Index

Authors:
Mark Shucksmith
,
Jayne Glass
,
Polly Chapman
, and
Jane Atterton
Publication Date:
22 Feb 2023
Pages:
253–261
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447367147.bm003
Free access
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Rural Poverty Today investigates why and how people in rural Britain experience (and negotiate) poverty and social exclusion. It examines the roles of societal processes, individual circumstances and diverse sources of support (markets, state, voluntary and community organisations, family and friends) while also examining the role of place. This is the first major study of rural poverty in Britain since the financial crisis and subsequent austerity policies, the Brexit referendum and the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This book presents evidence that, while poverty is perceived as a predominantly urban problem, many people living in rural areas also face hardship. A 2018 FCA report revealed that 54 per cent of rural households are financially vulnerable, and other recent studies show rural citizens are harder hit by the cost of living crisis. Much rural employment is insecure and poorly paid, leading to volatile and irregular incomes. It is difficult to find affordable housing, connectivity is poor and fuel poverty is widespread. Yet the UK’s welfare system is poorly adapted to rural areas, with increasing conditionality and delays leading growing numbers into debt, hardship and recourse to foodbanks. Voluntary organisations have provided crucial support to many, despite challenges of reach into rural areas and funding pressures, while services are increasingly centralised or digitalised. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated many of these pressures, while also raising awareness of rural poverty and suggesting solutions. The study distils these findings into a series of policy challenges and suggests actions to help address these.

References to figures appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables.

A

Aberfeldy, East Perthshire 60–61
Action with Communities in Rural England (ACRE) 24, 140
affordable housing xi, 21
East Perthshire 40, 67–68, 68, 69, 70
Harris 103–105
North Tyne valley 155–158
agency, individual 202–204
agency workers 43, 47, 192
agriculture xi, 25, 26, 88–89, 113, 127–128
apprenticeships 129
Argyll and Bute 28, 34, 88, 217
Asenova, D. 6
Atos Healthcare 93, 197
attendance allowance 54, 134
austerity 1–2, 8–9, 22–24
austerity urbanism thesis 9

B

Bailey, N. 30, 34, 216–217
Bays area, Harris 99, 111
Bellingham, North Tyne valley 121, 122, 123, 148
access to services 147, 152–153, 196
Children’s Centre 125–126, 126
cost of living 130, 141, 147, 204
COVID-19 pandemic 181
employment 123, 129
housing 155, 156–157
family and friends 144
state support 130, 132
transport 130
voluntary and community organisations 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 204
belonging 2, 32, 113–114, 152–158, 207–211
Benefit Advice in Libraries project 62
benefits 7–8
advice and support 54, 61–64, 66, 130–131, 134–137, 143–144, 171, 172–173, 196
appeals 131
and austerity 23
challenges facing rural society 213
conditionality 7, 8, 96–97
and cost of living crisis 221
and COVID-19 pandemic 165–166, 168–169, 170–174, 171, 177–178, 179
delays in system 48–49, 64, 93–94, 133–134, 172, 195
digital exclusion 46, 47, 61–62, 75–76, 91, 132–133, 143, 172, 173, 179, 195–196, 213, 223
East Perthshire 45–56, 66, 79–80
elderly people 7, 8, 9, 34, 49, 54, 66, 94–95, 134, 194
EU citizens 53–54
freezing of 8
Harris 90–97
illness and disability 51–53, 93, 196–197
ineligibility for 53, 96
institutional unkindness 54–56, 131
and irregular incomes 47–48, 91–92, 133–134, 195, 213, 224
legacy transitions 49–51
navigating the system 46–47, 79–80, 131, 132–133, 195
North Tyne valley 130–138
policy challenges and opportunities 223–224
reduction in value of 204–205
reforms to 204–205
rural proofing 223
sanctions 23, 43–44, 73
Scotland 9
stigma 34–35, 36, 49, 76
uptake of 7, 34–36, 49, 54, 90–91, 94–95, 96, 134–137, 171, 171, 193–194, 213
see also welfare state ; individual benefits
Black, N. 22, 65, 78, 208
black economy 127
Blairgowrie, East Perthshire 40, 59
cost of living 73–74
COVID-19 pandemic 167, 169, 172, 176, 179
digital access 54, 61, 172, 179
employment 43, 167, 169, 193
family and friends 65, 67
foodbanks 65, 74, 176
housing 67, 69
middle class prejudice 77
state support 52, 54, 55, 73, 75, 172, 179
transport 73–74
voluntary and community organisations 58, 61, 65, 176, 203–204
Bourdieu, P. 22, 230
Brexit 53–54, 88, 163, 167, 232
Brexit Vulnerabilities Index 88, 167
British Household Panel Survey 1, 18, 20, 194
broadband
cost of 195–196
and COVID-19 pandemic 173, 174–175
East Perthshire 75, 172, 174–175, 196
Harris 89, 91, 111–112, 196
North Tyne valley 124, 132, 133, 196
quality of in rural Scotland 163
see also digital access/exclusion
budgeting 43, 44, 47, 71, 133, 134, 150–152, 203, 204, 224
Bynner, C. 189

C

car ownership 21, 27, 28, 29, 33
East Perthshire 74, 84, 85, 176
Harris 110
North Tyne valley 148, 151
see also transport/travel
care see social care ; caring, informal/unpaid
career progression 20–21, 26, 85, 86, 147, 192, 224
carer’s allowance 134–135
Carers’ Wellbeing Campaign’ initiative 229
caring, informal/unpaid 45, 89, 129, 134–135, 173–174
see also childcare ; social care
casual work 43, 44, 78, 126–127, 128, 168, 169, 188, 192, 206
catalogue shopping 109
centralisation 231–232
charity shops 74–75, 181
Cheshire, L. 233
child poverty 4, 7, 10, 18, 124
childcare 22, 26, 192–193, 224
East Perthshire 44, 66
Harris 84, 119
North Tyne valley 125–126, 147
children see young people and children
Christians Against Poverty (CAP) 65
Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) 196, 198, 199, 205
and COVID-19 pandemic 178–179
East Perthshire 61, 62, 65
Harris 91, 98, 101, 107, 179, 200
North Tyne valley 130–131, 136–137, 150–151
Citizens Advice Scotland 72
citizenship, rural 21, 31, 232–233
Commins, P. 37–38
Commission for Rural Communities 7, 30, 34, 35
Community Action Northumberland (CAN) 139, 140, 142, 151
community assets 198, 210, 214, 229
community banks 130, 151–152, 203
community care grants 50, 96
Community Development Trusts (CDTs) 138–139, 231
community hub model 199–200
community organisations see voluntary and community organisations
Community Planning Partnership (CPP) 70, 97, 113, 119, 218
community spirit 78, 102, 112–116, 144–145, 153–154, 158–159, 201
and COVID-19 pandemic 180, 182, 187
community trusts 81, 83, 98–100, 105–106, 181, 214
commuters 11, 20, 40, 42, 67, 79, 85, 192
conceptual framework 2–3, 36–39, 38
conditionality, welfare 7, 8, 96–97
Conservative Party/Government policies 4, 6–7, 8
policy challenges and opportunities 219–230
Constable, John x
Copus, A. 23
Corfe, S. 27
Cornwall 26, 33, 39
Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS) 162–163, 165–166, 168–170, 184, 185, 188, 205
cost of living 30, 33, 209–210
crisis 24, 220–223
East Perthshire 71–75, 203, 204
Harris 107–111, 203, 209–210
North Tyne valley 130, 141, 147–152, 203, 204
Coulson, H. 22–23, 215–216
council houses 68, 69, 70–71, 73, 78, 203
Coupar Angus, East Perthshire 42, 69, 72
COVID-19 pandemic 161–190
experience of in study areas 45, 87, 165–177
financial support schemes 162–163, 165–166, 168–170, 184, 185, 188, 205
impact of on rural communities 9, 161–165, 164
recovery from 184–187
resilience 184
responses to in study areas 177–184
and study methodology 14–15, 214–215
and welfare benefits 165–166, 168–169, 170–174, 171
winners and losers 163–164, 164
creative entrepreneurs 44, 122
credit union, Stornoway 101, 203
Cresswell, T. 31
crisis grants 50, 96
Crisp, R. 216
crofting 88–89, 113
Curry, N. 230
Curtin, C. 25

D

Davis, A. 29
debt
East Perthshire 64–65, 195
Harris 97–98, 101, 107, 109
North Tyne valley 151
DEFRA 220, 233
demographic changes x–xi, 11–13, 19, 23, 25–26, 81, 86, 113, 117–118, 121–122, 213–214
deprivation, definition v
devolution 9, 232
digital access/exclusion 27, 210
broadband cost and quality 163, 195–196
and COVID-19 pandemic 161, 163, 173, 174–175, 179, 188
East Perthshire 46, 47, 54, 61–62, 75–76, 172, 174–175, 179, 196
Harris 89, 91, 100–101, 111–112, 196
home working 89, 124, 173, 186
mobile phones 75, 111–112, 132, 133, 195–196
North Tyne valley 124, 129, 132–133, 143, 196
in public spaces 226–227
welfare benefits 46, 47, 61–62, 75–76, 91, 132–133, 143, 172, 173, 179, 195–196, 213, 223
Wi-Fi 75, 76, 172, 175
disability benefits 51–53, 93, 130–131, 196–197
discharge delay from hospital 118
double energy vulnerability 221, 222
DWP 9, 46, 53, 93, 131, 171, 177–178
rural proofing 223
see also benefits

E

East Perthshire study 40–80
background information 11, 12, 14, 14, 40–41, 41
cost of living 71–75, 203, 204
COVID-19 pandemic experience 165–177
family and friends, support from 65–67, 74, 80, 201
governance 211
housing 67–71, 203
income from employment 42–45, 79, 192–193
place 76–79, 209
recovery from COVID-19 pandemic 184–187
responses to COVID-19 pandemic 177–184
social care 56–58, 198
state support 45–56, 66, 79–80, 165, 195
voluntary and community organisations 58–65, 80, 179–180, 182, 183
education 21, 28, 129, 174–175, 204
elderly people
benefit uptake 34, 35, 36, 49, 94–95, 134
cost of living 30, 106, 108–109
and COVID-19 pandemic 173, 175, 176
digital exclusion 133
East Perthshire 49, 54
employment 125
fuel poverty 106
Harris 90, 94–95, 101, 108–109
North Tyne valley 125, 134, 145, 147, 159
Pension Credit 7, 34, 49, 94–95, 134
pension schemes, private 43, 44–45, 90, 125, 203
poverty rates 5, 19, 194
pride 94, 159, 194
public transport 147
savings 95, 101
social isolation 116, 117–118, 145
state pension 194
welfare benefits 7, 8, 9, 34, 49, 54, 66, 94–95, 134, 194
see also social care
employment
agency workers 43, 47, 192
agriculture xi, 25, 26, 88–89, 113, 127–128
apprenticeships 129
black economy 127
career progression 20–21, 26, 85, 86, 147, 192, 224
casual work 43, 44, 78, 126–127, 128, 168, 169, 188, 192, 206
COVID-19 pandemic 161–163, 165–171, 184–185, 187–190, 205
diversification 189, 224, 225
East Perthshire 42–45, 79
Employment Hubs 140, 142
Harris 82–90
home working 89, 124, 173, 186, 189–190
hospitality industry 42, 45, 162–163, 165, 166, 167
in-work poverty 4, 19–20, 35, 43–44, 85, 130, 151
informal access to 26, 66–67, 202–204
irregular income 47–48, 91–92, 125, 133–134, 195, 213, 224
Job Centres 52, 54, 55, 61, 63, 73, 75, 97
limited range of employers 85
low paid employment 19–20, 25, 26, 42–44, 84–86, 96, 126–130, 204, 224
migrant workers 36, 43, 44, 53–54, 167
modern rural economy xi–xii, 26, 191–192
multiple jobs 86, 88–89, 125, 129, 133, 169, 192, 193
North Tyne valley 124–130
place-based and person-based measures 218
policy challenges and opportunities 224–226
professional jobs 42, 85–86, 192
seasonal workers 36, 42–43, 44, 84, 89–90, 124, 166, 169, 192, 206
self-employment 44, 89, 126, 127–128, 162–163, 168, 169, 192, 193, 225
skills development 129, 142, 192, 224, 225
small to medium enterprises (SMEs) 85, 128–129, 162, 192, 225–226
start-ups 128, 139, 162, 193, 225
unemployment 42, 140, 162, 165, 166, 170
women 128–129, 146–147, 159–160, 163, 225
worker shortages 10, 58, 83–84, 90, 191–192, 198
young people 20–21, 22, 26, 84, 86, 127
zero-hours contracts 42, 43, 48, 126, 128, 166, 192
see also precarious employment ; tourism
Employment Hubs 140, 142
employment rates 124, 170
employment rights 43
Employment Support Allowance (ESA) 7, 93
energy
renewable 83, 99, 221, 223
see also fuel poverty ; heating homes
Energy Action Scotland 221
energy efficiency 27, 70, 73, 100, 107, 137–138, 139, 149, 200, 220–221
England xii
benefit uptake 7, 171
fuel/energy poverty 221, 222
impact of austerity 23–24
impact of COVID-19 pandemic 164, 164, 171
local government spending 8, 163, 197
poverty levels 18, 20, 194
rural idyll 33
rural strategy 10, 232–233
SMEs and self-employment 162
social care 10
see also North Tyne valley study
Essence of Harris 83, 87–88
European Union (EU)
Brexit 53–54, 88, 163, 167, 232
definition of poverty vi
migrant workers from 43, 44, 53–54, 167
welfare benefits for citizens 53–54

F

family and friends, support from 201–202, 206
and COVID-19 pandemic 182–183
East Perthshire 65–67, 74, 80, 201
Harris 102–103, 182, 201
North Tyne valley 144–147, 201
place-based and person-based measures 218
farmers/farming xi, 25, 26, 88–89, 113, 127–128
Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) v–vi, 219
financial hardship, definition v
financial vulnerability, definition v
financial wellbeing, definition vi
Fisher, T. 189
food deserts 27
Food Research Council 26
food shopping 27, 74–75, 107–109, 147, 176–177, 180–181
foodbanks 23–24, 199, 200
and COVID-19 pandemic 165, 167, 175–176, 177, 180, 185, 188, 199
East Perthshire 43, 44, 45, 48, 65, 66, 76, 77, 165, 167, 176, 177, 185, 200, 206, 209
Harris 92, 93–94, 97–98, 98, 177, 200, 209
North Tyne valley 140–141, 147, 175, 199, 200
Forfar, East Perthshire 74
Fougère, M. 230–231
fuel poverty 24, 27, 151, 177, 220–221, 222
East Perthshire 70, 72–73, 221
Harris 106–107, 200–201
North Tyne valley 137–138, 148–150, 221
see also heating homes
furlough scheme 165–166, 168–170, 184, 188, 205

G

Glendale Gateway Trust 214
globalisation 26
governance 81, 159, 193, 211, 230–233
Grazings’ Committees 105–106
Greenhaugh, North Tyne valley 158
Greystead, North Tyne valley 121, 124, 144, 155

H

Haltwhistle, North Tyne valley 139
Harris brand 87–88, 192
Harris Development Limited (HDL) 87, 90, 119
Harris Distillery 83, 87, 88
Harris Forum 100, 119
Harris Plan 119
Harris study 81–120
access to services 112
background information 11–13, 12, 14, 14, 81–82, 82
cost of living 107–111, 203, 209–210
COVID-19 pandemic experience 165–177
family and friends, support from 102–103, 182, 201
governance 211
hidden poverty 118–120
housing 84, 103–107
income from employment 82–90, 191–193
place 112–120, 208, 209, 228
recovery from COVID-19 pandemic 184–187
responses to COVID-19 pandemic 177–184
social care 117–118, 198
state support 90–97, 197
voluntary and community organisations 97–102, 179, 181, 182, 200
Harris Tweed 88
Hastings, A. 9
Health and Social Care Partnership 45
healthcare
access to services 147
and COVID-19 pandemic 179
hospital discharge delays 118
lack of specialist facilities 173
partnership with social care 56, 57, 179, 230
preventative services 56
Rural Health Plan, Wales 10
see also illness and disability ; mental health ; social care
HEAT project 200
heating homes 21, 27, 28, 161, 220, 221
East Perthshire 70, 73, 78, 221
energy efficiency 27, 70, 73, 100, 107, 137–138, 139, 149, 200, 220–221
Harris 106–107, 109
home insulation 83, 99, 221, 223
North Tyne valley 146, 149, 156
see also fuel poverty
Hexham, North Tyne valley 130–131, 137, 138, 139, 140–141, 147, 175–176, 199
Hexham Community Partnership 138
Highlands and Islands Enterprise Community Land Unit 86, 231
Hirsch, D. 29
holiday homes 21, 26, 103, 104–105, 156, 158, 227
home insulation 106, 200, 221
home shopping 74–75, 109, 164
home working 89, 124, 173, 186, 189–190
homelessness 22, 70, 75
hospitality industry 42, 45, 162–163, 165, 166, 167
House of Lords Select Committee on the Rural Economy 232–233
Households Below Average Income (HBAI) survey 3, 4
housing/housing market
affordable xi, 21, 40, 67–68, 68, 69, 70, 103–105, 155–158
council houses 68, 69, 70–71, 73, 78, 203
and COVID-19 pandemic 189–190
East Perthshire 67–71, 203
energy efficiency 27, 70, 73, 100, 107, 137–138, 139, 149, 200, 220–221
Harris study 84, 103–107
holiday homes 21, 26, 103, 104–105, 156, 158, 227
homelessness 22, 70, 75
North Tyne valley 153, 155–158
policy challenges and opportunities 227–228
prices 26, 67–68, 68, 103, 105, 155
private rented 27, 36, 69–70, 156, 227
rent arrears 48–49, 69, 92–93, 134, 165
and rural change xi–xii
second home ownership 103, 104–105, 227
seasonal workers 84
social housing 36, 68, 104, 106, 134, 156–157, 194, 227
tied housing 27, 70
see also heating homes
housing benefit 71
hubs 225–226

I

illness and disability
and COVID-19 pandemic 174, 175
welfare benefits 51–53, 93, 130–131, 196–197
in-work poverty 4, 19–20, 35, 43–44, 85, 130, 151
incomers 32–33, 90, 113, 153, 209, 214
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 33
individual coping strategies 202–204
individualisation 6–7, 214
inequalities
East Perthshire 68–69, 76, 79
and secondary impact austerity 22
widening 213–214, 232
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) 8–9
institutional capital 210
intersectionality 204–210
Islands Communities Impact Assessments 220

J

Jentsch, B. 21
Job Centres 52, 54, 55, 61, 63, 73, 75, 97
Joseph Rowntree Foundation 3, 4, 20–21, 216
jumble sales 141

K

Keil, R. 231
Kickstart Scheme 225
Kielder Ltd 139, 142
Kielder, North Tyne valley 121–122, 123, 138, 144, 153–154, 155, 156, 157

L

labour market see employment
Labour Party/Government 7–8
levelling up 2, 3, 232
libraries 61–62, 75–76, 132, 172, 179, 196
literacy 129, 131, 196
loans 51, 64–65, 134, 151–152, 203
local government spending 8–9, 163, 197, 205
local habitus 208
local opportunity structures 210–211
log banks 151
loss, sense of 123, 152–154, 158, 208, 209, 214, 228
low paid employment 19–20, 25, 26, 192, 204, 224
East Perthshire 42–44
Harris 84–86, 96
North Tyne valley 126–130
Lukes, S. 233

M

Mackenzie, A.F.D. 208
MacNeil, Angus (MP) 93
Mattioli, G. 24, 221, 222
May, J. 9, 17, 22, 23–24, 33
medical assessments 93, 130, 178, 197
mental health
and COVID-19 pandemic 175–176, 178
and debt 64
family and friends, support from 65–66
prioritising survival 78–79
social isolation 118
voluntary and community organisations 63, 64, 206–207
welfare benefits 52–53, 93, 94, 178, 196
migrant workers 36, 43, 44, 53–54, 167
Milbourne, P. 20, 22–23, 32, 215–216
Minimum Income Standards 28, 29, 30, 72
mobile phones 75, 111–112, 132, 133, 195–196
Mount Blair Community Development Trust 70

N

National Audit Office (NAO) 8, 9, 163, 205
neoliberalism 6–8, 193, 197, 198, 230–231
North Harris Trust 81
North Tyne and Redesdale Community Partnership (NTRCP) 138–139, 142
North Tyne valley study 121–160
background information 12, 13, 14, 14, 121–123, 122, 123
cost of living 130, 141, 147–152, 203, 204
COVID-19 pandemic experience 165–177
family and friends, support from 144–147, 201
governance 211
housing 153, 155–158
income from employment 124–130, 192–193
place and belonging 152–158, 159, 209, 228
recovery from COVID-19 pandemic 184–187
responses to COVID-19 pandemic 177–184
state support 130–138, 197
voluntary and community organisations 136–137, 138–144, 150–151, 159, 180, 181, 183, 199
Northton, Harris 104–105
Northumberland Communities Together 185
Northumberland County Council 136, 151, 211
Northumberland Health Trust 136
Northumberland Log Bank 151
Northumberland National Park 121, 151, 158

O

online shopping 74–75, 109, 164
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 161
Outer Hebrides Anti-Poverty Strategy 97
Outer Hebrides CPP 119
outreach services 58, 61, 62, 63, 80, 101, 159, 196, 201, 226–227

P

Pacione, M. 17, 20, 26, 32
Painter, J. 21
Palmer, G. 6, 20
payday loans 64–65, 203
Peck, J. 9
Pension Credit 7, 34, 49, 94–95, 134
pension schemes, private 43, 44–45, 90, 125, 203
pensioners see elderly people
Personal Independence Payments (PIP) 51–52, 93, 178
Perth 42, 44, 60, 61, 65
Perth and Kinross Council 45, 50, 54, 58, 60, 61, 65, 69, 80, 172
Perth and Kinross Health and Social Care Partnership 56
petrol/diesel costs 130, 221, 222
Philip, L. vi
Philo, C. 21
place 2, 207–211
and change 228–229
community spirit 78, 102, 112–116, 144–145, 153–154, 158–159, 180, 182, 187, 201
East Perthshire 76–79, 209
Harris 102, 112–120, 208, 209, 228
lack of privacy 76–78, 95–96, 115–116, 209
local habitus 208
and loss 123, 152–154, 158, 208, 209, 214, 228
narratives of 228–229
North Tyne valley 152–158, 159, 209, 228
social construction of 208
place-based and person-based measures 217–219, 218
place-based poverty measures 33
place habitus 78, 208
Place Standard methodology 113
placed-based approach 232–233
policy context 4–11
policy implications 215–234
challenges and opportunities 219–230
community-led initiatives 215–216
lived experiences of poverty 215–216
place-based and person-based measures 217–219, 218
power and governance 230–233
previous studies 215–217
and urban-based policy makers 217
population see demographic changes
poverty (general)
definition vi, 3
framing of 23
policy context 4–11
recent trends 3–8, 4–6
see also rural poverty and social exclusion (overview)
Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK survey 18
poverty measures
inappropriate indicators 34
place-based poverty measures 33
poverty premium 28–29, 30
poverty trap 97
Powell, J. 31, 216
power and governance 230–233
precarious employment 7, 26, 191–193, 204, 206
East Perthshire 42–45, 47–48, 79
Harris 82–90, 91–92
North Tyne valley 124–128, 133–134
and welfare benefits 47–48, 91–92, 133–134, 195, 213, 224
pride 76–77, 94, 95, 134, 135, 146, 159, 194, 209
priority debt 64, 151
public expenditure cuts 6, 8–9, 22–23, 28, 163, 188, 197, 205
Public Policy Institute for Wales 10, 25, 28
public transport 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 28, 36, 176, 210
East Perthshire 42, 73–74
Harris 84, 93, 110
North Tyne valley 130, 145, 147–148, 156, 197
see also transport/travel

R

Rattray, East Perthshire 40, 58, 66, 68
Reimer, W. 37–38
renewable energy 83, 99, 221, 223
rent arrears 48–49, 69, 92–93, 134, 165
right to buy scheme 70–71
Road Equivalent Tariff (RET) 110
Robinson, C. 24, 221, 222
rural citizenship 21, 31, 230–233
Rural Coalition 11, 232
rural gentrification 33
Rural Health Plan – Improving Integrated Service Delivery Across Wales 10
Rural Housing Scotland 69
rural idyll perception x, 1, 17, 31–33, 208
rural poverty and social exclusion (overview) x–xi, 17–39
conceptual framework 36–39, 38
contributory factors 25–31
extent of 1–2, 4, 18–24, 33–34, 219
framing of 233
invisibility of 31–36, 68–69, 118–120, 124–125, 187, 215, 220
urban bias 17
rural poverty premium 28–29, 30
rural proofing 10, 218, 221, 223, 229
rural strategy 232–233
rurality 21, 23, 32, 207–211

S

sanctions, benefit 8, 23, 43–44, 73
Satsangi, M. 20
Savage, M. 208, 209
savings 44, 85, 95, 151–152, 203
Scalpay Bridge, Harris 112
schools
additional costs 110
and COVID-19 pandemic 174–175
stigmatisation of poorer children 77
travel to 148
ScotGrad programme 86
Scotland
benefits 9
Brexit 163
COVID-19 pandemic 162
fuel poverty 27, 221
policy context 9–10
poverty levels 18–19, 20
public service cuts 23, 205
rural policy 10
rural poverty premium 29, 30
SMEs and self-employment 162
social care provision 10
see also East Perthshire study ; Harris study
Scotland Act 2016 9
Scottish Child Payment 10
Scottish Household Survey 1, 20
Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 28, 33
Scottish Land Fund 231
Scottish Rural Action 189
seasonal workers 36, 42–43, 44, 84, 89–90, 124, 166, 169, 192, 206
second home ownership 103, 104–105, 227
secondary impact austerity 22
Self-Employed Income Support Scheme (SEISS) 163, 168
self-employment 44, 89, 126, 127–128, 192, 193, 225
and COVID-19 pandemic 162–163, 168, 169
self-sufficiency 32, 35, 49, 146, 159, 214
Shaw, J.M. v
shopping
charity shops 74–75, 181
COVID-19 pandemic 163–164, 164, 176–177
food shopping 27, 74–75, 107–109, 147, 176–177, 180–181
jumble sales 141
online 74–75, 109, 164
Simcock, N. 27
skills development 129, 142, 192, 224, 225
small to medium enterprises (SMEs) 85, 128–129, 162, 192, 225–226
social care 10, 197–198
and COVID-19 pandemic 173–174, 179
East Perthshire 43, 44, 56–58
Harris 117–118
North Tyne valley 136
policy challenges and opportunities 229–230
recruitment problems 10, 58, 198
social change 25, 26, 213–214, 228
social construction of the countryside 31
Social Enterprise Census in Scotland 199
social exclusion
definition vi
dimensions of 37
see also rural poverty and social exclusion (overview)
social fund loan 51
social housing 36, 68, 104, 106, 134, 156–157, 194, 227
social isolation 30, 44, 93, 111, 116, 117–118, 145, 146–147
Social Security Scotland 56
Social Security (Scotland) Act 2018 9
spatial apartheid 33
Standard Life Foundation (SLF) (now abrdn Financial Fairness Trust) v, vi, ix, 3, 163
Standing, G. 7
start-ups 128, 139, 162, 193, 225
state pension 194
state support 193–198
COVID-19 pandemic 162–163, 165–166, 168–170, 177–178, 184, 185, 188, 205
East Perthshire 45–56, 79–80
and governance 193
Harris 90–97
North Tyne valley 130–138
place-based and person-based measures 217–219, 218
see also benefits ; neoliberalism ; welfare state
StepChange 65
stigma
claiming benefits/help 34–35, 36, 49, 76–77, 94–96, 134–135, 194, 201, 209
and COVID-19 pandemic 183
and moral economy 22, 208
poorer children in school 77
Stornoway 81, 83, 85, 93–94, 97, 101
study methodology 11–15
anonymity and confidentiality 15, 215
conceptual framework 36–39, 38
COVID-19 pandemic 214–215
Sure Start Children’s Centre, Bellingham 125–126, 126
symbolic violence 208, 230

T

Tarbert, Harris 81, 82–83, 167
Tarset, North Tyne valley 121, 122, 124, 139, 144, 155, 158
tax credits 7, 8, 47
Thatcher, Margaret 230
tied housing 27, 70
Tighean Innse Gall (TIG) 96, 100, 106, 200
tourism
and COVID-19 pandemic 162–163, 165, 166, 167, 184
East Perthshire 165, 166
Harris 82–83, 87–88, 89, 90, 104–105, 116–117, 166, 167, 191–192
and housing market 227
North Tyne valley 122–123, 124, 153–154, 166, 192
Townsend, P. vi
transport/travel 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 36, 210
and COVID-19 pandemic 176
East Perthshire 42, 73–74, 84, 85, 176
Harris 11, 81, 84, 93, 110–111, 112, 117
North Tyne valley 129–130, 145, 147–148, 151, 156, 159

U

unemployment 42, 140, 162, 165, 166, 170
Universal Credit (UC) 8, 9, 23
advance payments 50–51, 133
and COVID-19 pandemic 165, 170–173, 205
deductions 50–51
delays in system 48–49, 64, 93–94, 133–134, 172, 195
digital exclusion 46, 75–76, 132–133, 172, 173
East Perthshire 45, 46, 47, 48–51
EU citizens 53
Harris 92, 93
and irregular incomes 47–48, 91–92, 133–134, 195, 213, 224
navigating the system 46
North Tyne valley 131–134
rent arrears 69
roll-out and legacy transitions 49–51, 131–132
see also benefits

V

Valtos, Harris 108
Vera-Toscano, E. 7–8, 9, 35–36
village halls 139, 140, 164
visiting tradition 103, 116
voluntary and community organisations 198–202, 205–206
challenges 60–61, 100–101, 141–144, 198, 199–201
community assets 214
and COVID-19 pandemic 178–183, 185–186, 188–189
East Perthshire 58–65, 80, 179–180, 182, 183
funding for 6, 23, 60–61, 99–100, 136–137, 139, 141–142, 181, 185–186, 189, 198, 201, 214
Harris 97–102, 179, 181, 182, 200
help and support from 61–65, 97–102, 136–144, 150–151, 159, 198–201, 206–207
joined-up work 100, 101–102, 142–143, 197, 200, 214
motivations 59–60
and neoliberalism 198, 230–231
North Tyne 136–137, 138–144, 150–151, 159, 180, 181, 183, 199
place-based and person-based measures 218
policy challenges and opportunities 226–227
power relations with the state 231

W

Wales
access to services 21–22
impact of austerity 23–24
poverty levels 19, 20
rural idyll perception 32
rural policy 10
Warm Hubs project 139, 180
welfare conditionality 7, 8, 96–97
welfare dependency 19, 35
welfare reforms 7–8, 23, 45, 55–56, 194–195, 204–205, 213
see also benefits
welfare spending 8, 204–205
welfare state 6–10, 23, 193–198, 204–205, 230–231
see also benefits
West Harris Trust 81, 103
West Northumberland foodbank 140–141, 199
Wi-Fi 75, 76, 172, 175
Willet, J. 33
Wilson, M. 20
Wilson, R. 23
Wisecraft 63
women
car ownership 148
caring responsibilities 129
childcare 44, 192–193, 224
COVID-19 pandemic 163
employment 128–129, 146–147, 159–160, 163, 225
pensions 44–45
social isolation 146–147
Woods, M. 231–232
Work Capability Assessment (WCA) 93, 197

Y

young people and children
access to services 20–22
as carers 45
COVID-19 pandemic 162, 178–179
East Perthshire 45, 65, 69, 70
employment 20–21, 22, 26, 84, 86, 127
Harris 84, 86, 104, 106, 111, 116, 120
impact of poverty 20–22
moving away 153, 213
North Tyne valley 146, 153, 155, 158
schools 77, 110, 148, 174–175
travel costs 111
unemployment 42, 162, 170
Young Persons’ Guarantee Scheme 225

Z

zero-hours contracts 42, 43, 48, 126, 128, 166, 192

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