • Paré, I. (1991) ‘Un placard qui choque’, Le Devoir, 8 juin.

  • Paré, I. (1996) ‘Le branle-bas de combat à l’hôpital Notre-Dame: Les médecins rejettent toute nouvelle compression’, Le Devoir, 15 juin.

  • Parkin, F. (1979) The Marxist Theory of Class: A Bourgeois Critique, London: Tavistock.

  • Parliament (1948) Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Remuneration of General Practitioners, Cmd 6810, London: HMSO.

  • Parsons, T. (1939) ‘The professions and social structure’, Social Forces, 17(4): 457–67.

  • Parsons, T. (1954) ‘Professional and social structure’, in T. Parsons (ed) Essays in Sociological Theory, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, pp 34–49.

  • Patel, K. and Rushefsky, M.E. (2014) Healthcare Politics and Policy in America (4th edn), Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

  • Pater, J.E. (1981) The Making of the National Service, London: Pitman’s Medical.

  • Pettigrew, A.M. (1987) ‘Context and action in the transformation of the firm’, Journal of Management Studies, 24: 649–70.

  • Pettigrew, A.M. (1992) ‘The character and significance of strategy process research’, Strategic Management Journal, 13(S2): 5–16.

  • Pettigrew, A.M. (2012) ‘Context and action in the transformation of the firm: A reprise’, Journal of Management Studies, 49(7): 1304–28.

  • Pettigrew, A.M., Woodman, R.W. and Cameron, K.S. (2001) ‘Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research’, Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 697–713.

  • Pierson, P. (2011) ‘The welfare state over the very long run’, ZeS-Arbeitspapier, No. 02/2011, Bremen: Universität Bremen, Zentrum für Sozialpolitik (ZeS).

  • Pildes, R.H. and Sunstein, C.R. (1995) ‘Reinventing the regulatory state’, The University of Chicago Law Review, 62(1): 1–129.

  • Platt, S. (1998) ‘Government by task force’, Catalyst Paper, 2.

  • Pole, K. (2004) ‘Money gets cautious nod from health groups’, Medical Post, 40(36): 1.

  • Pollitt, C. (1993) Managerialism and the Public Services: Cuts or Cultural Change in the 1990s?, Oxford: Blackwell Business.

  • Pollitt, C. and Bouckaert, G. (2017) Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis – Into the Age of Austerity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Pollock, A.M., Price, D., Viebrock, E., Miller, E. and Watt, G. (2007) ‘The market in primary care’, British Medical Journal, 335: 475–7.

  • Pomey, M.P., Denis, J.L. and Dumez, V. (eds) (2019) Patient Engagement: How Patient–Provider Partnerships Transform Healthcare Organizations, Springer Nature.

  • Porter, M.E. (2009) ‘A strategy for health care reform – Toward a value-based system’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(2): 109–12.

  • Powell, M. (1998) ‘In what sense a national health service?’, Public Policy and Administration, 13: 56–69.

  • Power, M. (2011) ‘Foucault and sociology’, Annual Review of Sociology, 37: 35–56.

  • Priest, L. (1992) ‘Doctors to get 1% hike under tentative agreement’, Toronto Star, 7 October.

  • Priest, L. (1993a) ‘New doctors fear for jobs as NDP plans to cut fees’, Toronto Star, 1 May.

  • Priest, L. (1993b) ‘New MDs feel betrayed as NDP plan slashes jobs’, Toronto Star, 10 May.

  • Priest, L. (1993c) ‘The OMA contract pill wasn’t all bitter’, Toronto Star, August 19.

  • Priest, L. (1993d) ‘Doctors, province battle over health-care cuts’, Toronto Star, 29 December.

  • Priest, L. (1994a) ‘Hold off on tests, MDs tell public’, Toronto Star, 30 November.

  • Priest, L. (1994b) ‘Doctors lose pay’, Toronto Star, 17 December.

  • Priest, L. (1996) ‘Sign a deal with the doc is new health thought’, Toronto Star, 15 February.

  • Public Records Office (1948) CAB 129/131.

  • Public Records Office (1950a) CAB 129/38.

  • Public Records Office (1950b) CAB 128/17.

  • Quadagno, J. (2005) One Nation, Uninsured: Why the US Has No National Health Insurance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Quadagno, J. (2010) ‘Institutions, interest groups, and ideology: An agenda for the sociology of health care reform’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(2): 125–36.

  • Rachlis, M. (2009) ‘Can this minister fix the health line?’, Toronto Star, 16 October.

  • Raelin, J.A. (1986) The Clash of Cultures: Managers and Professionals, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.

  • Raine, K., Hernandez, C., Nykiforuk, C., Reed, S., Montemurro, G., Lytvyak, E. and MacLellan-Wright, M.-F. (2014) ‘Measuring the process of capacity building in the Alberta Policy Coalition for Cancer Prevention’, Health Promotion Practice, 15(4): 496–505.

  • Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Reed, M.I. (1996) ‘Expert power and control in late modernity: An empirical review and theoretical synthesis’, Organization Studies, 17(4): 573–97.

  • Reed, R.R. and Evans, D. (1987) ‘The deprofessionalization of medicine’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(22): 3279–82.

  • Régis, C. (2008) ‘Valeur de l’imputabilité dans l’allocation des ressources au Canada: Une perspective de politiques publiques’, McGill Journal of Law & Health, 2: 47.

  • Renaud, M. (1981) ‘Les réformes québécoises de la santé ou les aventures d’un État narcissique’, in L. Bozzini, M. Renaud, D. Gaucher and J. Llambias-Wolff (eds) Médecine et société. Les années 80, Montréal, QC: Les Éditions coopératives Albert Saint-Martin, pp 513–49.

  • Rhodes, R.A.W. (1996) ‘The new governance: Governing without government’, Political Studies, 44(4): 652–67.

  • Richard, P. (1971) ‘Les médecins réclament des pouvoirs de contrôle’, Le Devoir, 16 septembre.

  • Richardson, K. (1997) ‘Go-slow approach urged on primary care reform’, Medical Post, 33(27): 61.

  • Richer, J. (2016) ‘Barrette serre un peu plus la vis aux médecins’, Le Devoir, 10 décembre.

  • Rintala, M. (2003) Creating the National Health Service: Aneurin Bevan and the Medical Lords, London: Frank Cass.

  • Rivett, G. (1998) From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Roberge, H. (1982a) ‘Les résidents et internes accusent Québec de leur ‘tirer dans le dos’, La Presse, 27 mai.

  • Roberge, H. (1982b) ‘Entente avec les spécialistes. La loi accorde $91,647 aux omnipraticiens’, La Presse, 22 juin.

  • Robertson, D. (2002) A Dictionary of Modern Politics (3rd edn), London and New York: Europa Publications.

  • Robinson, R. (1988) Health Finance: Assessing the Options, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Roche, W. (2018) ‘Medical regulation for the public interest in United Kingdom’, in J.M. Chamberlain, M. Dent and M. Saks (eds) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 77–92.

  • Rocher, G. (2008) ‘Les réformes: Une perspective sociologique’, in P. Laborier, P. Noreau, M. Rioux and G. Rocher (eds) Les réformes en santé et en justice: Le droit et la gouvernance, Québec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval, pp 9–22.

  • Romanow, R.J. (2002) Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada (Romanow Report), The Romanow Commission, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Privy Council

  • Rose, N. and Miller, P. (2010) ‘Political power beyond the State: Problematics of government’, The British Journal of Sociology, 61: 271–303.

  • Rose, N., O’Malley, P. and Valverde, M. (2006) ‘Governmentality’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2: 83–104.

  • Roy, M. (1970) ‘Front commun des grandes centrales syndicales contre le projet loi de l’assurance-maladie’, Le Devoir, 30 juin.

  • RCP (Royal College of Physicians) (2013) Future Hospital Commission, London: RCP.

  • RCP (2017) NHS Reality Check: Delivering Care under Pressure, London: RCP.

  • RCP (2020) ‘Ethical guidance published for frontline staff dealing with pandemic.’ Available at: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/ethical-guidance-published-frontline-staff-dealing-pandemic

  • Royal Commission on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Remuneration (1960) ‘The report of the Royal Commission on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Remuneration’, The Journal of the College of General Practitioners, 3: 133–4.

  • Royal Commission on the National Health Service (1979) Royal Commission on the National Health Service (Merrison Commission): Record, Cmnd 7615, London: HMSO.

  • Ryan, C. (1970) ‘Les centrales syndicales et le projet Castonguay’, Le Devoir, 2 juillet.

  • Saks, M. (1995) Professions and the Public Interest: Medical Power, Altruism and Alternative Medicine, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Saks, M. (2010) ‘Analyzing the professions: The case for the neo-Weberian approach’, Comparative Sociology, 9(6): 887–915.

  • Saks, M. (2012) ‘Defining a profession: The role of knowledge and expertise’, Professions and Professionalism, 2(1): 1–10.

  • Saks, M. (2016) ‘Professions and power: A review of theories of professions and power’, in M. Dent, L. Bourgeault, J.-L. Denis and E. Kuhlmann (eds) The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 89–104.

  • Saks, M. and Adams, T.L. (2019) ‘Neo-Weberianism, professional formation and the state: Inside the black box’, Professions and Professionalism, 9(2): 3190.

  • Salamon, L.M. (ed) (2002) The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Salter, B. (2004) The New Politics of Medicine, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Saltman, R.B. (2018) ‘Foreword’, in J.M. Chamberlain, M. Dent and M. Saks (eds) Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest: International Perspectives, Bristol: Policy Press, pp xi–xiii.

  • Samuels, A. (2018) ‘A constitutional statute?’, Statute Law Review, 1.

  • Savard, A.-M. (2017) ‘Les médecins comme travailleurs autonomes au sein du système public de santé au Québec: Le passage d’une autonomie professionnelle à une imputabilité sociale’, Les cahiers de droit, 58(4): 749–87.

  • Schneider, A. and Ingram, H. (1990) ‘Behavioral assumptions of policy tools’, The Journal of Politics, 52(2): 510–29.

  • Schneyer, T. (2013) ‘The case for proactive management-based regulation to improve professional self-regulation for US lawyers’, Hofstra Law Review, 42(1): 233.

  • Scott, W.R. (2008) ‘Lords of the dance: Professionals as institutional agents’, Organization Studies, 29(2): 219–38.

  • Scott, W.R., Ruef, M., Mendel, P.J. and Caronna, C.A. (2000) Institutional Change and Health Care Organizations: From Professional Dominance to Managed Care, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Secretaries of State for Health, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland (1989) Working for Patients, Cmnd 555, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (1997) The New NHS: Modern, Dependable, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (1998) A First Class Service: Quality in the New NHS, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (2000) The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, a Plan for Reform, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (2004) The NHS Improvement Plan, CM 6268, London: TSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (2008) High Quality Care for All: NHS Next Stage Review, Final Report, Cm 7432, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (2010) Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS, London: HMSO.

  • Secretary of State for Health (2011) Government Response to the NHS Future Forum Report, London: Department of Health.

  • Secretary of State for Health and Social Services (1972) National Health Service Reorganisation: England, London: HMSO.

  • Sehested, K. (2002) ‘How new public management reforms challenge the roles of professionals’, International Journal of Public Administration, 25(12): 1513–37.

  • Select Committee on the Constitution (2017–19) The Legislative Process: Preparing Legislation for Parliament, 4th report (HL 27) 14.

  • Shaw, E. (2007) Losing Labour’s Soul? New Labour and the Blair Government 1997–2007, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Sheard, S. and Donaldson, L.J. (2006) The Nation’s Doctor: The Role of the Chief Medical Officer 1855–1998, Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.

  • Siddique, H. (2016) ‘NHS transformation plans may be used as cover for cuts, says BMA’, The Guardian, 21 November.

  • Siebert, S., Martin, G. and Bozic, B. (2016) ‘Research into employee trust: Epistemological foundations and paradigmatic boundaries’, Human Resource Management Journal, 26(3): 269–84.

  • Sirois, A. (2002a) ‘Les médecins veulent casser la loi d’exception’, La Presse, 2 août.

  • Sirois, A. (2002b) ‘Front commun des médecins contre la loi spéciale’ La Presse, 12 juillet.

  • Sirois, A. (2002c) ‘Les médecins sont maintenant tenus de divulguer les erreurs médicales’, La Presse, 8 novembre.

  • Sirois, A. (2002d) ‘Les spécialistes et Québec toujours à couteau tirés’, La Presse, 26 novembre.

  • Sirois, A. and Breton, P. (2002) ‘Les spécialistes feront une autre journée d’étude en décembre’, La Presse, 14 novembre.

  • Smith, D.J. (2002) The Shipman Inquiry: First Report, Volume One: Death Disguised, London: HMSO.

  • Smith, D.J. (2004) The Shipman Inquiry: Safeguarding Patients: Lessons from the Past – Proposals for the Future (Fifth report), Cm 6394, London: TSO.

  • Smith, M.J. (1993) Pressure, Power and Policy, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

  • Smith, R. (2003) ‘The failures of two contracts’, British Medical Journal, 326: 1097–8.

  • Smyth, C., Sylvester, R. and Thomson, A. (2014) ‘NHS reforms our worst mistake, Tories admit’, The Times, 13 October.

  • Snoddon, T.R. (1998) ‘The impact of the CHST on interprovincial redistribution in Canada’, Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 24(1): 49–70.

  • Spurgeon, P., Mazelan, P.M. and Barwell, F. (2011) ‘Medical engagement: A crucial underpinning to organizational performance’, Health Services Management Research, 24(3): 114–20.

  • Starr, P. (1982) The Social Transformation of American Medicine, New York, NY: Basic Books.

  • Strumpf, E., Levesque, J.F., Coyle, N., Hutchison, B., Barnes, M. and Wedel, R.J. (2012) ‘Innovative and diverse strategies toward primary health care reform: Lessons learned from the Canadian experience’, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(Suppl 1): S27–S33.

  • Stuffco, J. (2013) ‘The consensus man’, Medical Post, 49(1): 29 January.

  • Suddaby, R. and Greenwood, R. (2009) ‘Methodological issues in researching institutional change’, in D.A. Buchanan and A. Bryman (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp 177–95.

  • Suddaby, R. and Viale, T. (2011) ‘Professionals and field-level change: Institutional work and the professional project’, Current Sociology, 59(4): 423–42.

  • Suddaby, R. and Muzio, D. (2015) ‘Theoretical perspectives on the professions’, in L. Empson, D. Muzio, J. Broschak and B. Hinings (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Professional Service Firms, Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online, pp 25–47.

  • Suddaby, R., Cooper, D.J. and Greenwood, R. (2007) ‘Transnational regulation of professional services: Governance dynamics of field level organizational change’, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(4–5): 333–62.

  • Suddaby, R., Gendron, Y. and Lam, H. (2009) ‘The organizational context of professionalism in accounting’, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3–4): 409–27.

  • Sullivan, P. (1990) ‘Debate heated, but OMA backs deferral of court challenge’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 143(1): 47–8.

  • Swedberg, R. (2005) ‘Can there be a sociological concept of interest?’, Theory and Society, 34(4): 359–90.

  • Sylvain, M. (2010) ‘Ontario hospitals mull MD assessment system’, Medical Post, 46(17): 32–3.

  • Sylvain, M. (2011a) ‘OMA readying master-agreement negotiations strategy’, Medical Post, 47(9): 40.

  • Sylvain, M. (2011b) ‘Former negotiator takes helm of Ontario Medical Association’, Medical Post, 47(9): 4.

  • Taylor, M. (2009) Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions that Created the Health Insurance System and Their Outomes, Montréal, QC: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80w3s.7?refreqid=excelsior%3A7b128c836bb09c491453118ff0882303&seq=68#metadata_info_tab_contents

  • Tenszen, M. (1991) ‘Doctors okay 6-year deal that pits cap on billing’, Toronto Star, 28 May.

  • Thatcher, M. (1980) ‘The lady’s not for turning’, Conservative Party Conference.

  • Thatcher, M. (1993) The Downing Street Years, London: HarperCollins.

  • Timmins, N. (1995) The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State, London: Fontana Books.

  • Timmins, N. (2008) ‘NHS urged to share market system’, Financial Times, 7 July.

  • Timmins, N. (2010) ‘Doctors attack business involvement in the NHS’, Financial Times, 12 February.

  • Timmins, N. (2012) Never Again? The Story of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, London: The King’s Fund.

  • Titmuss, R. (1958) Essays on the Welfare State, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Tyler, T.R. (2011) Why People Cooperate: The Role Of Social Motivations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Torfing, J. (2005) ‘Governance network theory: Towards a second generation’, European Political Science, 4(3): 305–15.

  • Toronto Star (1966a) ‘Anti-Medicare pledge by 4,500 doctors makes Dymond “ashamed”’, 18 February.

  • Toronto Star (1966b) ‘OMSIP does not qualify for federal aid: MacEachen’, 6 June.

  • Toronto Star (1966c) ‘MDs’ pamphlets in waiting rooms aimed at OMSIP’, 2 August.

  • Toronto Star (1967) ‘Doctors said “irresponsible” over their fee increase’, 11 April.

  • Toronto Star (1968) ‘Ontario doctors want raise of 10% in some fees’, 11 November.

  • Toronto Star (1971a) ‘New law forbids double billing by Ontario doctors’, 25 June.

  • Toronto Star (1971b) (OMA) ‘An open letter to the citizens of Ontario’, 7 July.

  • Toronto Star (1972) ‘More health clinics planned’, 11 May.

  • Toronto Star (1980) ‘How OMA, Ontario settle fees’, 7 June.

  • Toronto Star (1989) ‘Cap on fees denounced by former OMA head’, 13 April.

  • Torstendahl, R. (2005) ‘The need for a definition of “profession”’, Current Sociology, 53(6): 947–51.

  • Tsoukas, H. and Chia, R. (2002) ‘On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change’, Organization Science, 13(5): 567–82.

  • Tuohy, C.H. (1999) Accidental Logics: The Dynamics of Change in the Health Care Arena in the United States, Britain, and Canada, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Tuohy, C.H. (2012) ‘Reform and the politics of hybridization in mature health care states’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 37(4): 611–32.

  • Tuohy, C.H. (2018). Remaking Policy: Scale, Pace, and Political Strategy in Health Care Reform (Vol 54), Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

  • Tuohy, C.J. (1988) ‘Medicine and the state in Canada: The extra-billing issue in perspective’, Canadian Journal of Political Science Revue canadienne de science politique, 267–96.

  • Turner, B.S. (1995) Medical Power and Social Knowledge, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

  • Usher S., Denis, J-L., Côté-Boileau, E., Préval, J., Baker, G.R. and Chreim S. (2020) ‘What does it mean to have quality drive healthcare reforms? Ontario’s experience’ at the 12th Organisational Behaviour in Health Care (OBHC) Conference, Manchester, UK, April.

  • van Gestel, N., Denis, J.L., Ferlie, E. and McDermott, A.M. (2018) ‘Explaining the policy process underpinning public sector reform: The role of ideas, institutions, and timing’, Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 1(2): 87–101.

  • Vogel, L. (2010) ‘Ontario Hospital Association proposes to scuttle privileges model for doctors’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 13 July.

  • Vollant S. and Senikas A. (2002) ‘Urgences: des solutions durables’, LaPresse, 11 July, A 14.

  • Waldegrave, W. (1991) ‘William Waldegrave: Thinking on the NHS. Interview by Richard Smith’, British Medical Journal, 302: 636.

  • Walker, P., Allegretti, A. and Quinn, B. (2021) ‘Anger grows at offer of 1% pay rise for NHS staff’, The Guardian, 5 March.

  • Walkom, T. (1993) ‘Physicians healed themselves quite nicely’, Toronto Star, 9 August.

  • Wansbrough, G. (1998) ‘NP’s privileges extended’, Medical Post, 34(9): 109.

  • Ward, B. (1983) ‘Begin ready to get tough on Medicare’, Toronto Star, 26 July.

  • Waring, J. and Bevir, M. (2017) ‘Decentring health policy: Traditions, narratives, dilemmas’, in M. Bevir and J. Waring (eds) Decentring Health Policy, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 13–28.

  • Waring, J., Latif, A., Boyd, M., Barber, N. and Elliott, R. (2016) ‘Pastoral power in the community pharmacy: A Foucauldian analysis of services to promote patient adherence to new medicine use’, Social Science & Medicine, 148: 123–30.

  • Webster, C. (1988) The Health Services Since the War: The National Health Service before 1957 (Vol 1), London: HM Stationery Office.

  • Weiers, M. (1979) ‘Frustration over OHIP regulations builds among doctors’, Toronto Star, 24 April.

  • Wilensky, H.L. (1964) ‘The professionalization of everyone?’, American Journal of Sociology, 70(2): 137–58.

  • Women and Equalities Committee (2020) Unequal Impact? Coronavirus and BAME People, London: House of Commons.

  • Wu, X., Ramesh, M., and Howlett, M. (2015) ‘Policy capacity: A conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities’, Policy and Society, 34(3–4): 165–71.

  • Wuldart, Y. (1966) ‘Bien réfléchir avant d’instaurer l’assurance-maladie’, La Presse, 4 janvier.

  • Wyman, M. (1989) ‘It’s a sad day for medicine in Ontario’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 140: 202–3.

  • Yiu, V., Belanger, F. and Todd, K. (2019) ‘Alberta’s Strategic Clinical Networks: Enabling health system innovation and improvement’, Canadian Medical Association Journals, 191(Suppl): S1–S3.

  • Zietsma, C., Groenewegen, P., Logue, D.M. and Hinings, C.R. (2017) ‘Field or fields? Building the scaffolding for cumulation of research on institutional fields’, Academy of Management Annals, 11(1): 391–450.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 12 7 1
PDF Downloads 1 1 0

Altmetrics