Cover Schooling in a Democracy
Schooling in a Democracy
Returning Education to the Public Service
Author:
Richard Riddell

Notes

Author:
Richard Riddell
Publication Date:
06 Feb 2023
Pages:
133
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447362951.bm002
Free access
Download PDF
Rights and permissions Cite this chapter

This book is based on a study of schools governance, specifically of the academisation of English schools and its logical and organisational consequences such as the growth of MATs. It shows that the focus of Education Policy on progressively narrower student outcomes has driven a formerly open and local basis for governance to one increasingly conducted privately and behind closed doors. Increasing centralisation of government, allied with the deliberate reduction of local government, has led to governance arrangements conducted more and more remotely. The chaotic muddle and chaos of organisations between schools and central government makes the realisation of new policies extremely difficult and this had led gradually to the inability of both officials and politicians to recognise any need for change. This has been compounded by their respective professional (and social) backgrounds and these overall weaknesses are reflected elsewhere in the public service and in the private sector. Policy has become empty, futile and immersed in only one way of seeing the world. It is argued, in addition to ensuring their students succeed and progress, that schools need to have the capacity to work much more closely with their communities to help them succeed. There needs to be a more open and democratic approach to governance matters, building on good practice. Two illustrative case studies suggest what this might mean. Given current events in UK government, an addition to the Nolan principles is suggested and it is argued that different Education governance structures will need to emerge in time.

  • ADCS (Association of Directors of Children’s Services) (2013) The Missing Link: The Evolving Role of the Local Authority in School Improvement, London: ADCS, available at https://adcs.org.uk/assets/documentation/The_Missing_Link_the_evolving_role_of_the_local_authority_in_education_foreword.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Allen, G. (2011a) Early Intervention: The Next Steps, London: HMG, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284086/early-intervention-next-steps2.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Allen, G. (2011b) Early Intervention: Smart Investment, Massive Savings, London: HMG, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61012/earlyintervention-smartinvestment.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ball, S. (2007) Education PLC, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Ball, S. (2012) Global Education Inc: New Policy Networks and the Neo-liberal Imaginary, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Ball, S. (2018) ‘The tragedy of state education in England: Reluctance, compromise and muddle – a system in disarray,’ Journal of the British Academy 6: 2017–238, https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/006.207

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ball, S. and Junemann, C. (2012) Networks, New Governance and Education, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Ball, S., Maguire, M. and Braun, A. (2012) How Schools Do Policy: Policy Enactment in Secondary Schools, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Barber, M. (2008) Instruction to Deliver :Fighting to Transform Britain’s Public Services, London, Methuen.

  • Barber, M. (2015) How to Run a Government so That Citizens Benefit and Taxpayers Don’t Go Crazy, London: Allen Lane.

  • Belger, T. (2021) Government ‘abdicating responsibility’ to lead the recovery, Schools Week, 17 November.

  • Belger, T. (2022) Forced academy conversions down to one a month, Schools Week, 10 January.

  • BERA (British Educational Research Association) (2015) Fair and Equal Education: An Evidence-Based Policy Manifesto That Respects Children and Young People, London: BERA.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • BESA (2021) Key UK Education Statistics, available at https://www.besa.org.uk/key-uk-education-statistics/

  • Bishop, M. and Green, M. (2008) Philanthrocapitalism: How Giving Can Save the World, London: Bloomsbury.

  • Blakely, G. (2019) Stolen: How to Save the World from Financialisation, London: Repeater Books.

  • Bolton, T. and Hildreth, P. (2013) Mid-sized Cities: Their Role in England’s Economy, London: Centre for Cities, available at https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/13-06-18-Mid-Sized-Cities.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Booth, S. (2021) Regional schools commissioners: 6 key findings from the Education Select Committee, Schools Week, 13 April.

  • Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J.-C. (2000 [1977]) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (2nd edn), London: Sage Publications.

  • Bourquin, P., Joyce, R. and Norris Keiller, A. (2020) Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2020, London: IFS, available at https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/14901

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brewer, M., Corlett, A., Handscomb, A. and Tomlinson, D. (2021) The Living Standards Outlook, London: The Resolution.

  • British Academy (2021a) Shaping the COVID Decade: Addressing the Long-term Societal Impacts of COVID-19, London: The British Academy.

  • British Academy (2021b) The COVID decade: Understanding the Long-term Societal Impacts of COVID-19, The British Academy, London.

  • Bubb, S., Crossley-Holland, J., Cordiner, J., Cousin, S. and Earley, P. (2019) Understanding the Middle Tier. Comparative Costs of Academy and LA-Maintained School Systems, London: Sarah Bubb Associates.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cabinet Office (2011) Opening Doors, Breaking Barriers: A Strategy for Social Mobility, London: Cabinet Office.

  • Calvert, J. and Arbuthnott, G. (2021) Failures of State: The Inside Story of Britain’s Battle with Coronavirus, London: Mudlark.

  • Cameron, D. (2010) We Will Make Government Accountable to the People, speech made to Senior Civil Servants, 8 July, available at https://conservative-speeches.sayit.mysociety.org/speech/601460

  • Cameron, D. (2015) Opportunity, a speech given to Conservative Party Conference, London: Conservative Party, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-opportunity

  • Carey, J. (1992) The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia 1880–1939, London: Faber and Faber.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carter, D. with McInerney, L. (2020) Leading Academy Trusts: Why Some Fail but Most Don’t, Woodbridge: John Catt Educational Ltd.

  • Castells, M. (2015) Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age (2nd edn), London: Polity Press.

  • Cattan, S., Farquharson, C., Krutikova, S., Phimister, A., Salisbury, A. and Sevilla, A. (2021) Inequalities in Responses to School Closures over the Course of the First COVID-19 Lockdown, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Civil Service Human Resources (nd) Civil Service Competency Framework 2012 – 2017, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/436073/cscf_fulla4potrait_2013-2017_v2d.pdf

  • Clyne, R. (2022) Civil Service Cuts Will Force Ministers to Choose between Painful Options, London: Institute for Government, available at https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/blog/civil-service-cuts-will-force-ministers

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coffield, F. and Williamson, B. (2012) From Exam Factories to Communities of Discovery: The Democratic Route, London: Institute of Education Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coldron, J., Crawford, M., Jones, S. and Simkins, T. (2014) ‘The restructuring of schooling in England: The responses of well-positioned headteachers’, Education Management, Administration and Leadership 42(3): 387–403.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Conservative and Unionist Party (2019) Get Brexit Done. Unleash Britain’s Potential, London: Conservative and Unionist Party, available at https://assets-global.website-files.com/5da42e2cae7ebd3f8bde353c/5dda924905da587992a064ba_Conservative%202019%20Manifesto.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Courtney, S. and McGinty, R. (2020) System leadership as depoliticisation: Reconceptualising educational leadership in a new Multi-Academy Trust, Education Management and Leadershiphttps://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220962101

  • Cousin, S. and Crossley-Holland, J. (2021) Developing a Locality Model for English Schools, London: AEC Trust/BELMAS, available at https://www.belmas.org.uk/write/MediaUploads/Locality_Model_Summary_Report_PROOF_6-1.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, A. (2018) Reckless Opportunists: Elites at the End of the Establishment, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

  • Deloitte (2021) The State of the State 2020–21: Government in the Pandemic and Beyond, Deloitte, available at https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-uk-state-of-the-state-2020.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • de Tocqeville, A. (1994) Democracy in America, London: David Campbell Publishers Ltd.

  • DfE (Department for Education) (1995) Improving Schools: Letter to Chief Education Officers, London DfE.

  • DfE (2011) The Importance of Teaching, London: DfE.

  • DfE (2016) Education Excellence Everywhere, London: DfE.

  • DfE (2017) Unlocking Talent, Fulfilling Potential: A Plan for Improving Social Mobility through Education, London: DfE.

  • DfE (2019a) RSW SW Priorities 2018/19, Internal document.

  • DfE (2019b) Governance Handbook: For Academies, Multi-academy Trusts and Maintained Schools, London: DfE.

  • DfE (2020b) Schools, Pupils and Their Characteristics, Academic Year 2019/20, London: DfE, available at https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/school-pupils-and-their-characteristics

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DfE (2020c) Secondary Accountability Measures: Guide for Maintained Secondary Schools, Academies and Free Schools, London: DfE, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/872997/Secondary_accountability_measures_guidance_February_2020_3.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DfE (2020d) Teaching Schools Hubs, London: DfE, available at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/teaching-school-hubs

  • DfE (2022a) Opportunity for All: Strong Schools with Great Teachers for Your Child, London: DfE, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1063602/Opportunity_for_all_strong_schools_with_great_teachers_for_your_child__print_version_.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DfE (2022b) The Case for a Fully Trust-led System, London: DfE, available at https://www.gov.uk/official-documents

  • DfE (2022c) Implementing Schools System Reform in 2023/24, London: DfE, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1079643/SWP_System_Reform_Next_Steps.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DfEE (Department for Education and Employment) (1997) Excellence in Schools, A White Paper, London: The Stationery Office.

  • DfEE (1999) Excellence in Cities, London: The Stationery Office.

  • DES (Department for Education and Skills) ( 2004 ) A New Relationship with Schools, London : DES and Ofsted .

  • DHSC (Department of Health and Social Care) (2021) Working Together to Improve Health and Social Care for All, London: DHSC, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/working-together-to-improve-health-and-social-care-for-all

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dickens, J., Booth, S. and Carr, J. (2020) CEO pay 2019: Fewer than 1 in 5 reduces salaries despite government warning, Schools Week, 13 March.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dorling, D. (2015) Injustice: Why Social Inequality Still Persists, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Dorling, D. (2017) The Equality Effect. Improving Life for Everyone, Oxford: New Internationalist Publications Ltd.

  • Dorling, D. (2018) Peak Inequality – Britain’s Ticking Timebomb, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Easton, C., McCrone, T., Smith, R., Harland, J. and Sims, D. (2018) Implementation of Opportunity Areas: An Independent Evaluation, Slough: NfER, available at https://www.nfer.ac.uk/implementation-of-opportunity-areas-an-independent-evaluation/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Edwards, M. (2004) Civil Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Exworthy, M. and Halford, S. (Eds) (1999) Professionals and the New Managerialism in the Public Sector, Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ferrell, J. (2018) Drift: Illicit Mobility and Uncertain Knowledge, Oakland, CA: University of California.

  • Foucault, M. (2004) The Birth of Biopolitics – Lectures at the College de France 1978–1979, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Friedman, S. and Laurison, D. (2019) The Class Ceiling. Why It Pays to Be Privileged, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Fullan, M. (1993) Change Forces: Probing the Depths of Education Reform, London: The Falmer Press.

  • Fullan, M. (1999) Change Forces the Sequel, London: Falmer Press.

  • Fullan, M. (2003) Change Forces with a Vengeance, London: Routledge Farmer.

  • Gale, T. (2003) ‘Realising policy: The who and how of policy production’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 24(1): 51–65.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibton, D. (2016) Researching Education Policy, Public Policy, and Policymakers: Qualitative Methods and Ethical Issues, Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Giddens, A. (1992) Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Gingrich, J. (2011) Making Markets in the Welfare State. The Politics of Varying Market Reforms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Glennerster, H. (2010) Financing the UK’s Welfare States. London: 2020 Public Services Trust at the RSA.

  • Goldthorpe, J. (2007) On Sociology Second Edition. Volume Two – Illustration and Retrospect, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  • Goldthorpe, J. (2016) Social class mobility in modern Britain: Changing structure, constant process, Journal of the British Academy 4: 89–111, DOI 10.5871/jba/004.089

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Graeber, D. (2013) The Democracy Project: A History. A Crisis .A Movement, London: Penguin Books.

  • Grayling, A.C. (2017) Democracy and Its Crisis, London: Oneworld Publications.

  • Greany, T. (2020) Place-based governance and leadership in decentralised school systems: Evidence from England, Journal of Education Policy https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2020.1792554

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Greany, T. and Higham, R. (2018) Hierarchy, Markets and Networks, London: UCL Institute of Education Press.

  • Haberman, M. (1991) ‘The pedagogy of poverty versus good teaching’, Phu Delta Kappan 73(4): 290–294.

  • Hambleton, R. (2020) Cities and Communities Beyond Covid-19: How Local Leadership Can Change Our Future for the Better, Bristol: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Handscomb, K., Henehan, K. and Try, L. (2021) The Living Standards Audit, 2021, London: The Resolution.

  • Hargreaves, A. (1994) Teaching in the Knowledge Society: Education in the Age of insecurity, Buckingham: Open University Press.

  • Hargreaves, D. (2012) A Self-Improving Schools System: Towards Maturity, London: NCSL.

  • Harris, J. (1994) Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870–1914, London: Penguin Books.

  • Hatcher, R. (2014) ‘Local authorities and the school system: the new authority school partnerships’, Education, Management and Leadership 42(3): 355–371.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hinds, D. (2018) Education Secretary to Set Out Vision for ‘Clearer’ School System, Government press release, 4 May, available at GOV.UK.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts (2015) School Oversight and Intervention, London: Stationery Office Ltd, available at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpubacc/735/73502.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts (2020) Specialist Skills in the Civil Service, London: House of Commons, available at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmpubacc/686/686.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee (2022) Missing in Action: UK Leadership and the Withdrawal from Afghanistan, London: House of Commons, available at https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/22344/documents/165210/default/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • House of Commons Health and Social Care, and Science and Technology Committees (2021) Coronavirus: Lessons Learned to Date, London: The House of Commons, available at https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/7497/documents/78688/default/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hughes, M., Greenhough, P., Ching Yee, W. and Andrews, J. (2010) The daily transition between home and school, in Ecclestone et al (Eds), p16–31. Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hutchison, J., Bonetti, S., Crenna-Jennings, W. and Akhal, A. (2019) Education in England: Annual Report 2019, London: Education Policy Institute with the Fair Education Alliance.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hutchison, J., Reader, M. and Akhal, A. (2020) Education In England: Annual Report 2020, London: Education Policy Institute with the Fair Education Alliance and Unbound.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • IFS (Institute for Fiscal Studies) (2022) Inflation for Poorest Households Likely to Increase Even Faster Than for the Richest, and Could Hit 14% in October, Press release, available at https://ifs.org.uk/publications/16065

  • IoG (Institute of Government) (2022) Neighbourhood Services under Strain. How a Decade of Cuts and Rising Demand for Social Care Affected Local Services, London: Institute of Government, available at file:///G:/Towards%20a%20final%20draft/IoG%202022%20neighbourhood-services-under-strain.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2021) AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/

  • ISC (Industrial Strategy Council) (2021) Annual Report, London: Industry Strategy Council, available at https://industrialstrategycouncil.org/sites/default/files/attachments/ISC%20Annual%20Report%202021.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jackson, B. and Marsden, D. (1962) Education and Working Class, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

  • James, C., Brammer, S., Connolly, M., Fertig, M., James, J. and Jones, J. (2010) The ‘hidden givers’: a study of school governing bodies in England, Reading: CfBT Education Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2020) Destitution in the UK, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

  • Joyce, R. and Xu, X. (2019) Inequalities in the Twenty-first Century: Introducing the IFS Deaton Review, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies/Nuffield Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerr, K., Dyson, A. and Raffo, C. (2014) Education, Disadvantage and Place: Making the Local Matter, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Kirby, P. (2016) Leading People 2016: The Educational Backgrounds of the UK Professional Elite, London: The Sutton Trust.

  • Krastev, I. (2020) Is It Tomorrow Yet? Paradoxes of the Pandemic, London: Allen Lane.

  • Labour Party (2019) It’s Time for Real Change. The Labour Party Manifesto 2019, London: Labour Party.

  • Lawn, M. (2013) ‘A systemless system: Designing the disarticulation of English state education’, European Education Research Journal, 12(2): 231–241, https://doi.org/10.2304%2Feerj.2013.12.2.231

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lewis, M. (2021) The Premonition: A Pandemic Story, London: Penguin Random House UK.

  • Lodge, M. and Hood, C. (2012) ‘Into an Age of Multiple Austerities? Public Management and Public Service Bargains across OECD Countries’, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions 25(1): 79–101.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lord, P., Wespeiser, K. and Harland, J. (2016) Executive Headteachers: What’s in a Name? Full Report of Findings, Slough, Birmingham and London: NfER, NGA and TFLT.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lupton, R. and Hayes, D. (2021) Great Mistakes in Education Policy and How to Avoid Them, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Maden, M. (Ed) (2001) Success Against the Odds – Five Years On: Revisiting Effective Schools in Disadvantaged Areas, London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P. and Morrison, J. (2020) Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On, London: Institute of Health Equity.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, D. (2016) Whatever Happened to Extended Schools, London: ICL IoE Press.

  • Mason, R. and Inman, P. (2022) Biggest Civil Service Union Warns of Strikes over ‘P&O-style’ Plan to Cut Jobs, The Guardian, 14 May.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mazzucato, M. (2013) The Entrepreneurial State – Debunking Public Vs Private Sector Myths, London: Anthem Press.

  • McGoey, L. (2015) No Such Thing as a Free Gift: The Gates Foundation and the Price of Philanthropy, London: Verso.

  • MHCLG (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government) (2020) The Charter for Social Housing Residents: Social Housing White Paper, London: Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Midwinter, E. (1998) The Billy Bunter Syndrome, or Why Britain Failed to Create a Relevant Secondary School System, Coventry: CEDC.

  • Midwinter, E. (2017 [1975]) Education and the Community (Routledge Library Editions: Sociology of Education Volume 37, Abingdon: Routledge [London: George Allen and Unwin].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Milburn, A. (2009) Unleashing Aspiration: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair to the Professions, London: Cabinet Office, available at https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moll, L. (Ed) (1990 [2002]) Vygotsky and Education: Instructional Implications and Applications of Sociohistorical Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moll, L. and Greenberg, J. (1990) Creating Zones of Possibilities: Combining Social Contexts for Instruction, in Moll (2002).

  • Montacute, R. and Cullinane, C. (2021) Learning in Lockdown, London: Sutton Trust.

  • Morphet, J. (2021) The Impact of Covid-19 in Devolution: Recentralising the British State Beyond Brexit? Bristol: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Murray, J. (2022) Use national tutoring programme, Zahawi tells schools, The Guardian, 2 May.

  • NAO (National Audit Office) (2014) Performance and Capability of the Education and Funding Agency, London: The Stationery Office, available at https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Performance-and-capability-of-the-Education-Funding-Agency.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NAO (2015) Funding for Disadvantaged Pupils, London: The Stationer Office, available at www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Funding-for-disadvantaged-pupils.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NAO (2018) Financial Sustainability of Local Authorities 2018, London: National Audit Office.

  • NAO (2020) The Supply of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 Pandemic, London: National Audit Office, available at https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-supply-of-personal-protective-equipment-PPE-during-the-COVID-19-pandemic.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NAO (2021a) Local Government Finance in the Pandemic, London: National Audit Office.

  • NAO (2021b) Support for Children’s Education during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Epidemic, London: National Audit Office.

  • NAO (2021c) Central Oversight of Arms’-length Bodies, London: National Audit Office.

  • National Commission on Education (1996) Success Against the Odds. Effective Schools in Disadvantaged Areas, London: Routledge.

  • Nolan, Lord. (1995) Standards in Public Life: First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, First Report, London: HMSO, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/336919/1stInquiryReport.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nussbaum, M. (2011) Creating Capabilities :The Human Development Approach, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.

  • OECD (2021) OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report: Strengthening the Recovery: The Need for Speed, Paris: OECD.

  • OECD (2022) OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 22 Issue 1, Preliminary Version, Paris: OECD, available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/62d0ca31-en/1/3/2/46/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/62d0ca31-en&_csp_=0cf9a35c204747c5f82f56787b31b42b&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Office for Budget Responsibility (2021a) Economic and Fiscal Outlook, London: OBR, CP 387.

  • Office for Budget Responsibility (2021b) Fiscal Risks Report, London: OBR, CP 453.

  • Ofsted (2019a) The Education Inspection Framework, Manchester: Ofsted, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/education-inspection-framework/education-inspection-framework

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ofsted (2019b) School Inspection Handbook, Manchester: Ofsted, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-inspection-handbook-eif/school-inspection-handbook

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ofsted (2020) The Annual Report of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills 2019/20, Manchester: Ofsted, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ofsted-annual-report-201920-education-childrens-services-and-skills/the-annual-report-of-her-majestys-chief-inspector-of-education-childrens-services-and-skills-201920#hmci-commentary

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ofsted (2021) Summary Evaluations of Multi-Academy Trusts, Manchester: Ofsted, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/summary-evaluations-of-multi-academy-trusts/summary-evaluations-of-multi-academy-trusts

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (2018) Changing Trends in Mortality: An International Comparison: 2000 to 2016, London: ONS, available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/articles/changingtrendsinmortalityaninternationalcomparison/2000to2016#main-points

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ozga, J. (2009) ‘Governing education through data in England: from regulation to self-evaluation’, Journal of Education Policy, 24(2): 149–162.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pike, H. (2019) ‘Life expectancy in England and Wales has fallen by six months’, The British Medical Journal, 11 March, available at https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l1123

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • PMSU (Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit) (2006) The Government’s Approach to Public Service Reform, London: The Cabinet Office.

  • Porter, N. and Simons, J. (2015) A Rising Tide: the competitive benefits of Free Schools, London: Policy Exchange, available at https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/a-rising-tide.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rasbash, J., Leckie, G., Pillinger, R. and Jenkins, J. (2010) ‘Children’s educational progress: Positioning family, school and area effects’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 173(3): 657–682.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reay, D. (2017) Miseducation: Inequality, Education and the Working Classes, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Riddell, R. (2003) Schools for Our Cities: Urban Learning for the Twentieth Century, Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

  • Riddell, R. (2009) ‘Schools in trouble again: A critique of the national challenge’, Improving Schools 12(1): 71–80.

  • Riddell, R. (2010) Aspiration, Identity and Self-Belief: Snapshots of Social Structure at Work, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.

  • Riddell, R. (2013) ‘Changing policy levers under the neoliberal state: Realising Coalition policy on education and social mobility’, Journal of Education Policy 28(6): 847–863.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Riddell, R. (2015) The Network around the School: The Work of Additional Ofsted Inspectors (AIs) with Schools in the ‘Self-Improving System’. Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Queen’s University, Belfast, 15–17 September, 2015.

  • Riddell, R. (2016) Equity, Trust and the Self-Improving Schools System, London: UCL Institute of Education/Trentham Books.

  • Riddell, R. (2019) ‘System fluidity in English school governance: Reflections on the implications for senior leaders in closed hierarchies’, Management in Education 33(3): 126–33.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1968 [1762, 1792]) The Social Contract, Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics.

  • Runciman, D. (2016) How Democracy Ends, London: Profile Books.

  • Simkins, T., Coldron, J.M. and Jones, S. (2015) ‘Emerging school landscapes: The role of the local authority’, School Leadership and Management 35(1): 4–8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Simon, C. (2017) Beyond Every Child Matters: Neoliberal Education and Social Policy in the New Era, Abingdon: Routledge .

  • SMC (Social Mobility Commission) (2016) State of the Nation 2016: Social Mobility in Great Britain, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/569410/Social_Mobility_Commission_2016_REPORT_WEB__1__.pdf

  • SMC (2021a) Navigating the Labyrinth: Socio-economic background and career progression in the Civil Service, London: Social Mobility Commission, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/987600/SMC-NavigatingtheLabyrinth.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • SMC (2021b) State of the Nation 2021: Social Mobility and the Pandemic, London: Social Mobility Commission, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1003977/State_of_the_nation_2021_-_Social_mobility_and_the_pandemic.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • SMC/Sutton Trust (2019) Elitist Britain 2019: The Educational Backgrounds of Britain’s Leading People, London: the Sutton Trust and the Social Mobility Commission, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/811045/Elitist_Britain_2019.pd

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • SMF (Social Market Foundation) (2020) The North Is Everywhere: Why We Shouldn’t Divide the Country in Two, London: Social Market Foundation, available at https://www.smf.co.uk/commentary_podcasts/the-north-is-everywhere/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spielman, A. (2021) Amanda Spielman at the 2021 Schools and Academies Show, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/amanda-spielman-at-the-2021-schools-academies-show

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sridhar, D. (2021) The true costs of Britain’s mishandling of Covid are now plain to see, The Guardian, 12 October.

  • Tooze, A. (2018) Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World, London: Penguin Random House.

  • TSC (2018) A Regional Operating Framework for School Improvement, Sutton Coldfield: Teaching Schools Council.

  • US Census Bureau (2021) World Population Review, available at https://worldpopulationreview.com/

  • White, I. (2006) Power to the People: The Report of Power, and Independent Inquiry into Britain’s Democracy, London: House of Commons Library, available at file:///G:/The%20book%20itself%20-%20Copy/Power.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Whittaker, F. (2020) Covid-19: MATs should use resources to help ‘vulnerable’ school recover, says Herrington, Schools Week, 17 November.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Whittaker, F. (2021) ‘Permissive’ National Curriculum gives schools too much freedom, says Ofsted director, Schools Week, 30 June.

  • Whitty, G. (2002) Making Sense of Education Policy, London: Paul Chapman.

  • Wilkins, A. (2016) Modernising School Governance – Corporate Planning and Expert Handling in State Education, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2009) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Do Better, London: Allen Lane.

  • Williamson, G. (2021) Education Secretary Speech to the Confederation of School Trusts, London: DfE, available at https://www/www.government/speeches/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Bank (2021) GDP by Country, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=GB)

  • Young, T. (2014) Prisoners of the Blob: Why Education Experts Are Wrong about Nearly Everything, London: Civitas.

  • Zizek, S. (2010) Living in the End Times, London: Verso.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 5 5 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics