References to figures and photographs appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables.

A

abolitionism 146–147
accommodation on release 50, 119–120
action function of prison 148
actuarial risk assessment tools 80
additional days as a punishment 65, 113
adjudication hearings 46, 63, 64–65
age–crime curve 110
approved premises (APs) 120
Aresti, A. 111
Ashforth, B. 60
Askham Grange, HMP 24, 40, 60
assaults in prison see violence in prisons
Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018 96
Assize of Clarendon (1166) 8
association 69
Australia 129, 131–133, 132

B

babies and children of prisoners 24–25, 41–42
bank accounts 119–120
Bean, P. 81
Beccaria, C. 77
behaviour in prison, managing 43, 46, 61–65, 89, 113
benchmarking 27–28
Bennett, C. 83
Bennett, J. 99
Bentham, J. 12, 77
BeOnsite 61
bifurcation 16
Birmingham, HMP 21, 98
Black Lives Matter (BLM) 45, 47
Blackstone, William 10–11
Bloody Code 9
body-worn video cameras 96
boot camps 78
boredom 55
Brazil 133–134, 133
bridewells 8
Bristol, HMP 48
Brixton, HMP 61
Bryans, S. 99
Buckley Hall, HMP 22, 55, 58, 60, 63
business-prison partnerships 60–61

C

cameras 96
Cameron, David 29
capital punishment 8, 9, 10, 12, 76
Carandiru prison, Brazil 134
Cardiff Centre for Chaplaincy Studies 70–71
Cardozo, José Eduardo 134
Care Act 2014 50
Carlen, P. 43, 147
categorising prisoners 33
category A prisons 20–21
category B prisons 21, 22, 55
category C prisons 22–23, 55, 56
category D prisons 22–23, 23–24
causes of crime 10, 15, 44, 81, 84
Cavadino, M. 77, 146, 148
cellular confinement 65
certified normal accommodation (CNA) 31, 32
chaplaincy team 70–71
children
in custody 25–26, 98
with mothers in prison 34, 41–42, 43
see also young people and children
Clarke, Charles 29
Clarke, Ken 82
Clarke, Peter 99–100
Clink Charity 61
close supervision centres 20, 71, 72
Coalition government 27–28, 31, 82, 146
Coates, S. 58, 59
Cohen, S. 10
Comfort, M. 112
Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 47–48
community offender manager 114–115
community sentences 16, 29, 35, 43, 111
community supervision (Transforming Rehabilitation) 23
conditions in prison see prison conditions
Conservative governments 17, 27, 29, 31, 44, 78, 148–149
Coalition government 27–28, 31, 82, 146
control room 96
core locals 20
Corston Report (2007) 43, 44
COVID-19 pandemic 87, 106, 149
cranks 14
Crawley, E. 104, 105
Crawly, P. 105
Cregan, Dale 37
Crewe, B. 27, 62, 86, 100
criminal gang activity 89, 134
Criminal Justice Act 1991 27, 84
Criminal Justice Act 2003 79, 82, 114
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 82
criminogenic environment 111
culture, occupational 104–106
Cunneen, C. 132–133

D

dangerous prisoners 20–21, 36, 72, 75, 79–80, 82, 112
de-escalation techniques 65, 96
de-habilitation 123–124
death penalty 8, 9, 10, 12, 76
deaths in custody 47
see also suicide
decarceration 147
dementia 50, 68
denunciation 84
desistance 109–112, 124, 149
see also reoffending
determinate sentences 35–36, 36, 113, 114
deterrence 9, 13, 77–78
effectiveness of prison 123–124
digital literacy 58
Dignan, J. 77
‘dirty work,’ prison work as 106
disciplinary system 61–65
discretionary life sentences 37
discrimination see ethnically minoritised prisoners
dispersals 20
disproportionality 3–4, 39, 46, 63, 79, 129, 133, 141–142
diverting function of prison 147
drug use/offences 34, 87, 97, 134, 138
Du Cane, Sir Edmund 13–14, 15
Duff, R. 76
Durham University 58

E

earning money 59–60
East Sutton Park, HMP 24
education 56–59
background of prisoners 34, 57
Elizabethan Poor Law 8
employment 59–61, 66
and resettlement 119, 120–121, 138
enhanced wings 63
Erlestoke, HMP 55
ethnic penalty 141–142
ethnically minoritised prison officers 97
ethnically minoritised prisoners 44–48
adjudication hearings 46
disproportionality 46, 129, 141–142
gangs 89
incentives and earned privileges (IEP) scheme 63
international comparisons 140
offences 46
placement in prison 45–46
prison population 45
racism within prisons 47–48
release on temporary licence (ROTL) 46–47
sentences 45
terminology 44–45
exercise 54, 63, 69, 140
expenditure on prisons 1, 17, 77, 124, 138, 140, 142, 146
expurgatory function of prison 147
extended determinate sentences 36, 113, 114
extremism 20, 71–73

F

family contact 23, 41–42, 43, 54, 103, 118, 149
Farmer, Lord 44
Feltham, HMYOI 26, 47, 105–106
Female Offender Strategy 41, 44
first night accommodation centres 92
first-time offenders 15, 49, 84
Fitzalan Howard, F. 90
Fitzgerald, M. 146
fixed-term recalls 121
Floyd, George 45, 47
Flynn, N. 31, 131
food 65–6
force, use of by staff 65, 98
Foucault, M. 7, 85–86, 147
Francis, Peter 99–100
Frankland, HMP 20, 58
free time 69
Fry, Elizabeth 11–12
Full Sutton, HMP 20–21, 63

G

G4S 98
gangs 89, 134
Gaols Act 1823 11
Garland, D. 15, 76
Garside, R. 124
Gartree, HMP 22
Gelsthorpe, L. 44
general deterrence 77–78
Gladstone Report (1895) 15
governing governors 95–96
governors 95–96, 98–101
graduate recruitment 101
great confinement 147
great transformation 147
Grendon, HMP 22
Guest, Ryan 48
gyms 69

H

Halden Prison, Norway 137, 143
Halifax bank 119
Hall, J. 72
hanging 9
hard labour 13–14, 15
Hardwick, N. 58, 118
Harris review (2015) 92
Hay, D. 9
healthcare 49–50, 66–69
see also mental health
Henry II, King 8
High Down, HMP 61
high security prisons (category A) 20–21, 45–46
higher education 57–58
His Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Prisons (HMCIP) 50, 67, 92, 103
His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
education 56
and ethnically minoritised prisoners 63
leadership 99–100
staff shortages 68
violence in prisons 87
His Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS)
benchmarking exercise 27
and prison life 53, 54, 66
and race equality 48
role of 1, 19
and self-harm 90
history of prisons 7–18, 147
early history of punishment 7–10
18th century onwards 10–12, 131
Victorian 12–15, 147
20th century 15–17
Hockton, Baz 72
homelessness 34, 119, 120
Hood, R 15
House of Commons Justice Committee 49, 50
houses of correction 8
Howard, John 10–11
Howard League for Penal Reform 11, 55, 104, 113, 122
Howard, Michael 61
Hughes, E. 106
Hull, HMP 21
Humber, HMP 55
Hungary 129
Hutton, M.A. 63

I

Ignatieff, M. 10–11
immorality 10
imprisonment for public protection (IPP) 75, 82, 86
incapacitation 78–80
incentives and earned privileges (IEP) 60, 61–65
Incentives Policy Framework 60
indeterminate sentence 75, 82, 86, 113, 114, 142
India 134–135, 135
Indigenous people 132–133
individual deterrence 77
Inside-Out partnership 58
inspection see His Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Prisons (HMCIP) ; His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP)
International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence 72
international comparisons 127–144
Australia 131–133, 132
Brazil 133–134, 133
current trends 127–131, 128
India 134–135, 135
Japan 135–137, 136
Norway 137–138, 137
overview of issues 140–143
policy transfer 143
United States 138–140, 139
internet use 58
Islam 71, 71–72, 73
isolation 12, 13–14, 137, 139–140, 149
IT facilities 58

J

jails, historically 8
James I, King 8
Japan 135–137, 136
Jewkes, Y. 21
jobs in prison 59–61
Jumbe, S. 45
just deserts 83–84

K

Kant, I. 83
Keith, Lord 47–48
key worker scheme 102–103
Khan, Z. 63
Kneen, H. 45
knifing off 112
Kreiner, G. 60
Kristofferson, R. 138

L

labour 13–14, 15
Labour government 17, 27, 29, 31, 43, 75, 82
Lacey, N. 17, 76
Lammy Review (2017) 45, 48, 97
Laub, J.H. 112
leadership 95–96, 98–101, 148
leaving prison 109–125
accommodation on release 119, 120
and COVID-19 pandemic 149
and desistance 109–112
employment 119, 120–121, 138
international comparisons 138, 142
licences 114–115
Parole Board 112, 113, 114–118, 121–122
recall to prison 121–123
release from prison 112–118
reoffending 123–134
resettlement 118–121
timing of 113–114
Leeds, HMP 21, 32
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 82, 116
legitimacy 4, 76, 146
Leibrich, J. 111
leisure time 69
Lendlease 61
licences
conditions of 114–115, 120
life licence 37
and recall to prison 121–123
on release from prison 35–36, 36, 37, 114–115, 120–123
release on temporary licence (ROTL) 23–24, 46–47, 61, 118
Liebling, A. 27, 61, 100
life sentences 23, 37, 79, 113, 114, 119
literacy 57
Liverpool, HMP 99–100
local prisons (category B) 21, 25, 54–55, 92
Lyon, J. 33

M

MacPherson report (1999) 47
magistrates, historically 8–9
Maitra, D.R. 89
management 95–96, 98–101, 148
managerialism 99
Manchester, HMP (Strangeways) 16
mandatory life sentences 37, 79
Mandela, Nelson 2
Martinson, R. 80–81
Maruna, S. 109
Mathiesen, T. 118, 147
McGuire, J. 89
McMahon, W. 141–142
McNeill, F. 110, 111
medication 67
Medlicott, D. 40
Medway secure training centre 98
mental health 63, 68–69
extent of problems 34, 68
high security prisons (category A) 20–21
self-harm 42–43, 69, 89–90, 91, 146, 149
suicide 21, 43, 69, 90–93, 98, 146, 149
women prisoners 34, 40–44, 68, 90, 91
Millbank, HMP 12, 23
Milner, A. 45
Mind 90
Mind the Gap programme 61
Ministry of Justice (MoJ)
education 56, 57
employment 60, 61
Female Offender Strategy 44
imprisonment for public protection (IPP) 82
new prisons 32
older prisoners 49
prison officers 101
recall to prison 122
reoffending 123
resettlement 118
standard of accommodation 31
violence in prisons 96
Morris, A. 44
mother and baby units (MBUs) 24–25, 41–42
Mubarek, Zahid 47, 105–106
murder 37, 47, 72, 96
Muslims 71–72, 73

N

Nathan, S. 27
New Hall, HMP 25, 60
New Labour 17, 27, 29, 31, 43, 75, 82
NHS England 66–67
non-binary prisoners 51
Northumberland, HMP 97–98
Norway 137–138, 137, 143

O

Obama, Barack 140
O’Brien, R. 149
occupational culture 104–106
offences
dangerous offenders 79
ethnically minoritised prisoners 46
historically 9
imprisonment for public protection (IPP) 82
older prisoners 48–49
in Prison Rules 64
women prisoners 40
Offender Management Act 2007 120
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2015 113
older prisoners 48–50
open air, access to 54, 69
open prisons (category D) 16, 23–24, 118
outpatient appointments 67
overcrowding 16, 17
calculating 31
extent of 21, 29, 31–33, 32
international comparisons 132, 133, 134, 135, 141
private sector 27
and suicide 92

P

Padfield, N. 122–123
pains of imprisonment 85–93
five deprivations 85–86
self-harm 89–90, 91
self-inflicted deaths 90–93
tightness 86
uncertainty and indeterminacy 86
violence in prisons 86–89, 88
Panopticon 12
Panorama investigations 97–98
Parliamentary Justice Select Committee 100
Parole Board 112–118
composition of 115–116
hearings 116–117
and imprisonment for public protection (IPP) 82
independence of 116, 117, 118
international comparisons 139
and length of sentence 36–37
licence conditions 114–115
recall to prison 121–122
system delays 82, 117, 149
and victims 117–118
Paterson, Alexander 85
PAVA spray 96
pay, officer 97, 102
penal abolitionism 146–147
penal policy transfer 143
penal populism 142–143
penal servitude 13–14
penal system, definition 1–2
penal-welfare complex 15
penitentiaries 12, 13
Penitentiary Act 1779 10–11, 12
Pentonville, HMP 13, 16
pepper spray 96
persistent offenders 79, 84, 124, 139
Peterborough, HMP 24
physical restraint 65
policy transfer 143
Poor Law 8
Pope, L. 90
population of prisoners see prison population
populist punitiveness, 142–143
power 3–4
power-draining function of prison 147
Powis, B. 72
Pratt, J. 29
pregnant women 42
primary desistance 110
Prison Act 1952 101
Prison and Courts Bill 2017 148–149
prison conditions
current state (overview) 145–146
high security prisons (category A) 20–21
historically 8, 10–12, 13–14
international comparisons 129–130, 133, 134–135, 136–137, 139–140, 141
local prisons (category B) 21
private sector 27
removal of prison governor 99–100
Woolf Report 17
see also overcrowding ; prison life
prison crisis 124, 145–147
Prison Education Framework (PEF) 56–57
prison estate
building new prisons 28, 32–33, 149
categories of 20–26
geography of 28–29
historically 8, 9, 10–11, 12–13, 16
numbers of prisons 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
private sector 26–28
see also overcrowding ; prison conditions
prison gangs 89, 134
prison governors 95–96, 98–101, 148
prison hulks 10
prison life 53–74
association 69
education and training 56–59
extremism and radicalisation 71–73
food 65–6
healthcare 66–69
regimes 53–56
religious practice 69–71
rewarding and punishing behaviour 61–65
work by prisoners 59–61
see also pains of imprisonment ; prison conditions
Prison Officers Association 68, 104
prison officers
and ‘dirty work’ 106
emotional labour 104
equipment 65, 96–97
from ethnically minoritised populations 97
and ethnically minoritised prisoners 46
grades 97
incentives and earned privileges (IEP) scheme 63
key worker scheme 102–103
and mental health of prisoners 68, 90, 92–93
and older prisoners 49–50
pay 97, 102
recruitment of 101–102
and rehabilitation 101, 102–103, 105
retention of 27, 102
role of 101–104
screws 14
shortages of 27, 49, 67, 68, 92, 97–98, 101–102, 134, 135
staff culture 104–106
staff–prisoner relationship 46, 63, 68, 69, 92–93, 102–104
staffing levels 27, 97
statistics 97, 101–102
uniforms 96
use of force 65, 96
violence against 96–97, 97–98, 104
violence by 65, 96, 98, 135
see also workforce
prison population
ethnically minoritised prisoners 45
historically 14, 15
international comparisons 127–140
older prisoners 49
reasons for increase 145–146
recent and current trends 1, 29–33, 30, 32
women prisoners 39, 40
Prison Reform Trust 17, 28, 33, 34, 44, 49, 60–61, 90
Prison Rules, The 4, 64, 66, 69
Prison Safety and Reform (White Paper) 101, 148
Prison Service Standard on race equality 48
prison system, modern 19–38
categorising prisoners 16, 33
characteristics of prisoners 33–37, 33, 36
current state 145–147
effectiveness of 2, 123–124
functions and categorisation 20–26
future of 148–150
geography 28–29
population trends 29–33, 30, 32
privatisation/private sector 26–28
social functions of imprisonment 147–148
see also history of prisons ; prison life
Prisoner Advisory Service 67
Prisoner Learning Alliance 57
Prisoners’ Advice Service 62
Prisons Act 1865 13
Prisons and Probation Ombudsman 46
private finance initiative 27
private sector
education providers 56–57
probation service 23, 28
running prisons 17, 25, 26–28, 97–98
transportation 9–10
workforce 27–28, 97–98
privileges 61–63
Probation Service
privatisation 23, 28
role of 37, 50, 81, 112–115, 120, 121, 122
progression regimes (PR) 55–56
proportionality 84
psychological harms 85–86
psychological interventions 15
public protection 75, 79, 82, 86
public sector benchmarking 27–28
punishment 75–84
definition 1
deterrence 77–78
historically 7–10, 13–14
incapacitation 78–80
just deserts 83–84
reductivist principles 76, 77–82
rehabilitation 80–81
retributivist principles 76, 83–84
social functions 147–148

Q

qualifications of prisoners 34, 57, 59, 60, 61

R

race/racism see ethnically minoritised prisoners
Race Review 2008 48
radicalisation 20, 71–73
Radzinowicz, L. 15
Radzinowicz Report (1968) 20
Ramluggun, P. 90
rates of imprisonment 128–129, 128, 131–140
recall to prison 36, 37, 121–123, 142
recidivism see reoffending
recruitment of officers 101–102
Recycling Lives 61
reductivist principles 76, 77–82
reformers, historically 10–12
regime in prison 53–56
rehabilitation
concept of 4, 80–81
and COVID-19 pandemic 149
effectiveness of prison 55–64, 81, 86, 103, 112, 123–124
ethnically minoritised prisoners 46–47
historically 10–11, 11–12, 13, 15, 16
and incapacitation 79
incentivising 61–64
international comparisons 130, 141, 142, 143
as justification for punishment 80–81
Prison and Courts Bill 2017 148–149
and prison officers 101, 102–103, 105
and private sector 28
progression regimes (PR) 55–56
responsibilisation agenda 119
treatment model 80–81
welfare model 81
see also desistance ; leaving prison ; reoffending ; resettlement
release from prison 112–118
release on temporary licence (ROTL) 23–24, 46–47, 61, 118
religious practice 13, 69–71, 71–73
reoffending
and accommodation 120
desistence 109–112, 124, 149
effectiveness of prison 123–124
and employment 61, 120
impact of education 56
international comparisons 138, 140, 142
rate of 123
rehabilitation models 80–81
reintegration of lifers 23
and release on temporary licence (ROTL) 24, 47
and resettlement 118–121
and sentence length 35, 123–124
training prisons 55
Victorian era 15
women prisoners 41, 44
report, being put on 64
resettlement
and accommodation 119, 120
and COVID-19 pandemic 149
and digital skills 58
and employment skills 60–61, 120–121
ethnically minoritised prisoners 46–47
international comparisons 142
older prisoners 50
prison estate 22–25, 118
process of 118–121
release on temporary licence 23–24, 46–47, 61, 118
women prisoners 41, 43
see also rehabilitation
resettlement prisons (category C or D) 22–23, 24, 25, 118
responsibilisation agenda 119
restraining prisoners 65, 98
retributivist principles 76, 83–84
rewarding and punishing behaviour 61–65, 113
riots 16, 134
risk assessment 80
Roberts, R. 141–142
Robson, J. 149
Ruck, S.K. 85

S

Saadallah, Khairi 37
Sampson, R. 112
Schinkel, M. 110, 111, 112
Scott, D. 31, 131
screws 14
Second World War 16
secondary desistance 110
secure children’s homes (SCHs) 25
secure training centres (STCs) 25
security in prisons 17, 20–21, 23, 33, 45–46, 58, 72
segregation 13, 17, 65
self-harm 42–43, 69, 89–90, 91, 146, 149
self-inflicted deaths 21, 43, 69, 90–93, 98, 146, 149
Senior, J. 50
sentences
additional days added 65, 113
community sentences 16, 29, 35, 43, 111
dangerous offenders 79
death penalty 8, 9, 10, 12, 76
ethnically minoritised prisoners 45
historically 8, 15, 16
imprisonment for public protection (IPP) 75, 82, 86
indeterminate 75, 82, 86, 113, 114, 142
international comparisons 79, 132, 132, 136, 139, 142
just deserts 83–84
life sentences 23, 37, 79, 113, 114, 119
and penal populism 142–143
and reoffending 35, 123–124
three-strikes law 79, 139
types and length of 35–37, 36
use of guidelines 76
women prisoners 40
see also punishment
Sentencing Code 36
Sentencing Council 37
separation centres 20, 72–73
Shalev, S. 140
Sharif, Mohamed 48
sharing cells 32, 47, 48
Shichor, J. 28
shopping in prison 59
short, sharp shock 78
silence, Victorian prisons 13–14
Sim, J. 146–147
Sinha, Pia 100
social characteristics of prisoners 33–35, 34, 40–41, 43–44, 146
social functions of imprisonment 147–148
socialising 69
Sodexo 97–98
solitary confinement 12, 13–14, 137, 139–140, 149
South, N. 130
staff see prisoner officers ; workforce
staff culture 104–106
staff–prisoner relationship 46, 63, 68, 69, 92–93, 102–104
standard recalls 121–122
Stewart, Robert 47
stigma 110, 123, 142, 147
Strangeways 16
Straw, Jack 43
Sturge, G. 29, 30
Styal, HMP 43, 61
suicide 21, 43, 69, 90–93, 98, 146, 149
supermax prisons 140
Sykes, G. 85
symbolic function of prison 147, 148
Systematic Monitoring and Analysing of Race Equality Template 48

T

tariffs 37
terminology 1–2
terrorism 71–73
Thatcher, Margaret 16
Thompson, B. 47
Thorn Cross, HMP 24, 60–61, 100
three-strikes law 79, 139
tightness 86
Timpson 60–61
Tombs, J. 43
Tower of London 8
training 56–59, 60–61
training prisons (category B or C) 22, 55
Transforming Rehabilitation agenda 23, 28
transgender prisoners 51
transportation 9–10, 12–13, 131
treadmills 14
treatment model of rehabilitation 80–81

U

uncertainty 86
uniforms 96
United States 45, 47, 79, 138–140, 139
universities 57–58
University of York 58
Unlocked 101
Urgent Notifications 26
useable operational capacity (UOC) 31
utilitarianism 77

V

van Ginneken, E. 92
victims, and Parole Board 117–118
Victims Strategy 44
Victorian prisons 12–15, 147
violence in prisons 86–89, 88, 96–98, 104, 134, 135, 149
Virtual Campus 58
visits 17, 20, 41, 43, 54, 136, 140, 149
von Hirsch, A. 80, 83

W

Waddington, David 16
Wainwright, L. 57
Wales, women prisoners 29
Walker, N. 83
Warren Hill, HMP 55–56, 103
Webb, B. 12
Webb, S. 12
Weiss, R. 130
Welch, M. 40
welfare model of rehabilitation 81
West, Rosemary 37
Whatton, HMP 22
Whitemoor, HMP 60, 72
whole-life order 37, 96
Wilde, Oscar 15
William I, King 8
Wilson, D. 99
Wolds, HMP 27
women prisoners 39–44
approved premises (APs) 120
babies and children 24–25, 41–42
complex needs of 40–44
distance from home 29, 41
family contact 41–42, 43
government policy 43, 44
historically 11–12
international comparisons 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139
leaving prison 120
mental health issues 34, 40–44, 68, 90, 91
nature of offending 40
number of 40
prison estate 24–25, 40
self-harm 90, 91
Wood, J. 89
Woolf Report 16–17
Worboys, John 117–118
work by prisoners 59–61, 66
workforce 95–107
chaplaincy team 70–71
governing governors 95–96
prison governors 95–96, 98–101, 148
private sector 27–28, 97–98
public sector benchmarking 27–28
see also prison officers
Wormwood Scrubs, HMP 23, 68

Y

young offender institutions (YOIs) 24, 25–26
young people and children
distance from home 29
gangs 89
historically 15, 16
prison estate 24, 25–26
prison life 54–55
punishments inside 64–65
racial violence 47
recall to prison 122
reoffending 123
short, sharp shock 16, 78
staff violence against 98
suicide 92
with mothers in prison 34, 41–42, 43
Youth Custody Service 1
Youth Justice Board 25

Z

Ziamani, Brusthom 72
Zimring, F.E. 138