References

The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the landscape of voluntary action. Some volunteering projects had to be paused, while others were delivered in different ways, but across all four UK nations large numbers of people began volunteering for the first time.

This book provides an overview of the constraints and opportunities of mobilising voluntary action across the four UK jurisdictions during the pandemic. Sector experts and academics examine the divergent voluntary action policy frameworks adopted, the state and non-state supported volunteer responses, the changes in the profile of volunteers and the plans to sustain their involvement.

This book addresses the urgent policy and practice need for evidence-based considerations to support the recovery from the pandemic and to prepare for future emergencies.

  • Acheson, N. (2010) ‘Welfare state reform, compacts and restructuring relations between the state and the voluntary sector: Reflections on Northern Ireland’s experience’, Voluntary Sector Review: An International Journal of Third Sector Research, Policy and Practice, 1(2): 175192.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Acheson, N. (2011) ‘A case of avoiding “political mumbo jumbo”: Do collective identities within ethnically diverse voluntary associations spill over to other contexts? Reflections on Northern Ireland experience’, Policy & Politics, 39(2): 203220.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Acheson, N., Harvey, B., Kearney, J. and Williamson A.P. (2004) Two Paths, One Purpose: Voluntary Action in Ireland, North and South, Dublin: Institute for Public Administration.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aguirre, B.E., Macias-Medrano, J., Batista-Silva, J.L., Chikoto, G.L., Jett, Q.R. and Jones-Lungo, K. (2016) ‘Spontaneous volunteering in emergencies’, in D.H. Smith, R.A. Stebbins and J. Grotz (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, volume 1, pp 311329.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anheier, H.K., Lang, M. and Toepler, S. (2019) ‘Civil society in times of change: Shrinking, changing and expanding spaces and the need for new regulatory approaches’, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13(1): 127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Austin, K. and Race, M. (2022) ‘What’s causing flight disruption this Easter?’, BBC News, 8 April. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61007176 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Bannister, J. and Hardill, I. (2014) Knowledge Mobilisation and the Social Sciences: Research Impact and Engagement, London: Routledge.

  • Bassel, L. and Emejulu, A. (2018) ‘Caring subjects: Migrant women and the third sector in England and Scotland’, Ethnic & Racial Studies, 41(1): 3654.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • BBC (2022) ‘Who can still get free Covid tests across the UK and can I buy LFTs?’, BBC News, 3 May. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51943612 [accessed 25 July 2022].

  • Bennett, E., Coule, T., Damm, C., Dayson, C., Dean, J. and Macmillan, R. (2019) ‘Civil society strategy: A policy review’, Voluntary Sector Review, 10(2): 213223.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Benneworth, P (2006) ‘The rise of the region: The English context to the raging of academic debates’, in I. Hardill, P. Benneworth, M. Baker and L. Budd (eds) The Rise of the English Regions?, London: Routledge, pp 4468.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boelman, V. (2021) Volunteering and Wellbeing in the Pandemic – Part II: Rapid Evidence Review, Cardiff: Wales Centre for Public Policy. Available from: https://www.wcpp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Volunteering-and-wellbeing-in-the-pandemic.-Part-2-Rapid-evidence-review.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Bondi, L. (2014) ‘Understanding feelings: Engaging with unconscious communication and embodied knowledge’, Emotion, Space and Society, 10: 4454.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brewis, G., Ellis Paine, A., Hardill, I., Lindsey, R. and Macmillan, R. (2021) Transformational Moments in Social Welfare: What Role for Voluntary Action?, Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • British Academy (2021) Shaping the COVID Decade: Addressing the Long-term Societal Impacts of COVID-19, London: British Academy. Available from: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/shaping-the-covid-decade-addressing-the-long-term-societal-impacts-of-covid-19/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brodie, E., Hughes, T., Jochum, V., Miller, S., Ockenden, N. and Warburton, D. (2011) Pathways through Participation: What Creates and Sustains Active Citizenship?, London: NCVO, IVR, involve. Available from: https://www.involve.org.uk/resources/publications/project-reports/pathways-through-participation [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Browne, J., Jochum, V. and Paylor, J. (2013) The Value of Giving a Little Time: Understanding the Potential of Micro-volunteering, London: IVR, NCVO. Available from: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/value-of-giving-a-little-time-understanding-the-potential-of-microvolunteering [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burchell, J., Walkley, F., Cook, J., Thiery, H., Ballantyne, E. and McNeill, J. (2020) Report #2 Models and Frameworks for Coordinating Community Responses during COVID-19, Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cabinet Office, (2018) Civil society strategy: Building a future that works for everyone. London: Cabinet Office.

  • Calvert, J. and Arbuthnott, G. (2021) Failures of State: The Inside Story of Britain’s Battle with Coronavirus, London: Mudlark.

  • Chaney, P. and Williams, C. (2003) ‘Getting involved: Civic and political life in Wales’, in C. Williams, N. Evans and P. O’Leary (eds) A Tolerant Nation? Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp 201219.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charity Commission (2021) COVID-19 Survey 2021, Charity Commission. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-commission-covid-19-survey-2021 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Charity Link (2022) ‘The cost of living crisis and the impact on UK charities’, Charity News Blog, 11 May. Available from: https://www.charitylink.net/blog/cost-of-living-crisis-impact-uk-charities [accessed 11 May 2022].

  • Cook, J., Thiery, H., Burchell, H., Walkley, F., Ballantyne, E. and McNeill, J. (2020) Report #1 Lessons from Lockdown: Mobilising Volunteers Effectively, report on the website of CVS Cheshire, October. Available from: https://doit.life/channels/11997/move-findings/file/md/139216/report-1-lessons-from-lockdown [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Corry, D. (2020) Where are England’s Charities?, London: New Philanthropy Capital.

  • Coutts, P., Bowyer, G., Heydecker, R., Ormston, H., Pennycook, L., Thurman, B. and Wallace, J. (2020) COVID-19 and Communities Listening Project: A Shared Response, Dunfermline: Carnegie UK Trust. Available from: https://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/publications/covid-19-and-communities-listening-project-a-shared-response/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crawford, L. (2021) ‘Working paper 2: What the existing research tells us’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 30 June. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-2-what-the-existing-research-tells-us/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Cretu, C. (2020) A Catalyst for Change: What COVID-19 Has Taught Us About the Future of Local Government, London: Nesta. Available from: https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/catalyst-change/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Curtin, M., Rendall, J.S., Roy, M.J. and Teasdale, S. (2021) Solidarity in a Time of Crisis: The Role of Mutual Aid to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Glasgow: Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health/Glasgow Caledonian University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, R. (1999) Devolution: A Process not an Event, Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs.

  • Davis Smith, J. (2019) 100 Years of NCVO and Voluntary Action: Idealists and Realists, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Dayson, C. and Damm, C. (2020) ‘Re-making state-civil society relationships during the COVID 19 pandemic? An English perspective’, People, Place & Policy Online, 14(3): 282289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dayson, C., Simpson, E., Ellis-Paine, A., Gilbertson, J. and Karamade, H. (2021) ‘The “resilience” of community organisations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Absorptive, adaptive and transformational capacity during a crisis response’, Voluntary Sector Review, 12(2): 295304.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020a) ‘COVID-19 community response plan’, Department for Communities. Available from: https://www.nicva.org/article/dfc-covid-19-community-response-plan [accessed 30 April 2020].

  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020b) Coronavirus Protocols for Councils Who Engage Voluntary and Community Organisations in Regulated Activity with Adults, Belfast: Department for Communities.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020c) ‘Coronavirus protocols for councils who engage voluntary and community organisations in regulated activity with adults’, report, Department for Communities. Available from: https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/communities/dfc-covid-19-protocols-for-councils-voluntary-organisations.pdf [accessed 31 August 2020].

  • Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2021) ‘Community life survey 2020/21: Volunteering and charitable giving’, gov.uk. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/community-life-survey-202021-volunteering-and-charitable-giving [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2022) Government Response to Danny Kruger MP’s Report: ‘Levelling Up Our Communities: Proposals for a New Social Covenant’, London: HM Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department of Education (Northern Ireland) (2020) ‘C-19 guidance to volunteers in the education sector in supporting key workers and vulnerable children’, Department of Education. Available from: https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/c-19-guidance-volunteers-education-sector-supporting-key-workers-and-vulnerable-children [accessed 31 March 2020].

  • Department for Social Development (2012) Join In, Get Involved: Build a Better Future – a Volunteering Strategy and Action Plan for Northern Ireland, Belfast: Department for Social Development.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Donahue, K., McGarvey, A., Rooney, K. and Jochum, V. (2020) Time Well Spent: Diversity and Volunteering, What Does Volunteer Participation Look Like, London: NCVO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eden Communities Report (2021) ‘The spectrum of volunteer participation’, report, Eden Project. Available from: https://www.edenprojectcommunities.com/sites/default/files/volunteer_report.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Ellis Paine, A. (2020) ‘Volunteering through crisis and beyond: Starting, stopping, shifting’, Rapid Research COVID-19 Briefing 5, Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/insights/research/briefing-5-rapid-research-covid-19/ [accessed 17 August 2021].

  • Ellis Paine, A., McCabe, A., Sugarman, W. and Leidecker, L. (2021) Briefing 14: Community Responses to COVID-19: Sustaining Community Action, London: Local Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Emejulu, A. and Bassel, L. (2020) ‘The politics of exhaustion’, City, 24(1–2): 400406.

  • ESRC (2021b) ‘ESRC-funded projects addressing social science and COVID-19’, UKRI. Available from: https://www.ukri.org/publications/esrc-funded-projects-addressing-social-science-and-covid-19/ [accessed 20 August 2021].

  • Flyvbjerg B. (2001) Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, J. and Speed, E. (2012) ‘Varieties of co-production in public services: Time banks in a UK health policy context’, Critical Policy Studies, 6(4): 402433.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020a) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19): Support for the third sector and charities during the disruption caused by COVID-19’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/coronavirus-covid-19-support-for-the-third-sector-html [accessed 31 March 2020].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020b) ‘Multi-million pound boost to support volunteers and Wales’ most vulnerable’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/multi-million-pound-boost-to-support-volunteers-and-wales-most-vulnerable [accessed 31 March 2020].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020c) ‘Volunteering during the coronavirus pandemic: How you can safely help vulnerable people during the coronavirus pandemic’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/volunteering-during-coronavirus-pandemic [accessed 31 March 2020].

  • Gregory, D. (2018) Skittled Out? The Collapse and Revival of England’s Social Infrastructure, London: Local Trust.

  • Grotz, J. (2021) ‘Working paper 1: A picture is worth a thousand words’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 30 June. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/apictureisworthathousandwords/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Grotz, J., Dyson, S. and Birt, L. (2020) ‘Pandemic policy making: The health and wellbeing effects of the cessation of volunteering on older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 21(4): 261269.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • The Guardian (2022) ‘Volunteers praised for huge role in giving UK public COVID jabs’, The Guardian, 3 January. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/03/volunteers-praised-for-huge-role-in-giving-uk-public-covid-jabs [accessed 25 February 2022].

  • Hansard (2020) ‘Charitable and voluntary sector volume 803: Debated on Thursday 30 April 2020’, Transcripts of the UK Government. Available from: https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-04-30/debates/7C721552-0014-4B93-913C-A33F56ED7049/CharitableAndVoluntarySector [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hardill, I., Benneworth, P., Baker, M.W. and Budd, L.C. (eds) (2006) The Rise of the English Regions? London: Routledge.

  • Harris, M. (2020) ‘Familiar patterns and news initiatives: UK civil society and the government’s initial response to the COVID 19 crisis’, Nonprofit Policy Forum, 12(1): 2544.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hennessy, P. (2022) Duty of Care: Britain before and after COVID, London: Allen Lane.

  • Hodgkinson, G.P., Herriot, P. and Anderson, N. (2001) ‘Re-aligning the stakeholders in management research: Lessons from industrial, work and organizational psychology’, British Journal of Management, 12: 4148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • House of Commons Health and Social Care, and Science and Technology Committees (2021 ) Coronavirus: Lessons Learned to Date, London: House of Commons Library.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hughes, C. (2019) ‘Resisting or enabling? The roll out of neo-liberal values through the voluntary and community sector in Northern Ireland’, Critical Policy Studies, 13(1): 6180.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hughes, C. and Ketola, M. (2021) Neoliberalism and the Voluntary and Community Sector in Northern Ireland, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Kearney, J. (2001) ‘The values and basic principles of volunteering: Complacency or caution?’, Voluntary Action, 3(3): 6386; reprinted in Davis-Smith, J. and Locke, M. (eds) (2007) Volunteering and the Test of Time: Essays for Policy, Organisation and Research, London: Institute for Volunteering Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kendall, J. and Knapp, M. (1995) ‘A loose and baggy monster: Boundaries, definitions and typologies’, in J. Davis Smith, C. Rochester and R. Hedley (eds) An Introduction to the Voluntary Sector, London: Routledge, pp 6695.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knapton, S. (2022) ‘Sage stands down, signifying “end of Covid pandemic” in the UK’, The Telegraph, 4 March. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/03/04/sage-stands-signifying-end-covid-pandemic-uk/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Kruger, D. (2020) ‘Levelling up our communities: Proposals for a new social covenant’, report. Available from: https://www.dannykruger.org.uk/sites/www.dannykruger.org.uk/files/2020-09/Kruger%202.0%20Levelling%20Up%20Our%20Communities.pdf / [accessed 31 May 2021].

  • LGA (2020) ‘Accessing support: The role of the voluntary and community sector during COVID-19’, Local Government Association. Available from: https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Accessing%20support%20the%20role%20of%20the%20voluntary%20and%20community%20sector%20during%20COVID-19%20WEB.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Macmillan, R. (2013) ‘De-coupling the state and the third sector? The “Big Society” as a spontaneous order’, Voluntary Sector Review, 4(2): 185203.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2020a) ‘Somewhere over the rainbow: Third sector research in and beyond coronavirus’, Voluntary Sector Review, 11(2): 129136.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2020b) Briefing 3 Rapid Research. Grassroots Action: The Role of Informal Community Activity in Responding to Crises, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19.-Briefing-3.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2021) ‘A surprising turn of events: Episodes towards a renaissance of civil society infrastructure’, People, Place and Policy, 15(20): 5771.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McCabe, A., Wilson, M. and Macmillan, R. (2020) Community Resilience or Resourcefulness?, London: Local Trust.

  • McCabe, A., Ellis Paine, A., Afridi, A. and Longdale, E. (2021) Briefing 16 – Community Responses to COVID-19: Connecting Communities? How Relationships Have Mattered in Community Responses to COVID-19, London: Local Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McMullen, J. and Macmillan, R. (2021) Stepping Up: Coordinating Local Voluntary Sector Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis, Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mills, S. (2013) ‘“An instruction in good citizenship”: Scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(1): 120134.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mills, S. and Waite, C. (2018) ‘From big society to shared society? Geographies of social cohesion and encounter in the UK’s National Citizen Service’, Geografiska Annaler: Series B Human Geography, 100(2): 131148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Audit Office (2020) The supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, London: National Audit Office. Available from: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-supply-of-personal-protective-equipment-PPE-during-the-COVID-19-pandemic.pdf [accessed 23 July 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Council for Voluntary Organisations (2021) UK Civil Society Almanac, London: National Council of Voluntary Organisations. Available from: https://beta.ncvo.org.uk/ncvo-publications/uk-civil-society-almanac-2021/financials/income-sources/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • NHS England (2020a) ‘“Your NHS Needs You”: NHS call for volunteer army’, NHS England, 24 March. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/03/your-nhs-needs-you-nhs-call-for-volunteer-army/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • NHS England (2020b) ‘Advice regarding NHS volunteers relating to COVID-19 (version 3) version 2 published’, NHS England, 24 March, 15 May, updates to Version 3 published on 17 March 2021. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/04/C1139_Advice-regarding-NHS-volunteers-relating-to-COVID-19.pdf [accessed 31 May 2020].

  • Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action (2021) ‘State of the sector’, Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action. Available from: https://www.nicva.org/stateofthesector/income-expenditure [accessed 7 February 2022].

  • Office of Northern Ireland Direct Government Services (2020) ‘Volunteering during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic’, ni-direct. Available from: https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/volunteering-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic [accessed 1 Feb 2021].

  • Pape, U., Brandsen, T., Pahl, J.B., Pielin, B., Baturina, D., Brookes, N., et al (2020) ‘Changing policy environments in Europe and the resilience of the third sector’, Voluntas, 31: 238249.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peek, N., Sujan, M. and Scott, P. (2020) ‘Digital health and care in pandemic times: Impact of COVID-19’, BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 27(1): e100166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rees, J. and Mullins, D. (2016) ‘The third sector delivering public services: Setting out the terrain’, in J. Rees and D. Mullins (eds) The Third Sector Delivering Public Services, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 1–19.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roberts, P. and Baker, M.W. (2006) ‘Regions and regional identity’, in I. Hardill, P. Benneworth, M. Baker and L. Budd (eds) (2006) The Rise of the English Regions?, London: Routledge, pp 2243.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Royal Voluntary Service (2020) Findings: Patients Supported by the NHS Volunteer Responder Programme during COVID-19 – April to August 2020, Working Paper One, London: Royal Voluntary Service.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rutherford, A. and Spath, R. (2021) ‘Working paper four: Volunteering in the pandemic – evidence from two UK volunteer matching services’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 9 November. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-4-volunteering-in-the-pandemic-evidence-from-two-uk-volunteer-matching-services/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2004) ‘The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Contingency Planning) (Scotland) Regulations 2005’, legislation.gov.uk. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2005/494/contents/made [accessed 28 February 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2019a) ‘Building resilient communities: Scottish guidance on community resilience – principles, approach and good practice’. Available from: https://ready.scot/sites/default/files/2020-09/publications-preparing-scotland-building-community-resilience_.pdf [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2019b) ‘Volunteering for all: Our national framework’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/volunteering-national-framework/ [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020a) ‘Supporting communities funding: Speech by Communities Secretary’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-communities-funding-statement/ [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020b) ‘Protecting Scotland, renewing Scotland’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland-governments-programme-scotland-2020-2021/documents/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020c) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19): Scotland’s strategic framework’, 23 October. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/covid-19-scotlands-strategic-framework/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020d) ‘How Scotland prepares’. Available from: https://ready.scot/how-scotland-prepares [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022a) ‘National performance framework’. Available from: https://nationalperformance.gov.scot/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022b) ‘Scottish third sector perspectives on volunteering during COVID-19: Survey report’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-third-sector-perspectives-volunteering-during-covid-19-survey-report/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022c) ‘Scottish household survey 2020 – telephone survey: Key findings’. Available from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-household-survey-2020-telephone-survey-key-findings/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022d) ‘Scotland’s Volunteering Action Plan’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-volunteering-action-plan/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Smith, C. and Menzies, V. (2022) ‘Different approaches around the UK have little overall impact’, The Times, 24 January, p 17.

  • Smith, F., Timbrell, H., Woolvin, M., Muirhead, S. and Fyfe, N. (2010) ‘Enlivened Geographies Enlivened geographies of volunteering: Situated, embodied and emotional practices of voluntary action’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 126(4): 258274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Southby, K., South, J. and Bagnall, A.M. (2019) ‘A rapid review of barriers to volunteering for potentially disadvantaged groups and implications for health inequalities’, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(5): 907920.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Speed, E. (2021) ‘Working paper three: Preliminary analysis of policy differences across the four UK jurisdictions’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-3/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Speed, E. (2022) ‘Preliminary analysis of within case policy process across the 4 UK jurisdictions, between March 23rd 2020 and March 22nd 2021’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Policy-Analysis-Working-Paper-5-2.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Stuart, J., Kamerāde, D., Connolly, S., Ellis Paine, A., Nichols, G. and Grotz, J. (2020) The Impacts of Volunteering on the Subjective Wellbeing of Volunteers: A Rapid Evidence Assessment, London: What Works Centre for Wellbeing and Spirit of 2012. Available from: https://whatworkswellbeing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Volunteer-wellbeing-technical-report-Oct2020-a.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, B (2015) ‘How is the “killing the SNP stone dead” project going?’, BBC News, 4 February. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-31129382 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Tiratelli, L. and Kaye, S. (2020) Communities vs Coronavirus: The Rise of Mutual Aid, London: New Local Government Network.

  • Together (2021) Our Chance to Reconnect: Final Report of the Talk Project, London: Together.

  • Tremblay, S., Castiglione, S., Audet, L-A., Desmarais, M., Horace, M. and Pelaez, S. (2021) ‘Conducting qualitative research to respond to COVID-19 challenges: Reflections for the present and beyond’, International Journal of Qualitative Research, 20: 18.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UK Government (2020a) ‘Coronavirus: How to help safely’. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/coronavirus-volunteering/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • UK Government (2020b) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance for the charity sector’, 7 April, last updated 25 March 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-for-the-charity-sector [accessed 31 April 2020].

  • UK Government (2020c) ‘Financial support for voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) organisations to respond to coronavirus (COVID-19)’, 20 May, last updated 10 March 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/financial-support-for-voluntary-community-and-social-enterprise-vcse-organisations-to-respond-to-coronavirus-covid-19 [accessed 31 April 2020].

  • UK Government (2020d) ‘NHS volunteers extend support to frontline health and social care staff’, 6 June. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-volunteers-extend-support-to-frontline-health-and-social-care-staff [accessed 07 June 2020].

  • UK Health Security Agency (2022) ‘Prevalence of COVID-19 remains at high levels across the country’, 6 April. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prevalence-of-covid-19-remains-at-high-levels-across-the-country [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • UKRI (2020) ‘Get funding for ideas that address COVID-19’. Available from: https://www.ukri.org/opportunity/get-funding-for-ideas-that-address-covid-19/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Volunteer Now (2021) ‘Volunteering during the pandemic and beyond: A Northern Ireland perspective’. Available from: https://www.volunteernow.co.uk/app/uploads/2021/04/QUB-COVID-Volunteering-Report-Mar2021-2.pdf [accessed 7 February 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2019) ‘2018 formal and informal volunteering – hours and economic value’. Available from https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/scottish-household-survey-cross-sectional-analysis/ (see ‘Formal and Informal volunteering 2018’ under ‘Related Downloads: 2018’) [accessed 10 December 2021].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2020a) ‘Impact of COVID-19 on volunteering participation in Scotland’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-volunteering-participation-in-scotland/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2020b) ‘TSI Scotland network survey on the “impact of COVID-19 on the third sector in Scotland” – Volunteer Scotland’s analysis: June and October 2020’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-third-sector-in-scotland/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2021) ‘OSCR’s surveys on the impact of COVID-19 on Scot-land’s charities – Volunteer Scotland’s supplementary analysis: February 2021 and May 2021’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-scotlands-charities/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2022) The Road to Recovery: Lessons Learned from Scotland’s Response to COVID-19, Stirling: Volunteer Scotland. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/the-road-to-recovery/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • VSSN (2020a) ‘Covid-19 research repository’. Available from: https://www.vssn.org.uk/covid-19-and-voluntary-action-research-repository-projects/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • VSSN (2020b) ‘2020 VSVR online conference – session videos’. Available from: https://www.vssn.org.uk/2020-vsvr-online-conference-session-videos/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • WCVA (2019) Cyllid cynaliadwy i’r trydydd sector / Sustainable Funding for the Third Sector, Cardiff: WCVA. Available from: https://wcva.cymru/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/sustainable_funding_for_the_third_sector_report__4_.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • WCVA (2020) ‘WCVA written evidence’, Welsh Parliament, online report. Available from: https://business.senedd.wales/documents/s108218/COV%20VS%2008%20-%20WCVA.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2022].

  • Weiss, C.H. (1972) Evaluation Research: Methods for Assessing Program Effectiveness, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

  • Welsh Government (2014) Third Sector Scheme, Cardiff: Welsh Government. Available from: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-01/third-sector-scheme-2014.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Welsh Parliament Equality, Local Government, and Communities Committee (2021) Impact of COVID-19 on the Voluntary Sector in Wales, Cardiff: Welsh Parliament. Available from: https://senedd.wales/media/d4jh52zz/cr-ld14075-e.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, C.C. (2003) ‘Developing community participation in deprived neighbourhoods: A critical evaluation of the third sector approach’, Space and Polity, 7(1): 6573.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, C.C. (2011) ‘Socio-spatial variations in community self help: A total social organisation of labour perspective’, Social Policy and Society, 10(3): 36578.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilson, M., McCabe, A. and Macmillan, R. (2020a) Briefing 4 Rapid Research COVID-19. Blending Formal and Informal Community Responses, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/COVID-19-BRIEFING-4.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilson, M., McCabe, A., Macmillan, R. and Ellis Paine, A. (2020b) Briefing 8 Rapid Research COVID-19. Community Responses to COVID-19: The Role and Contribution of Community-led Infrastructure, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/COVID-19-Briefing-8.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • WISERD (2020) ‘Wales Institute of Social & Economic Research data written evidence for Welsh Parliament’, online report. Available from: https://business.senedd.wales/documents/s108628/COV%20VS%2020%20-%20Wales%20Institute%20for%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Research%20and%20Data%20WISERD.pdf [accessed 20 July 2022].

  • Woolvin, M. and Hardill, I. (2013) ‘Localism, voluntarism and devolution: Experiences, opportunities and challenges in a changing policy context’, Local Economy, 28(3): 275290.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woolvin, M. and Harper, H. (2015) Volunteering from ‘Below the Radar’. Informal Volunteering in Deprived Urban Scotland: Research Summary, Stirling: Volunteer Scotland. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/media/624210/mw_phd_summary_30_07_15.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woolvin, M., Mills, S., Hardill, I. and Rutherford, A. (2015) ‘Devolved responses to national challenges? Voluntarism and devolution in England, Wales and Scotland’, Geographical Journal, 181(1): 3846.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wyler, S. (2020) Community responses in times of crisis: Glimpses into the past, present and future, London: Local Trust and Big Local. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/22040_Community-responses-in-times-of-crisis_online_lr.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yang, R., Harvey, C., Mueller, F. and Maclean, M. (2021) ‘The role of mediators in diffusing the community foundation model of philanthropy’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(5): 124.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ZOE COVID Study (2020) ‘ZOE COVID Symptom Study proves the power of citizen science’, 4 December. Available from: https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-power-of-citizen-science [accessed 10 April 2022].

  • Acheson, N. (2010) ‘Welfare state reform, compacts and restructuring relations between the state and the voluntary sector: Reflections on Northern Ireland’s experience’, Voluntary Sector Review: An International Journal of Third Sector Research, Policy and Practice, 1(2): 175192.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Acheson, N. (2011) ‘A case of avoiding “political mumbo jumbo”: Do collective identities within ethnically diverse voluntary associations spill over to other contexts? Reflections on Northern Ireland experience’, Policy & Politics, 39(2): 203220.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Acheson, N., Harvey, B., Kearney, J. and Williamson A.P. (2004) Two Paths, One Purpose: Voluntary Action in Ireland, North and South, Dublin: Institute for Public Administration.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aguirre, B.E., Macias-Medrano, J., Batista-Silva, J.L., Chikoto, G.L., Jett, Q.R. and Jones-Lungo, K. (2016) ‘Spontaneous volunteering in emergencies’, in D.H. Smith, R.A. Stebbins and J. Grotz (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, volume 1, pp 311329.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anheier, H.K., Lang, M. and Toepler, S. (2019) ‘Civil society in times of change: Shrinking, changing and expanding spaces and the need for new regulatory approaches’, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13(1): 127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Austin, K. and Race, M. (2022) ‘What’s causing flight disruption this Easter?’, BBC News, 8 April. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61007176 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Bannister, J. and Hardill, I. (2014) Knowledge Mobilisation and the Social Sciences: Research Impact and Engagement, London: Routledge.

  • Bassel, L. and Emejulu, A. (2018) ‘Caring subjects: Migrant women and the third sector in England and Scotland’, Ethnic & Racial Studies, 41(1): 3654.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • BBC (2022) ‘Who can still get free Covid tests across the UK and can I buy LFTs?’, BBC News, 3 May. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51943612 [accessed 25 July 2022].

  • Bennett, E., Coule, T., Damm, C., Dayson, C., Dean, J. and Macmillan, R. (2019) ‘Civil society strategy: A policy review’, Voluntary Sector Review, 10(2): 213223.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Benneworth, P (2006) ‘The rise of the region: The English context to the raging of academic debates’, in I. Hardill, P. Benneworth, M. Baker and L. Budd (eds) The Rise of the English Regions?, London: Routledge, pp 4468.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boelman, V. (2021) Volunteering and Wellbeing in the Pandemic – Part II: Rapid Evidence Review, Cardiff: Wales Centre for Public Policy. Available from: https://www.wcpp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Volunteering-and-wellbeing-in-the-pandemic.-Part-2-Rapid-evidence-review.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Bondi, L. (2014) ‘Understanding feelings: Engaging with unconscious communication and embodied knowledge’, Emotion, Space and Society, 10: 4454.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brewis, G., Ellis Paine, A., Hardill, I., Lindsey, R. and Macmillan, R. (2021) Transformational Moments in Social Welfare: What Role for Voluntary Action?, Bristol: Policy Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • British Academy (2021) Shaping the COVID Decade: Addressing the Long-term Societal Impacts of COVID-19, London: British Academy. Available from: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/shaping-the-covid-decade-addressing-the-long-term-societal-impacts-of-covid-19/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brodie, E., Hughes, T., Jochum, V., Miller, S., Ockenden, N. and Warburton, D. (2011) Pathways through Participation: What Creates and Sustains Active Citizenship?, London: NCVO, IVR, involve. Available from: https://www.involve.org.uk/resources/publications/project-reports/pathways-through-participation [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Browne, J., Jochum, V. and Paylor, J. (2013) The Value of Giving a Little Time: Understanding the Potential of Micro-volunteering, London: IVR, NCVO. Available from: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/value-of-giving-a-little-time-understanding-the-potential-of-microvolunteering [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burchell, J., Walkley, F., Cook, J., Thiery, H., Ballantyne, E. and McNeill, J. (2020) Report #2 Models and Frameworks for Coordinating Community Responses during COVID-19, Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cabinet Office, (2018) Civil society strategy: Building a future that works for everyone. London: Cabinet Office.

  • Calvert, J. and Arbuthnott, G. (2021) Failures of State: The Inside Story of Britain’s Battle with Coronavirus, London: Mudlark.

  • Chaney, P. and Williams, C. (2003) ‘Getting involved: Civic and political life in Wales’, in C. Williams, N. Evans and P. O’Leary (eds) A Tolerant Nation? Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp 201219.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charity Commission (2021) COVID-19 Survey 2021, Charity Commission. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-commission-covid-19-survey-2021 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Charity Link (2022) ‘The cost of living crisis and the impact on UK charities’, Charity News Blog, 11 May. Available from: https://www.charitylink.net/blog/cost-of-living-crisis-impact-uk-charities [accessed 11 May 2022].

  • Cook, J., Thiery, H., Burchell, H., Walkley, F., Ballantyne, E. and McNeill, J. (2020) Report #1 Lessons from Lockdown: Mobilising Volunteers Effectively, report on the website of CVS Cheshire, October. Available from: https://doit.life/channels/11997/move-findings/file/md/139216/report-1-lessons-from-lockdown [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Corry, D. (2020) Where are England’s Charities?, London: New Philanthropy Capital.

  • Coutts, P., Bowyer, G., Heydecker, R., Ormston, H., Pennycook, L., Thurman, B. and Wallace, J. (2020) COVID-19 and Communities Listening Project: A Shared Response, Dunfermline: Carnegie UK Trust. Available from: https://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/publications/covid-19-and-communities-listening-project-a-shared-response/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crawford, L. (2021) ‘Working paper 2: What the existing research tells us’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 30 June. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-2-what-the-existing-research-tells-us/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Cretu, C. (2020) A Catalyst for Change: What COVID-19 Has Taught Us About the Future of Local Government, London: Nesta. Available from: https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/catalyst-change/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Curtin, M., Rendall, J.S., Roy, M.J. and Teasdale, S. (2021) Solidarity in a Time of Crisis: The Role of Mutual Aid to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Glasgow: Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health/Glasgow Caledonian University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, R. (1999) Devolution: A Process not an Event, Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs.

  • Davis Smith, J. (2019) 100 Years of NCVO and Voluntary Action: Idealists and Realists, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Dayson, C. and Damm, C. (2020) ‘Re-making state-civil society relationships during the COVID 19 pandemic? An English perspective’, People, Place & Policy Online, 14(3): 282289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dayson, C., Simpson, E., Ellis-Paine, A., Gilbertson, J. and Karamade, H. (2021) ‘The “resilience” of community organisations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Absorptive, adaptive and transformational capacity during a crisis response’, Voluntary Sector Review, 12(2): 295304.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020a) ‘COVID-19 community response plan’, Department for Communities. Available from: https://www.nicva.org/article/dfc-covid-19-community-response-plan [accessed 30 April 2020].

  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020b) Coronavirus Protocols for Councils Who Engage Voluntary and Community Organisations in Regulated Activity with Adults, Belfast: Department for Communities.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department for Communities (Northern Ireland) (2020c) ‘Coronavirus protocols for councils who engage voluntary and community organisations in regulated activity with adults’, report, Department for Communities. Available from: https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/communities/dfc-covid-19-protocols-for-councils-voluntary-organisations.pdf [accessed 31 August 2020].

  • Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2021) ‘Community life survey 2020/21: Volunteering and charitable giving’, gov.uk. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/community-life-survey-202021-volunteering-and-charitable-giving [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2022) Government Response to Danny Kruger MP’s Report: ‘Levelling Up Our Communities: Proposals for a New Social Covenant’, London: HM Government.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Department of Education (Northern Ireland) (2020) ‘C-19 guidance to volunteers in the education sector in supporting key workers and vulnerable children’, Department of Education. Available from: https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/c-19-guidance-volunteers-education-sector-supporting-key-workers-and-vulnerable-children [accessed 31 March 2020].

  • Department for Social Development (2012) Join In, Get Involved: Build a Better Future – a Volunteering Strategy and Action Plan for Northern Ireland, Belfast: Department for Social Development.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Donahue, K., McGarvey, A., Rooney, K. and Jochum, V. (2020) Time Well Spent: Diversity and Volunteering, What Does Volunteer Participation Look Like, London: NCVO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eden Communities Report (2021) ‘The spectrum of volunteer participation’, report, Eden Project. Available from: https://www.edenprojectcommunities.com/sites/default/files/volunteer_report.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Ellis Paine, A. (2020) ‘Volunteering through crisis and beyond: Starting, stopping, shifting’, Rapid Research COVID-19 Briefing 5, Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/insights/research/briefing-5-rapid-research-covid-19/ [accessed 17 August 2021].

  • Ellis Paine, A., McCabe, A., Sugarman, W. and Leidecker, L. (2021) Briefing 14: Community Responses to COVID-19: Sustaining Community Action, London: Local Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Emejulu, A. and Bassel, L. (2020) ‘The politics of exhaustion’, City, 24(1–2): 400406.

  • ESRC (2021b) ‘ESRC-funded projects addressing social science and COVID-19’, UKRI. Available from: https://www.ukri.org/publications/esrc-funded-projects-addressing-social-science-and-covid-19/ [accessed 20 August 2021].

  • Flyvbjerg B. (2001) Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, J. and Speed, E. (2012) ‘Varieties of co-production in public services: Time banks in a UK health policy context’, Critical Policy Studies, 6(4): 402433.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020a) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19): Support for the third sector and charities during the disruption caused by COVID-19’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/coronavirus-covid-19-support-for-the-third-sector-html [accessed 31 March 2020].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020b) ‘Multi-million pound boost to support volunteers and Wales’ most vulnerable’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/multi-million-pound-boost-to-support-volunteers-and-wales-most-vulnerable [accessed 31 March 2020].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government of Wales (2020c) ‘Volunteering during the coronavirus pandemic: How you can safely help vulnerable people during the coronavirus pandemic’, Government of Wales. Available from: https://gov.wales/volunteering-during-coronavirus-pandemic [accessed 31 March 2020].

  • Gregory, D. (2018) Skittled Out? The Collapse and Revival of England’s Social Infrastructure, London: Local Trust.

  • Grotz, J. (2021) ‘Working paper 1: A picture is worth a thousand words’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 30 June. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/apictureisworthathousandwords/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Grotz, J., Dyson, S. and Birt, L. (2020) ‘Pandemic policy making: The health and wellbeing effects of the cessation of volunteering on older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 21(4): 261269.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • The Guardian (2022) ‘Volunteers praised for huge role in giving UK public COVID jabs’, The Guardian, 3 January. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/03/volunteers-praised-for-huge-role-in-giving-uk-public-covid-jabs [accessed 25 February 2022].

  • Hansard (2020) ‘Charitable and voluntary sector volume 803: Debated on Thursday 30 April 2020’, Transcripts of the UK Government. Available from: https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-04-30/debates/7C721552-0014-4B93-913C-A33F56ED7049/CharitableAndVoluntarySector [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hardill, I., Benneworth, P., Baker, M.W. and Budd, L.C. (eds) (2006) The Rise of the English Regions? London: Routledge.

  • Harris, M. (2020) ‘Familiar patterns and news initiatives: UK civil society and the government’s initial response to the COVID 19 crisis’, Nonprofit Policy Forum, 12(1): 2544.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hennessy, P. (2022) Duty of Care: Britain before and after COVID, London: Allen Lane.

  • Hodgkinson, G.P., Herriot, P. and Anderson, N. (2001) ‘Re-aligning the stakeholders in management research: Lessons from industrial, work and organizational psychology’, British Journal of Management, 12: 4148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • House of Commons Health and Social Care, and Science and Technology Committees (2021 ) Coronavirus: Lessons Learned to Date, London: House of Commons Library.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hughes, C. (2019) ‘Resisting or enabling? The roll out of neo-liberal values through the voluntary and community sector in Northern Ireland’, Critical Policy Studies, 13(1): 6180.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hughes, C. and Ketola, M. (2021) Neoliberalism and the Voluntary and Community Sector in Northern Ireland, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Kearney, J. (2001) ‘The values and basic principles of volunteering: Complacency or caution?’, Voluntary Action, 3(3): 6386; reprinted in Davis-Smith, J. and Locke, M. (eds) (2007) Volunteering and the Test of Time: Essays for Policy, Organisation and Research, London: Institute for Volunteering Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kendall, J. and Knapp, M. (1995) ‘A loose and baggy monster: Boundaries, definitions and typologies’, in J. Davis Smith, C. Rochester and R. Hedley (eds) An Introduction to the Voluntary Sector, London: Routledge, pp 6695.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knapton, S. (2022) ‘Sage stands down, signifying “end of Covid pandemic” in the UK’, The Telegraph, 4 March. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/03/04/sage-stands-signifying-end-covid-pandemic-uk/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Kruger, D. (2020) ‘Levelling up our communities: Proposals for a new social covenant’, report. Available from: https://www.dannykruger.org.uk/sites/www.dannykruger.org.uk/files/2020-09/Kruger%202.0%20Levelling%20Up%20Our%20Communities.pdf / [accessed 31 May 2021].

  • LGA (2020) ‘Accessing support: The role of the voluntary and community sector during COVID-19’, Local Government Association. Available from: https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Accessing%20support%20the%20role%20of%20the%20voluntary%20and%20community%20sector%20during%20COVID-19%20WEB.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Macmillan, R. (2013) ‘De-coupling the state and the third sector? The “Big Society” as a spontaneous order’, Voluntary Sector Review, 4(2): 185203.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2020a) ‘Somewhere over the rainbow: Third sector research in and beyond coronavirus’, Voluntary Sector Review, 11(2): 129136.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2020b) Briefing 3 Rapid Research. Grassroots Action: The Role of Informal Community Activity in Responding to Crises, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19.-Briefing-3.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Macmillan, R. (2021) ‘A surprising turn of events: Episodes towards a renaissance of civil society infrastructure’, People, Place and Policy, 15(20): 5771.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McCabe, A., Wilson, M. and Macmillan, R. (2020) Community Resilience or Resourcefulness?, London: Local Trust.

  • McCabe, A., Ellis Paine, A., Afridi, A. and Longdale, E. (2021) Briefing 16 – Community Responses to COVID-19: Connecting Communities? How Relationships Have Mattered in Community Responses to COVID-19, London: Local Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McMullen, J. and Macmillan, R. (2021) Stepping Up: Coordinating Local Voluntary Sector Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis, Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mills, S. (2013) ‘“An instruction in good citizenship”: Scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(1): 120134.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mills, S. and Waite, C. (2018) ‘From big society to shared society? Geographies of social cohesion and encounter in the UK’s National Citizen Service’, Geografiska Annaler: Series B Human Geography, 100(2): 131148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Audit Office (2020) The supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, London: National Audit Office. Available from: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-supply-of-personal-protective-equipment-PPE-during-the-COVID-19-pandemic.pdf [accessed 23 July 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Council for Voluntary Organisations (2021) UK Civil Society Almanac, London: National Council of Voluntary Organisations. Available from: https://beta.ncvo.org.uk/ncvo-publications/uk-civil-society-almanac-2021/financials/income-sources/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • NHS England (2020a) ‘“Your NHS Needs You”: NHS call for volunteer army’, NHS England, 24 March. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/03/your-nhs-needs-you-nhs-call-for-volunteer-army/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • NHS England (2020b) ‘Advice regarding NHS volunteers relating to COVID-19 (version 3) version 2 published’, NHS England, 24 March, 15 May, updates to Version 3 published on 17 March 2021. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/04/C1139_Advice-regarding-NHS-volunteers-relating-to-COVID-19.pdf [accessed 31 May 2020].

  • Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action (2021) ‘State of the sector’, Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action. Available from: https://www.nicva.org/stateofthesector/income-expenditure [accessed 7 February 2022].

  • Office of Northern Ireland Direct Government Services (2020) ‘Volunteering during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic’, ni-direct. Available from: https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/volunteering-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic [accessed 1 Feb 2021].

  • Pape, U., Brandsen, T., Pahl, J.B., Pielin, B., Baturina, D., Brookes, N., et al (2020) ‘Changing policy environments in Europe and the resilience of the third sector’, Voluntas, 31: 238249.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peek, N., Sujan, M. and Scott, P. (2020) ‘Digital health and care in pandemic times: Impact of COVID-19’, BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 27(1): e100166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rees, J. and Mullins, D. (2016) ‘The third sector delivering public services: Setting out the terrain’, in J. Rees and D. Mullins (eds) The Third Sector Delivering Public Services, Bristol: Policy Press, pp 1–19.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roberts, P. and Baker, M.W. (2006) ‘Regions and regional identity’, in I. Hardill, P. Benneworth, M. Baker and L. Budd (eds) (2006) The Rise of the English Regions?, London: Routledge, pp 2243.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Royal Voluntary Service (2020) Findings: Patients Supported by the NHS Volunteer Responder Programme during COVID-19 – April to August 2020, Working Paper One, London: Royal Voluntary Service.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rutherford, A. and Spath, R. (2021) ‘Working paper four: Volunteering in the pandemic – evidence from two UK volunteer matching services’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website, 9 November. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-4-volunteering-in-the-pandemic-evidence-from-two-uk-volunteer-matching-services/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2004) ‘The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Contingency Planning) (Scotland) Regulations 2005’, legislation.gov.uk. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2005/494/contents/made [accessed 28 February 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2019a) ‘Building resilient communities: Scottish guidance on community resilience – principles, approach and good practice’. Available from: https://ready.scot/sites/default/files/2020-09/publications-preparing-scotland-building-community-resilience_.pdf [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2019b) ‘Volunteering for all: Our national framework’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/volunteering-national-framework/ [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020a) ‘Supporting communities funding: Speech by Communities Secretary’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-communities-funding-statement/ [accessed 22 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020b) ‘Protecting Scotland, renewing Scotland’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland-governments-programme-scotland-2020-2021/documents/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020c) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19): Scotland’s strategic framework’, 23 October. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/covid-19-scotlands-strategic-framework/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2020d) ‘How Scotland prepares’. Available from: https://ready.scot/how-scotland-prepares [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022a) ‘National performance framework’. Available from: https://nationalperformance.gov.scot/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022b) ‘Scottish third sector perspectives on volunteering during COVID-19: Survey report’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-third-sector-perspectives-volunteering-during-covid-19-survey-report/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022c) ‘Scottish household survey 2020 – telephone survey: Key findings’. Available from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-household-survey-2020-telephone-survey-key-findings/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Scottish Government (2022d) ‘Scotland’s Volunteering Action Plan’. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-volunteering-action-plan/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Smith, C. and Menzies, V. (2022) ‘Different approaches around the UK have little overall impact’, The Times, 24 January, p 17.

  • Smith, F., Timbrell, H., Woolvin, M., Muirhead, S. and Fyfe, N. (2010) ‘Enlivened Geographies Enlivened geographies of volunteering: Situated, embodied and emotional practices of voluntary action’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 126(4): 258274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Southby, K., South, J. and Bagnall, A.M. (2019) ‘A rapid review of barriers to volunteering for potentially disadvantaged groups and implications for health inequalities’, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(5): 907920.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Speed, E. (2021) ‘Working paper three: Preliminary analysis of policy differences across the four UK jurisdictions’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/resource-details/working-paper-3/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Speed, E. (2022) ‘Preliminary analysis of within case policy process across the 4 UK jurisdictions, between March 23rd 2020 and March 22nd 2021’, working paper on the MVAin4 project website. Available from: https://www.mvain4.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Policy-Analysis-Working-Paper-5-2.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Stuart, J., Kamerāde, D., Connolly, S., Ellis Paine, A., Nichols, G. and Grotz, J. (2020) The Impacts of Volunteering on the Subjective Wellbeing of Volunteers: A Rapid Evidence Assessment, London: What Works Centre for Wellbeing and Spirit of 2012. Available from: https://whatworkswellbeing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Volunteer-wellbeing-technical-report-Oct2020-a.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, B (2015) ‘How is the “killing the SNP stone dead” project going?’, BBC News, 4 February. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-31129382 [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Tiratelli, L. and Kaye, S. (2020) Communities vs Coronavirus: The Rise of Mutual Aid, London: New Local Government Network.

  • Together (2021) Our Chance to Reconnect: Final Report of the Talk Project, London: Together.

  • Tremblay, S., Castiglione, S., Audet, L-A., Desmarais, M., Horace, M. and Pelaez, S. (2021) ‘Conducting qualitative research to respond to COVID-19 challenges: Reflections for the present and beyond’, International Journal of Qualitative Research, 20: 18.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UK Government (2020a) ‘Coronavirus: How to help safely’. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/coronavirus-volunteering/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • UK Government (2020b) ‘Coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance for the charity sector’, 7 April, last updated 25 March 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-for-the-charity-sector [accessed 31 April 2020].

  • UK Government (2020c) ‘Financial support for voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) organisations to respond to coronavirus (COVID-19)’, 20 May, last updated 10 March 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/financial-support-for-voluntary-community-and-social-enterprise-vcse-organisations-to-respond-to-coronavirus-covid-19 [accessed 31 April 2020].

  • UK Government (2020d) ‘NHS volunteers extend support to frontline health and social care staff’, 6 June. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-volunteers-extend-support-to-frontline-health-and-social-care-staff [accessed 07 June 2020].

  • UK Health Security Agency (2022) ‘Prevalence of COVID-19 remains at high levels across the country’, 6 April. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prevalence-of-covid-19-remains-at-high-levels-across-the-country [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • UKRI (2020) ‘Get funding for ideas that address COVID-19’. Available from: https://www.ukri.org/opportunity/get-funding-for-ideas-that-address-covid-19/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • Volunteer Now (2021) ‘Volunteering during the pandemic and beyond: A Northern Ireland perspective’. Available from: https://www.volunteernow.co.uk/app/uploads/2021/04/QUB-COVID-Volunteering-Report-Mar2021-2.pdf [accessed 7 February 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2019) ‘2018 formal and informal volunteering – hours and economic value’. Available from https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/scottish-household-survey-cross-sectional-analysis/ (see ‘Formal and Informal volunteering 2018’ under ‘Related Downloads: 2018’) [accessed 10 December 2021].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2020a) ‘Impact of COVID-19 on volunteering participation in Scotland’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-volunteering-participation-in-scotland/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2020b) ‘TSI Scotland network survey on the “impact of COVID-19 on the third sector in Scotland” – Volunteer Scotland’s analysis: June and October 2020’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-third-sector-in-scotland/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2021) ‘OSCR’s surveys on the impact of COVID-19 on Scot-land’s charities – Volunteer Scotland’s supplementary analysis: February 2021 and May 2021’. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/impact-of-covid-19-on-scotlands-charities/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

  • Volunteer Scotland (2022) The Road to Recovery: Lessons Learned from Scotland’s Response to COVID-19, Stirling: Volunteer Scotland. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/for-organisations/research-and-evaluation/publications/covid-19-research/the-road-to-recovery/ [accessed 26 July 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • VSSN (2020a) ‘Covid-19 research repository’. Available from: https://www.vssn.org.uk/covid-19-and-voluntary-action-research-repository-projects/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • VSSN (2020b) ‘2020 VSVR online conference – session videos’. Available from: https://www.vssn.org.uk/2020-vsvr-online-conference-session-videos/ [accessed 31 May 2022].

  • WCVA (2019) Cyllid cynaliadwy i’r trydydd sector / Sustainable Funding for the Third Sector, Cardiff: WCVA. Available from: https://wcva.cymru/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/sustainable_funding_for_the_third_sector_report__4_.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • WCVA (2020) ‘WCVA written evidence’, Welsh Parliament, online report. Available from: https://business.senedd.wales/documents/s108218/COV%20VS%2008%20-%20WCVA.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2022].

  • Weiss, C.H. (1972) Evaluation Research: Methods for Assessing Program Effectiveness, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

  • Welsh Government (2014) Third Sector Scheme, Cardiff: Welsh Government. Available from: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-01/third-sector-scheme-2014.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Welsh Parliament Equality, Local Government, and Communities Committee (2021) Impact of COVID-19 on the Voluntary Sector in Wales, Cardiff: Welsh Parliament. Available from: https://senedd.wales/media/d4jh52zz/cr-ld14075-e.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, C.C. (2003) ‘Developing community participation in deprived neighbourhoods: A critical evaluation of the third sector approach’, Space and Polity, 7(1): 6573.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, C.C. (2011) ‘Socio-spatial variations in community self help: A total social organisation of labour perspective’, Social Policy and Society, 10(3): 36578.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilson, M., McCabe, A. and Macmillan, R. (2020a) Briefing 4 Rapid Research COVID-19. Blending Formal and Informal Community Responses, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/COVID-19-BRIEFING-4.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilson, M., McCabe, A., Macmillan, R. and Ellis Paine, A. (2020b) Briefing 8 Rapid Research COVID-19. Community Responses to COVID-19: The Role and Contribution of Community-led Infrastructure, London: Local Trust. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/COVID-19-Briefing-8.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • WISERD (2020) ‘Wales Institute of Social & Economic Research data written evidence for Welsh Parliament’, online report. Available from: https://business.senedd.wales/documents/s108628/COV%20VS%2020%20-%20Wales%20Institute%20for%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Research%20and%20Data%20WISERD.pdf [accessed 20 July 2022].

  • Woolvin, M. and Hardill, I. (2013) ‘Localism, voluntarism and devolution: Experiences, opportunities and challenges in a changing policy context’, Local Economy, 28(3): 275290.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woolvin, M. and Harper, H. (2015) Volunteering from ‘Below the Radar’. Informal Volunteering in Deprived Urban Scotland: Research Summary, Stirling: Volunteer Scotland. Available from: https://www.volunteerscotland.net/media/624210/mw_phd_summary_30_07_15.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woolvin, M., Mills, S., Hardill, I. and Rutherford, A. (2015) ‘Devolved responses to national challenges? Voluntarism and devolution in England, Wales and Scotland’, Geographical Journal, 181(1): 3846.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wyler, S. (2020) Community responses in times of crisis: Glimpses into the past, present and future, London: Local Trust and Big Local. Available from: https://localtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/22040_Community-responses-in-times-of-crisis_online_lr.pdf [accessed 31 May 2022].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yang, R., Harvey, C., Mueller, F. and Maclean, M. (2021) ‘The role of mediators in diffusing the community foundation model of philanthropy’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(5): 124.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ZOE COVID Study (2020) ‘ZOE COVID Symptom Study proves the power of citizen science’, 4 December. Available from: https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-power-of-citizen-science [accessed 10 April 2022].

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 60 34 2
PDF Downloads 61 34 2

Altmetrics