A

Access to Health Assets and Hazards (AHAH) tool 78
advanced passenger trains (APT) 140
affordable housing 19, 22, 24, 26, 77
air quality 77, 79–82, 125, 165, 168
‘appeal-led’ planning 4
appraisal reform 155
Arnold, S. 174
Arnstein, S.R. 48–49
Augustus, Emperor 88
austerity 3, 12, 32, 66, 132, 144, 152, 163, 170
Autumn Statement (2021) 59, 65

B

Balls, E. 178
Bank of England 178
Barker Review 21
Barlow Report (1940) 56
Beeching Report 140
Big Society 38, 39, 93, 152
biodiversity
loss of 129–130
net gain 103, 134, 135
offsetting 125
Blair, T. 68
blue/green infrastructure 78–82
Bowie, D. 26
Brexit 13, 168, 171, 177
and environmental policy 126, 130, 133
and sub-national policies 60–62, 65–68
Britain’s Transport Infrastructure, High-Speed Two 143
British InterCity 125/225 140
broken planning system 7, 12
Brown, G. 12
budget cuts 3, 66, 174
Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission (BBBBC) 95, 166
Building for Life standard 91
bureaucracy 93, 165, 166, 168, 172, 176
Burnham, A. 60, 174
Byers, S. 6

C

Cable, V. 57
Camden, permitted development in 78, 79, 82
Cameron, D. 38, 39, 92, 122, 152, 172
Cameron–Osborne approach 67
Campos, J. 139
capacity building 152–153
Carmona, M. 95, 166
central ‘state failure’ 4
challenge confronting planning 87
Channel Tunnel Treaty (1986) 141
Chen, C.-L. 140–141
Chesham and Amersham, 2021 by-election in 132, 134, 160
city deals 57, 58, 164, 173
Clark, C. 138
Clark, G. 8, 39
Clarke, S. 39
Class E conversions 82
‘Classical Economics 101 11
Clegg, N. 38
Clifford, B. 72, 77, 84
climate change
and local authorities 123
net zero on 131–132
see also environment and planning
Climate Change Act 2008 124, 131
Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019 131
Coalition government
commitment to HS2 144
and design governance 92, 166
environmental policies 124
housing policies/initiatives 19, 21
and localism 38, 39, 162
and rail infrastructure programmes 139, 144
and rapidity theme 170
and regionalism 57, 58, 67, 151, 154, 163
combined authorities (CAs) 14, 57–61, 66, 67, 151, 164
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) 90–91, 94–95, 166, 172, 174
Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) 40, 76–77
competitiveness objective, of planning 7–8
conformative planning systems 107
Conservative Party and its governments 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 153, 161, 171, 172, 173, 177
and design governance 93, 94, 97
and environmental policies 122–123
environmental policy 122–123, 125, 127, 132, 134
housing policies 11, 20–21, 22, 23, 27, 33
and localism 39, 46, 51, 93
sub-national governance 60, 61, 67, 68
COVID-19 pandemic 132
and importance of home 31–32, 75
insufficient funding to combined authorities 60
Croydon, permitted development in 78–79, 80
Cubitt, T. 89
cultural change 6
Cummings, D. 11

D

De Rus, G. 139
death of planning 83–84
Delivering a Sustainable Railway White Paper 142
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC) 1, 65, 94
Department for Transport and Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government 62
deregulatory planning system 11, 72, 91, 121, 122
design and designing 174
of ancient Roman colonial cities 88
and CABE 90–91, 92
codes and coding 88–91, 96, 166, 167
and European modernism 89
high-street shops 94–95
Homes Bonus 93–94
large-scale urban coding 88
local empowerment and fiscal incentive, created in 93
and localism 93
National Model Design Code (NMDC) 88
neighbourhood planning 93
notion of beauty, future place quality 91
offices-to-residential use 94–95
pattern-book designs and coded layouts 89
and permitted development 88
place quality agenda 88
quality achievement through 92
and regional development agencies (RDAs) 93–95
RFAC, aimed to beautify England 92
ten years since 2010 91–98
urban planning and rules 90
of zoning 103, 104, 116
Design Council 92
discretionary planning system 104–108, 116, 117, 125, 167
Dorling, D. 24
dwelling stock see housing

E

economic growth objective, of planning 7–8
Eddington Transport Study, The 142
Environment Act 2021 129–130, 133
environment and planning 120
2010–16 era 122–126, 168
2016–22 era 127–133, 168–169
biodiversity 103, 125, 129–130, 134, 135
and design 127
environmental assessment 128
and environmental governance 122
EU law, retained 134
issues 120–121
and local authorities 123
and localism 123–124, 127
and NGOs 125
outlook 132–133
post-Brexit governance 128–129
pro-growth measures 121, 123
zero carbon buildings policy 124, 168
environmental regulations 168–169
EU
environmental policy, and UK planning 125, 126
Habitats and Birds Directives 130
membership referendum 57, 60
Everyone’s Railway: The Wider Case for Rail 142
exceptionalism, British 105

F

Feng Shui principles 88
Ferm, J. 32
‘first principles’ reform 10
Fixing the Foundations: Creating a More Prosperous Nation (2015) 8
flexibility and certainty in planning systems, compromise between 107
foundational ideas, acknowledge value of 87
Friend, J.K. 138

G

Gardner, A. 175
General Permitted Development Order 74, 165
Germany, zoning in 105, 108–111, 113, 167
Glaeser, E. 138
Global Financial Crisis (2007–08), impact of 27, 29, 113, 138
Gove, M. 39, 128–129, 160
Great British Railways: Williams–Shapps Plan for Rail 144
Green Brexit 129, 168
Green Flag House 80–81
green space 48, 76, 77, 130, 165
Greengauge 21 143
Greening, J. 145
growth areas 103, 127

H

Hall, P. 7, 45, 138, 140–141
Hall, S. 62
Hall Plan of 2014 147
Hammond, P. 144
Hastings, A. 175
Haussmann 89
healthy housing, right to 72
High Speed One (HS1) 139, 141–142
High Speed Rail White Paper 143
High Speed Two (HS2) 138–139, 154–155, 169
Coalition government’s commitment to 144
national commitment to 143–146
urgency of development of 142–143
high-speed travel (HST) 139, 140, 147
see also rail infrastructure ; transport infrastructure
high-street shops 94–96
homelessness 19, 31
Homes Bonus 93–94
house-building targets see housing numbers
households
and housing, relationship between 23–28
projections 22–23
housing 8–9, 10–11, 29, 33, 173
affordability 19, 22, 24, 26, 77
conception of 31
and distributional crisis 24
first-time buyers, government support for 19
functions of 31–33
funding and resources, reductions in 32
and Global Financial Crisis (2007–08) 27, 29
as home 31–32
impact of austerity on 32
and interest rates policies
and land use regulation 26
mass housing clearances 3
office-to-residential conversions 32
quality and location of 32, 165–167, 175
rent and tenancies 19, 21, 32
as shelters 31
shortage of 24
stamp duty land tax holiday 19
and taxes 19
vacancies, significance of 23–24
and zoning 103
Housing Act 1988 21
Housing and Planning Bill (2016) 8
housing numbers 19–20, 31, 161–162
calculation methods 21–23
dwelling delivery/supply 24–26
and house price growth 19, 26–28
and household projections 22–23
and housing associations
and local authorities
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 22–23
and planning permissions 29, 32–33
and private enterprise 24, 26, 106
and regional variation 29
targets 20–21, 23
time frame for analysis 21
Housing Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) 76
Housing White Paper of 2017 8, 9–10
Howard, E. 89
Hutton, W. 2

I

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 41, 64
Industrial Strategy 62, 66
Infrastructure, Towns and Regeneration 152–153
Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands 145
inter-city rail services 140–141
International Bill of Human Rights 72
International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 72
Investing in Britain’s Future Project 144

J

Jennings, W. 62, 67–68
Jenrick, R. 9, 96, 160, 171
Jessop, W.N. 138
Johnson, B. 9–10, 39, 61, 66, 67, 103, 126, 127, 160, 168, 171, 172

K

Kwarteng mini-budget 178

L

Labour Party and its governments 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 50, 173
‘5 missions for a better Britain’ 178
design policies 90, 92, 93
environmental policies 123
housing policies 21, 26, 27
and HSR planning 143, 144
and localism 162
land-use plans 26, 103–116, 167, 178
‘larger than local’ scale 163–164, 173
Le Corbusier 89
Leeds, permitted development in 79–81, 82
Leicester
Green Spaces SPD in 77
permitted development (PD) in 81
Lesh, M. 178
levelling up
branding 66
equity issues, regarding 63
governor, option to elect 66
‘left-behind,’ illustration of 61–63
Levelling Up Fund (LUF) 62, 64–65
local funding and parliamentary constituencies, connecting of 63
place-based ethos 64
‘pork-barrel politics,’ accusation due to 63, 65
Towns Scheme 62, 63, 65
‘levelling up’ agenda 164
Levelling Up Fund 175
Levelling Up White Paper (2022) 1, 66, 152
Levelling-up and Regeneration Bill 1, 10, 11, 139, 160, 164, 173
on environment 133
housing in 20
and neighbourhood planning 50, 51
Levelling-up and Regeneration Bill (LURB) 97
Lewis, B. 75
Liberal Democrats 38
Lifting the Burden (1985 White Paper) 4
Littlewood, M. 178
Living with Beauty 95
local communities, voice of 176
Local Development Order 108
local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) 151, 152, 156, 163
Local Government Act 1986 4–5
localism 162–163
and designing 93
localist campaign group 39
see also neighbourhood planning
Localism Act 2011 7, 38, 47, 50, 123, 162, 170, 173, 175–176
and house building 39–40
‘impact assessment’ undertaken in 40
locally unwanted land uses (LULUs), US 49
London, rebuilding of 89
London Heathrow Airport 131
London Plan 7
Lord, A. 10
Lower Super Output Area (LSOA), state of community health at 78
Lowndes, V. 175

M

Madeddu, M. 84
Major, J. 56
market-supportive role for planning 4
Marshall, T. 11
May, T. 11, 60, 131
Mayor of London 58
medieval Paris, transformation of 89
mega-transport infrastructure 138–139, 154
metro mayors 57–61, 66–67, 173
decision planning, limited for 59
statutory spatial strategy, convened by 58, 59
transport powers of 59
Metropolitan County Councils, abolishment of 4–5
Miles, D 27
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG) 1
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) 94
mock-Tudor style houses 89
Monbiot, G. 4
Monro, V. 27
municipalities, and zoning 108, 111–113, 116

N

Nadin, V. 50
Napoleon III 89
National Model Design Code (NMDC) 88, 104, 166
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 8, 22, 76, 93, 123–124, 125
nature crisis 129–130
see also environment and planning
neighbourhood planning 7, 39, 93, 162–163, 172, 174–175
communities adopting 40, 41, 45
complex statutory scheme in 41
and environment 124
forum membership and the area boundaries for 45
grants and funds for 46
impact of deprivation on 43, 44
as incentives 40
issues related to 47
and local authorities 43, 45–46
in North West England 43
parish and town councils’ role in 45
plan-making body 45–46
planning for housing through 47–48
poorer communities 163
and poorer communities 43–47, 50
professional planners prominence in 47
progress and pattern of 41–43, 49
pro-growth 47–48, 49
with pro-growth requirement 47, 48
referendum, approved through 40
wealthier communities’ role in 41, 48
writing, process of 46
neoliberalisation, and housing 21, 24
Netherlands, zoning in 107, 111, 112, 113, 167
New House Bonus 40
Norman, C. 145
Northern Powerhouse 56–58, 68
and levelling up 56, 60–63, 66
Northern Powerhouse Rail (NPR) 147, 149
Northern Way, The 147
Nurse, A. 43

O

Oakervee Review 145
Office for Environmental Protection (OEP) 128, 129, 134
Office for Place 87, 91–98, 166
office-to-residential conversions see residential conversions
O’Mahony, F. 31
Open Source Planning Green Paper of 2010 12, 123, 171, 176
Osborne, G. 57, 60

P

Palmanova, Italy 88
Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015) 131
Parker, B. 89
Parker, G. 41, 43
performative planning systems 107
permitted development 73–75, 88, 94, 164–167, 172–173, 175
and Access to Health Assets and Hazards (AHAH) tool 78
air quality 77, 79–82
and blue/green infrastructure 78–82
and death of planning 83–84
discretionary planning system, development in 74
expansion of 74–75
General Permitted Development Order 74
health services, access to 72, 75–77, 78, 82, 84
and land-value capturing 165
and national space standards 76
office-to-residential conversions 77–81
outcomes analysis 77–81
as planning deregulation 74
residential developments, evidence 77
retail environment 75, 78, 79–81
rights and expansion of 72, 74–75
unintended consequences of 75
unregulated, and beauty agenda 94
in urban environments 75
using Class E conversions 82
persuasive planning 83
Pickles, E. 39, 57, 74–75, 171, 172
place, quality of 165–167
place making 32
‘plan-led’ planning system 5
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 6
planning criticism sources 106
planning failure, narrative of 3–10
Planning for the Future White Paper of 2020 1, 9, 97, 98, 103, 104, 106, 108, 127–128, 129, 132, 160, 164, 171–172, 177
Planning Green Paper of 2001 6
planning policy guidance notes (PPGs) 5, 8
planning policy statements (PPSs) 8
Prescott, J. 56, 90
Pritchard, A. 10, 173
private sector house building, rate of 24, 26, 106
privatisation, and housing 21, 26
protected areas 103, 123, 127
public health 165
and environment 120
and permitted development 72, 75–77, 78, 84, 93

R

radical reforms, proposed 11–12
rail infrastructure 139, 154, 169
accessibility, inequal 149
and advanced passenger trains 140
high-speed rail (HSR) 139, 140–141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149–151, 153, 155
see also High Speed One (HS1) ; High Speed Two (HS2)
institutional reforms 155
intra-regional inequality 141, 147–150, 154
mega-rail transport projects 154
private finance, government’s reliance on 144
and private sectors 152
and rail improvements 139
and tilting trains 140
upgrading inter-city rail lines 140–141
Rail Value for Money Studies 144
rapidity theme 170, 172–173
‘Rebalancing Britain’ 139, 147, 153
rebalancing the UK 170
reflective practitioner model (Schön) 3
Reforming Railways: Putting the Customers First 144
regional development agencies (RDAs), promoted in 93–95
regional governance, abolishment of 56, 57, 154, 162, 173
regional planning
and Brexit process 60–62, 65–68
combined authorities 58–59, 60
core themes of 56
COVID-19 pandemic, insufficient funding to 60
deal making and devolution in 57, 58, 67
devolution of powers 59
levelling up for 61–65
local enterprise partnerships (LEPs), new approach for 57
mayoral model of governance 57
metro mayor 58
and Midlands Engine 58, 60
and Northern Powerhouse 56–58
regional spatial planning, removal of 7
regionalism 164, 171
regressive outcomes theme 170–171, 175–176
regulatory planning models 167
regulatory planning system 83, 104–108, 116, 117, 122, 125, 167
renewal areas 103, 127
Residential Amenity Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) 76
residential conversions 32, 77–78, 175
in Camden 78, 79, 82
in Croydon 78–79, 80
design governance 94–95
in Leeds 79–81, 82
in Leicester 81
using permitted development see permitted development
resourcing theme 170, 174
retail environment, and permitted development 75, 78, 79–81
Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill 130
rhetoric theme 170–172
Right to Buy policy (1980) 21, 26, 33
Rogers, R. 89
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 124
Royal Fine Art Commission (RFAC) 92
Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) 77

S

Salter, K. 41, 43
Schön, D.A. 3
Scruton, R. 95
Shapps, G. 93
simplified planning zones (SPZs) 104
Smith, N.B. 95, 96
Snow, J. 2, 76
social liberalism 38
spatial equity 147–150
spatial governance 151–152
Spatial Planning Act (Netherlands) 111
Spatial Planning Act (Switzerland) 113
spatial planning approach 6, 7
special case plan 107
state
definitions of 1–2
failure, and planning 10–13
neoliberal views of 4
State of Us, The: The Good News and the Bad News about Our Society (Snow) 2
State We’re In, The (Hutton) 2
statutory regional planning 40
Steer, J. 143
Stirling, A. 174
Stops Are Just the Start, The 147
streamlined planning processes 32
street votes 50–51
Sturzaker, J. 43
sub-national planning see regional planning
Sunak, R. 39, 65, 66, 160, 161, 162, 175, 177, 178
supply issues, in planning 83
sustainable development 121, 123
Sustainable Development Commission 124
Switzerland, zoning in 113, 167

T

Tewdwr-Jones, M. 10
Thatcher, M. 58, 162
Thatcherism 4, 62
tilting train 140
Town and Country Planning Act (1947) 74, 105, 177
Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2013 74
Towns Fund 175
Towns Scheme 62
transport analysis guidance (TAG) 150
Transport for the North (TfN) 147
transport infrastructure 138, 169–170
and capacity building 150, 152–153, 154
decentralisation reforms 154
devolution agenda 151
future outlook 153–155
investment 154, 169
and local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) 151, 152, 156
and spatial governance 151–152
see also High Speed One (HS1) ; High Speed Two (HS2) ; rail infrastructure
Truss, L. 39, 66, 132, 160, 162, 177
Tulip Tower project 131
Turner Contemporary Art Gallery 142
25 Year Environment Plan 129

U

Ukraine–Russia war, impact of 132, 155
Unité d’Habitation 89
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHSP) 12
Unwin, R. 89
urban planning, and public health 72, 75–77, 78, 84, 93
Urban Renaissance agenda 89, 91, 98
Urban Task Force 89
Use Classes Order 82, 165
Uthwatt Committee of 1942 176

V

Vickerman, R. 145

W

Wolf, M. 178
Wray, I. 154

Z

zero carbon buildings policy 124, 168
Zhou Li (ritual text on cosmology) 88
zoning 8, 116, 167
beginning of 105
design codes 104
design quality 103, 116
versus discretionary planning system 104–108, 116, 117, 122, 125, 167
and environment 127
exemptions from plans 106–107
growth area 103, 127
and incentivisation 108
land-use plans 103–116
and local planning authorities 107, 108
mechanism of 103
and municipalities 108, 111–113, 116
in Netherlands, the 107, 111, 112, 113
proposed introduction of 106
protected areas 103, 127
prototypical zonal system 106
renewal areas 103, 127
value control 116