A

adult education 24–25
Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants 15, 16, 18–19, 20
anti-Semitism crisis 143–144
Asquith, H. 22, 29, 33, 141
Attlee, C.
nationalisation 71
New Fabian Research Bureau (NFRB) 46
resignation 63
Second World War 60–61
socialism 7, 28, 30, 73
Attlee government 47, 61–62
ideology 64–65
National Health Service (NHS) 70
nationalisation 5, 6
socialism 72
sterling crisis 62–63
austerity 87, 153

B

Bailey v. Pye 17–18
Balls, E. 128, 133
Bank of England
ERM crisis 107
financial crisis 2007/2008 131, 133, 134, 137
Great Slump of 1931 41–42
nationalisation 46, 62
New Labour 122
banking 46
banking crisis 1931 41
banking crisis 2007/2008 12, 124
see also financial crisis 2007/2008
banking system 69
Banks, T. 104
Barker, R. 23, 33
Barnes, G. 22
Beckerman, W. 83
Beckett, M. 108
Bell, R. 16
Benn, T. 87, 90, 103, 104, 111, 112, 118
Bevan, A. 44, 70
Bevan, N. 52, 60
Beveridge, W. 4
Beveridge Report 64, 77
Bevin, E. 36, 43, 45, 53, 60, 61, 68, 76
Black Wednesday 121
Blair, T.
equality of opportunity 115
general election 1997 5, 169
New Labour 1, 101, 107, 110–111
party reform 113
post-war years 125
socialism 2, 7, 108–109, 116, 119
trade unions 135
blame 9
Blanchflower, D. 131
Blue Labour 147, 148–149
Blunkett, D. 113
Bonar Law, A. 22
bread rationing 62
Brexit referendum 142, 144–147, 156–157
British Electricity Authority 62
British European Airways 62
British Transport Commission 62
Brittan, S. 93
Brown, B. 95
Brown, George
devaluation 82, 94
Brown, Gordon
Bank of England 133
economic competence 110
financial crisis 2007/2008 122, 124, 131, 138
general election 2010 140
ideology 125–127, 128–129
socialism 3, 132
Burns, Sir T. 128

C

Callaghan, J.
devaluation 82
electoral defeat 102
Finance Group 61
ideology 91
Party Conference 1976 87, 93
trade unions 98
Wilson government 94, 97
Callaghan government 5, 88, 92, 100
Cameron, D. 141, 155
capitalism 24, 25, 44, 71, 91, 134, 164, 166
Castle, B. 4, 84, 85, 87, 94, 97, 100
Chamberlain, N. 60
Change UK 8
Churchill, W. 60
coal industry 37, 48
coalition governments 34, 60–61, 68–69, 78, 134, 139, 141
Coates, D. 62, 65, 122, 164
Cole, G.D.H.
economic policy 45
ideology 42, 50
May Committee 40
Second World War 60
socialism 30
sterling crisis 62
trade unions 38–39, 52, 55
Conservative and Unionist Party 14
Conservative governments 38, 70, 74, 142
Conservative Party
coalition governments 34, 134, 139, 141
financial crisis 2007/2008 10–11, 125, 155
First World War 22
general election 1959 66
general election 1983 101
Great Slump of 1931 40
ideology 90
Labour’s electoral defeats 12
reputation 108, 110
sterling crisis 63
Conservative voters 117
Cooper, Y. 3
Corbyn, J. 2, 141–143
Brexit referendum 146
economic policy 150, 151, 153
Old Labour 1, 3
socialism 7, 155–156
supporters 4, 139, 159, 169
trade unions 157, 158
Corbynomics 4
Cousins, F. 97
COVID-19 pandemic 168–169
credibility 126
Cribb, J. 129
Crick, B. 113
Cripps, S. 46, 58
crises 9–12
in historical context 161–162
Labour’s responses to 166
1964 to 1979 92–94
1979 onwards 111–113
2010 to 2019 152–154
early years 26–27
inter-war years 49–51
New Labour 113–114, 129–132, 137
post-war years 69–70
Second World War 68–69
Crosland, A.
austerity 87
capitalism 71
economic policy 93
nationalisation 66–67
socialism 72–73, 90–91, 95, 132, 163, 165

D

Daily Express 41
Dalton, H. 51–52, 54, 64, 70
Darling, A. 130
Davis, R. 148–149
Deakin, A. 76
debt repayments 21–22, 62–63
democratic socialism 43–44
devaluation 81–85, 107, 165
Diamond, P. 25, 36, 66, 113, 114, 116, 126–127, 167
Dilnot, A. 155
Donovan Commission 83–84
Durbin, Elizabeth 47
Durbin, Evan 43–45, 46, 61, 64, 77

E

Eatwell, J. 121
Echo, The 29
Economic Advisory Committee 150, 151
economic crises 9, 159
see also banking crisis 1931 ; banking crisis 2007/2008 ; financial crisis 2007/2008
economic growth 134
economic performance 80
economic policy 45, 47–48, 51
see also devaluation
economic reforms 128–129
economic socialism 2, 133–134
Economist 72, 154
education 24–25
electoral defeats 6, 101, 102–108, 139–144, 167, 168
Labour’s responses 111–114, 152–154
Electricity Board 70, 75
equality 91, 115
equality of opportunity 66, 115, 134
ethical socialism 2, 24, 27–28, 51, 65, 100, 127, 134
ethnocentrism 145
European Economic Community (EEC) 80, 107
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) crisis 107, 125, 162
European Union (EU) 8
see also Brexit referendum
Eurozone 151

F

Fabian Society 15, 42
feminism 3
finance 46
Finance Group 61
financial crisis 2007/2008 9, 10–11, 123–125, 134, 151, 162, 165
Labour’s ideology 127
Labour’s response to 129–132, 137
unemployment 137
see also banking crisis 2007/2008
financial sector 127–128
First World War 20–23, 26, 33, 36–37, 162
Fiscal Credibility Rule 151
Foot, M. 2, 25, 50, 102, 103, 111, 112
For Socialism and Peace (Labour Party) 48–49
Ford (company) 88, 100
franchise 14, 27, 30–31
full employment 66, 98, 109

G

Gaitskell, H. 46, 61, 66, 67–68, 77–78, 79, 106
Gas Council 62
general election 1910 29, 32
general election 1918 30, 34
general election 1929 39
general election 1931 47
general election 1935 47
general election 1945 59, 148
general election 1951 63, 70
general election 1955 63, 66, 70
general election 1959 66
general election 1964 90
general election 1966 82
general election 1970 85
general election 1974 90, 103
general election 1979 99, 101, 102
general election 1983 103
general election 1992 105–106
general election 1997 111, 121
general election 2010 140–141, 152, 154
general election 2015 141, 153
general election 2017 142–143
general election 2019 143–144, 153–154
general elections 96
see also electoral defeats
General Strike of 1926 36–39, 49–51, 52, 55, 56, 161
Giddens, A. 3, 7, 109–110, 113–114
Glasman, M. 147–148, 149
gold standard 42
government spending 41
Great Depression 43
Great Slump of 1931 9, 39–42, 49–51
Green New Deal 151
Greenwood, A. 61
guild socialism 38, 45, 46, 56

H

Hain, P. 154
Hardie, K. 3, 16
Hattersley, R. 88, 104, 113
Healy, D. 87, 88, 90, 91, 98, 112
Heath, E. 5, 85, 97
Henderson, A. 22, 30
Hewitt, P. 112
Hobson, J.A. 43
Hodge, J. 22
Holland, S. 91, 104
house building programme 75
House of Lords 19–20
House of Lords reform 29, 53

I

ideological pluralism 17
ideology 1–6, 7–8
1964 to 1979 90–92
1979 onwards 112
2005–2015 147–151
early years 23–26
inter-war years 42–49
New Labour 108–111, 113–114, 125–129
post-war years 64–68
Second World War 64
see also socialism
illegal strikes 56
income tax 16, 124
Independent Group 8
Independent Labour Party 8, 23, 42, 60
individualism 25
industrial policy 83–85
Industrial Relations Act 1971 85
industrialism 25
Industry and Society (Labour Party) 67
inequality 129
inflation 64, 86, 87, 95, 107, 110, 126
interest rates 131, 133, 151
International Monetary Fund (IMF) crisis 86–87, 92, 95, 99
inter-war years 36–58
General Strike of 1926 36–39
Great Slump of 1931 39–42
Labour’s ideology 42–49
Labour’s relationship with trade unions 38, 54–56
Labour’s responses to crises 49–51
Labour’s understanding of socialism 51–54
nationalisation 46, 48, 61
Iron and Steel Corporation 62
Isaacs, G. 76

J

Jay, D. 61, 65
Jenkins, R. 66, 102
Johnson, B. 5, 146, 156
Jones, J. 97

K

Kaufman, G. 111
Keynes, J.M. 4, 43, 45, 64
King, M. 124, 131
Kinnock, N.
general election 1979 111
and Michael Foot 102
miners’ strike 118
party leadership 101, 104–107
socialism 7, 112–113, 114–115, 116
trade unions 117–118

L

Labour and the Nation (Labour Party) 52
Labour governments 166
see also specific governments
Labour Party
future electoral success 168–170
in opposition 167–168 ; see also electoral defeats
origins 14–17
Labour Representation Committee (LRC) 15–16, 29
Labour’s Programme (Labour Party, 1974) 90
Laffer Curve 129
Lammy, D. 3
Lansbury, G. 30, 46
Laski, H. 45, 46, 54
Liberal Party 14, 23
as challenger to Labour Party 32
First World War 33
Great Slump of 1931 40
Labour’s dependency on 28, 29, 30
trade unions 16, 31
working-class parliamentary representation 15
Lloyd George, D. 22, 33

M

MacDonald, R. 4, 8
general election 1918 30
General Strike of 1926 49
Great Slump of 1931 40, 42, 44, 50, 53, 61
ideology 23–24
parliamentary representation 29
socialism 26, 27–28
MacDonald-Gladstone Agreement 32
Macmillan, H. 63–64, 71
Major, J. 106
Mandelson, P. 124
markets 121
May, T. 142
May Committee 40
McDonnell, J. 150
McKenna Rule 21
meso-economy 91
Miliband, E. 1, 128, 152, 159
Brexit referendum 144
financial crisis 2007/2008 154–155
ideology 147, 149, 153
resignation 141
trade unions 8, 118, 139, 157
Miliband, R. 30, 65, 71, 72, 163
Millward, R. 69, 77
Miners’ Federation 16
miners’ strike 37, 85, 97, 118
mining industry 37, 47
Momentum 139, 158
Morrison, H. 6, 48, 60, 68–69, 71–72, 73
mortgage crisis 123
multinational economy 91

N

National Coal Board 62
national debt 21–22, 62
National Democratic Party 34
National Health Service (NHS) 2, 65, 70, 71, 82, 155
National Joint Council 47
National Plan 1965 81
nationalisation 162
banking crisis 2007/2008 124, 130
inter-war years 46, 48, 61
post-war years 5, 52, 62, 65, 66–68, 69–70, 74–75, 76, 77
Second World War 68–69
negative interest rates 131
neoliberalism 150
New Fabian Research Bureau (NFRB) 45–46
New Labour 1, 3–4, 7, 101, 121–122
financial crisis 2007/2008 123–125
Labour’s response to 129–132, 137
ideology 108–111, 113–114, 125–127
relationship with trade unions 135–137
revisionism 79
understanding of socialism 115–116, 132–134, 138, 163
New Left 95
Northern Rock 123, 124

O

Old Labour 1, 3, 163
‘one member, one vote’ (OMOV) 102, 117, 118, 158
opposition parties 5, 167
Osborne, G. 155
Osborne judgement 20, 32
Owen, D. 8, 89–90

P

Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) 30, 39, 76, 97, 139
parliamentary socialism 7, 42–43
party ideology see ideology
pension reform 77
Pettifor, A. 150, 151
Phillips curve 126
Pigou, A.C. 21, 22
Platt, J. 147
Polanyi, K. 148
policy review groups 105
political crises 9
post-war years 78–79
Labour’s ideology 64–68
Labour’s relationship with trade unions 75–78
Labour’s responses to crises 69–70
Labour’s understanding of socialism 70–75
sterling crisis 62–64
practical socialism 68
Prescott, J. 108
privatised Keynesianism 123
public ownership 66–67, 68, 130
see also nationalisation
Purple Labour 147, 149

Q

quantitative easing 131–132, 151, 169

R

Radice, G. 89
railways 47, 48, 69
see also Taff Vale
rationing 62
Red Wall 143, 147, 156
Reeves, R. 149
Reforming Britain’s Economic and Financial Policy (Balls and O’Donnell) 128
revisionism 66, 68, 79, 167–168
understanding of socialism 67, 71, 74, 90–91
revolutionary socialism 7
Robinson, W.A. 39
Rodgers, W. 98, 111
Royal Commission on Trade Union and Employers’ Associations 83–84

S

Saklatvala, S. 8
Sankey commission 70
Scanlon, H. 86, 97
seamen’s strike 92, 96
Second World War 9, 12, 59–62
effect on Labour Party 78
Labour’s ideology 64
Labour’s response to crisis 68–69, 161
Trades Union Congress (TUC) 76
Shinwell, E. 19, 69
Shore, P. 102
Silkin, J. 102
Smith, J. 107, 108
Snowden, P. 8, 25, 30, 39, 40, 50, 61
social class 110
social contract 85–86, 88
Social Democratic Party (SDP) 102, 103, 106
social investment state 133
social learning 11, 12
socialisation 46, 47
socialism 2, 3
Labour’s understanding of 6–8, 162–166
1964 to 1979 90–91, 94–95
1979 onwards 104, 114–115
2010 to 2019 154–157
early years 15, 23–24, 27–30
inter-war years 51–54
New Labour 108–109, 115–116, 132–134, 138
post-war years 64–65, 66, 67, 68, 70–75
stagflation 81
Starmer, K. 3
state socialism 127
sterling crisis 62–64
sterling devaluation see devaluation
strike action 84, 98
General Strike of 1926 36–39, 49–51, 52, 55, 56, 161
miners’ strike 37, 85, 97, 118
seamen’s strike 92, 96
see also Taff Vale
syndicalism 54–55, 56, 57

T

Taff Vale 17–20, 28–29, 31, 32, 162
Tawney, R. 24–25, 27
tax rises 124
temporary public ownership 130
Thatcher, M. 80, 89, 106, 117
Thatcherism 108
third way 109, 113–114, 116, 134
Times, The 133, 135
Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act 1927 38, 49, 56, 76, 77
trade union crisis 12
trade unions 3, 8–9, 16, 52, 165
Ed Miliband 8, 118, 139, 157
General Strike of 1926 36–39
Labour’s relationship with
1964 to 1979 85–86, 88–89, 96–99, 101–102
1979 onwards 112, 117–119
2010 to 2019 157–158
early years 20, 30–34
in the future 169–170
inter-war years 38, 54–56
New Labour 135–137
post-war years 75–78
Royal Commission on Trade Union and Employers’ Associations 83–85
Taff Vale 17–20, 28–29, 31, 32
Trades Union Congress (TUC) 20, 37, 47, 60, 76, 84, 97
Transport and General Workers’ Union 76

U

UK Independence Party (UKIP) 8, 141, 143
Umuna, C. 8
under-consumption 43
unemployment 39, 87, 88, 126, 136–137
unemployment benefit 40, 41, 50, 53, 82, 95, 110

W

Wall Street Crash 9, 40
war debts 21–22, 62
Warwick agreement 136
Webb, S. 4, 15, 27, 32, 40, 42
welfare state 65
Williams, S. 8, 25, 90
Wilson, H. 106
Wilson governments 81, 82–83, 85–86, 90, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97
Winter of Discontent 88–89, 94, 101, 165
working-class parliamentary representation 15, 28–29, 32–33
working-class politics 14–15
working-class voters 117, 156, 169
Wren-Lewis, S. 150–151
Wyatt, W. 70, 89