Index

Author:
Myra J. Hird
Publication Date:
22 Jun 2022
Pages:
137–144
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529206586.bm004
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Our planet is filling up with waste: plastics permeate our oceans, incinerators create hazardous waste and dumps are surpassing capacity. A Public Sociology of Waste critically examines how public sociology might usefully engage in debates concerning our global waste crisis. The book centrally argues that public sociology is well placed to shape future deliberations concerned with our waste maker global society because it is uniquely positioned to move deliberations from downstream responses to much more challenging upstream issues. This re-framing of waste is only achievable by engaging with various publics in ways that illuminate the relations between waste and wider societal issues concerned with over-production and over-consumption, poverty, racism, sexism, and social justice. As such, the book's main contribution is to provide detailed empirical studies that detail how publics currently engage, and are engaged by, waste but also how publics might transform the framing of waste problems and their solutions.

References to figures appear in italic type. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (109n1)

9/11 attacks 80

A

activist groups 10–11, 68
framing theory 15
aerobic bacteria, landfill sites 35
agricultural waste 6, 18
air quality 76–77
Airinum 76–77
Alberta, Canada, oil and gas industries 18, 59–61, 63, 96
Algeria, French nuclear bomb testing 2
Amager Bakke, Copenhagen, Denmark 86–87, 88, 89
Amazon.com 90
American Chemistry Council 52, 59
American Progressive Bag Alliance 63
American Sociological Association (ASA) 6
amplification (individual responsibility) framing of waste 10, 11, 13, 16–21, 29, 66–67, 80, 94, 95
anaerobic bacteria, landfill sites 35
Anamnese1+1 (Richard) 84, 84–85
Anishinaabe people, US and Canada 96
Anthony, H. 36
Anthropocene, the 70
Apartheid, South Africa 68
Arboleda, Martín 17–18, 97
Areva 96
arsenic trioxide 96
art installations 84, 84–85
ASA (American Sociological Association) 6
Asia, plastics production and consumption 59
‘Asian disease problem’ experiment 15
Athabasca oil sands, Canada 59–60
see also Alberta, Canada, oil and gas industries
Australia 55
automotive waste, Canada 19

B

Baarschers, W.H. 39, 41
Back, Frédéric 85–86
see also Frédéric-Back Park, Montréal, Canada
Baekeland, Leo 50
Bahers, J.B. 36
Bakelite 50
Baker Lake (Qamani’tuaq) community, Canada 96
Bangladesh 55
Bank of England, polymer bank notes 51–52
Bantar Gebang, Indonesia 25
Basel Action Network 54
Basel Ban Amendment 55
Basel Convention Amendment 50, 55
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 54–55, 97
Annex II 97
Basel Convention on the Transboundary Export of Hazardous Wastes 50
Basel Convention Transboundary Amendments 12
Basel Convention, transboundary waste export regulations 4, 109n1
Bashroush, Rabih 90
Bataille, Georges 87
batteries, contamination from 74
Baudrillard, Jean 87
BDPE (polybrominated diphenyl ether) 35
Beck, Ulrich 74–75, 78, 80
Beirut, Lebanon, MSW (municipal solid waste) crisis 3
Benoit, France 96
Biden, Joe 57
Birol, Fatih 57
bisphenol-A (BPA) 53
bitumen, Athabasca oil sands, Canada 59–60
Black Lives Matter 81
Black people
social Darwinist theories regarding 7
see also racialized inequalities
‘Book of Revelation,’ New Testament 67–68
BP Oil 92
BP PLC 59
BPA (bisphenol-A) 35
Brabble, Pat and Lynn 70
Brazil 96–97, 109n2
Brewer, John D. 7, 8
British Plastics Federation 50
Bromwich, J.E. 77
Brooks, Max 68
Browne, H. 48
Browning-Ferris Industries 32
Bulkeley, Harriet 31–34
Burawoy, Michael 7
burning of waste see incineration
Bush, George W. 80

C

cadmium 74
Canada
agricultural waste 18
Alberta oil and gas industries 59–61, 63, 96
Arctic region 9, 93
automotive waste 19
Basel Convention Amendment 50, 55
Bilateral Agreement with US 50, 63–64
construction, renovation and demolition waste 17, 19
extraction waste 93
food waste 34–35
importing of US plastics waste 61–62, 63–64
Indian Act 68
indigenous communities 96
institutional waste 18, 19
landfilling 32
military waste 18–19, 93
mining waste 18, 96
MSW (municipal solid waste) 17, 18, 19
plastics waste recycling 19, 61–62, 63–64
waste production, analysis by type 18–19
Canadian Environmental Protection Act 62, 93
Canadian Plastic Bag Association 63
Canadian Plastics Industry Association 52
Canadian Union of Public Employees 44
capitalism 46
see also neoliberal capitalism
Capitol Hill, Washington, 2021 riots 14–15
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 35, 43, 44
carbon footprint calculator 92
carbon monoxide (CO) 43
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) 53, 59
Central Organisation for Radioactive Waste (COVRA), Netherlands 86, 88, 89
CH4 (methane) emissions 5, 35, 43, 53, 83
Charmin 65, 75
Chavis, Benjamin 24
Chemical Industry Association of Canada 60, 63
China 32, 54, 55, 59, 79
plastics import ban 12, 36, 50
Christianity 67–68
Chung, E. 45
CIEL (Center for International Environmental Law) 53, 59
Clapp, Jennifer 78
climate change
international agreements 97
terminology, and framing theory 15
see also global warming
clothing, donated to clothing stores 25
CO (carbon monoxide) 43
CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions 35, 43, 44
coal fly ash, in landfill sites 34
Coca-Cola 15, 20
Cockburn, Bruce 92
Cold War 79, 81
‘first doom boom’ 67
Collins, S.L. 35
commercial waste see ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional) waste
community waste initiatives 33
community-level solutions 81
Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) 2
Congo 55
construction, renovation and demolition waste 6, 17, 19
‘consumer democracy’ 91–92
consumers
consumer education about waste 45–46
and environmental risk 74–75
externalization of recycling costs to 45–46
responsibility for global waste problem 29–34
see also individual responsibility
consumption
government encouragement of 80
and neoliberal capitalism 75–76
and preppers 12–13, 66, 69–70, 78, 81
and recycling 41, 42
recycling’s moral sanction of 29
reduction of 8
and structural inequality 77–78
and zero waste behaviours 90–91
see also green consumption ; mass consumption
Container Corporation of America 92
container ships, CO2 emissions 44
contamination
Canadian Arctic 93
chemicals 34, 74
landfill sites 35
see also GHGs (greenhouse gas emissions)
COP26 57, 59
corporate greenwashing 21
Córrego de Feijão, Brazil 96–97
COVID-19 pandemic 10
and individual responsibility 13
PPE waste 12, 55–56, 72–73, 76–77
preparation for 65, 70–72, 75, 79
COVRA (Central Organisation for Radioactive Waste), Netherlands 86, 88, 89
Crooks, H. 14, 24
CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty) 2

D

Dauvergne, Peter 78
Davis, Mike 25
deflection, and Keep America Beautiful ‘Crying Indian’ advertising campaign 20–21
Dell, Reconnect programme 17
Denmark 36
Dent, Michael 57
DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line 93
dioxins 74
displaced people 68
disposal of waste
‘mode of governance’ of waste 31, 32
waste hierarchy 30, 30
see also incineration ; landfilling ; recycling ; waste management
Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line 93
diversion 20, 95
‘mode of governance’ of waste 31, 32–33
see also recycling
Doomsday Preppers National Geographic reality TV programme 67, 70, 78
Du Bois, W.E.B. 7
Ducros, H. 52

E

East African Community 25
Eastern Environmental Services 4
eco-efficiency ‘mode of governance’ of waste 31, 33
eco-products 90–92
Eddy, Charmaine 70
education initiatives 45–46, 52
EfW (energy-from-waste) 23, 33, 87
Amager Bakke, Copenhagen, Denmark 86–87, 88, 89
toxic waste 23
see also incineration ; resource, waste as
electric vehicles 57
electronic waste 17
exporting/importing of 6, 54
health impacts of disassembly of 26
from individuals and household 17
recycling 40, 40–41
as a social justice issue 26
Ellen MacArthur Foundation 4, 25, 51
end-of-days themes in religions 67–68
energy recovery, waste hierarchy 30, 30
energy-from-waste facilities see EfW (energy-from-waste) facilities ; incineration
Entmann, Robert 14
Environment and Climate Change Canada, ‘Environmental indicators report’ 19
environmental activism see activist groups
environmental racism 24–25, 68, 78–79
environmental risk 74–75, 77–78
environmental sustainability, and neoliberal capitalism 13
EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) 45
ethane 58–59
EU (European Union) 31, 54, 109n2
Packaging Waste Directive 2018 97
e-waste see electronic waste
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) 45
extractive industries 10, 94
and the electronics industry 26
extractive waste 6, 10, 17–18, 27, 29, 31, 80, 93
framing of 16
and recycling 40, 40–41
ExxonMobil 58, 59
framing theory 15, 21

F

feudalism 46
Filaret, Patriarch 79
film plastics recycling 43
Finland 5
‘first doom boom’ 67
food additives 74
food service ware (FSW) waste 56
food waste
landfill sites 34–35
and plastic 51
recycling of 37
forest fires 77
fossil fuels
global primary energy consumption graph 58
use of in recycling 37
see also oil and gas industries
Foster, Gwendolyn 69
‘fourth technological revolution,’ mining industry 17–18
fracking (hydraulic fracturing) 58, 59
framing of waste 8, 10, 16, 97–98
framing theory/analysis 14–15
individual responsibility (amplification) frame 10, 11, 13, 16–21, 29, 66–67, 80, 94, 95
reframing of as a public problem 26–27
social justice frame 10–11, 16, 24–26, 92–94, 95
waste as a resource (now-you-see-it, now-you-don’t) frame 10, 13, 21–24
France 6, 31, 32
nuclear bomb testing 2–3
Franklin Associates 52
Frédéric-Back Park, Montréal, Canada 83–86, 84, 88, 89
‘free garbage days’ 33
Freinkel, Susan 51
Friends of the Earth 51, 97
FSW (food service ware) waste 56
furans 74

G

Galison, P. 5
Gans, Herbert 6
Garbage Patch (South Pacific Gyre) 4
gendered inequalities 92, 93, 94
General Motors 57
Geyer, Roland 52
GHGs (greenhouse gas emissions) 43–44, 52
see also CH4 (methane) emissions ; CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions
Giant Mine, Canada 96
Gilg, Andrew 91
Ginn, Frank 70, 80
glass bottles 20
global warming 8
terminology, and framing theory 15
see also climate change
Glucksmann, Miriam 48
Goffman, Erving 14
Goodyear 50
Goop 77
governments, framing of waste issues 16, 19, 21
Grajeda, T. 27
green consumption 91–92
Green New Deal 97
Greenpeace 3, 10, 26, 40, 51, 97
Greenpeace Canada 56
greenwashing, corporate 21
Griffiths, S. 90
gun ownership 67, 70

H

Haborg 86, 87, 89
Haiti 3, 4
Hannity, Sean 75
HDDV (heavy-duty diesel vehicles) emissions 43
Hicks, Andrea 44, 45
highway litter, US 20–21
Hinduism 68
hoarding 65, 66, 70
see also preppers
Hodgetts, Amy 51
Hoornweg, D. 1, 6
household hazardous and special wastes 6
Hruska, Joe 52
‘Human activity and the environment,’ 2012, Statistics Canada 18–19
human placentas 10, 22–23, 99–108
Human Rights Watch 3, 10
Hurwitt, Meegan 70
hydraulic fracturing (fracking) 58, 59

I

ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional) waste 6, 19, 32–33
Idle No More 81
IEA (International Energy Agency) 57
incineration 3, 36, 83–84, 87
Khian Sea incineration ash waste 3–4, 5
plastic waste 53
toxic emissions 74
toxic waste 23
see also EfW (energy-from-waste) facilities
India 54, 55
Indian Act, Canada 68
Indigenous communities
activism 96–97
Canada 93
and genocidal colonization 68
waste and social justice 10–11
individual responsibility
individual responsibility (amplification) framing of waste 10, 11, 13, 16–21, 29, 66–67, 80, 94, 95
and recycling 28, 29, 47
Indonesia 54
industrial waste see ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional) waste
inequalities
and environmental risk 77–78
and waste 92–93, 94
Ingels, Bjarke 87
ink, removal of in paper recycling 39
institutional waste
Canada 18, 19
see also ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional) waste
Inter Pipeline 60
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 12, 68
internal combustion engine vehicles 57
International Energy Agency (IEA) 57
inverted sacrifice zones 88
Investor-State Dispute Settlement process 62
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 12, 68
Iron Eyes Cody 21
Islam 68
Italy 55

J

Jam Chakro, Pakistan 25
Jarrige, François 25, 26
Jim Crow, United States 68
Johnson, Bea 89–91
Judaism 68

K

Kahneman, Daniel 15
KARC (Kingston Area Recycling Centre) 41, 43
Kardashian, Kim 77
Kavanagh, M. 2
Kaza, Silpa 19
Keep America Beautiful ‘Crying Indian’ advertising campaign 20–21, 63
Kenya 55
Khian Sea incineration ash waste 3–4, 5
KI (Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug) community, Canada 96
Kingston Area Recycling Centre (KARC) 41, 43
Kingston, Ontario
consumer recycling and waste behaviour 45–46, 47, 48
polystyrene recycling 41, 43
Krupah, Shiloh 96
Kuwait Petrochemical Corporation 60
Kuyvenhoven, Cassandra 11, 41
Kyoto Protocol 1997 97

L

landfilling 32, 34–36, 74, 83–84, 87
Frédéric-Back Park, Montréal, Canada 83–86, 84, 88
incineration ash 36
landfill sites and slums 25
leachate 34, 35, 36, 37
plastic waste 53
transportation of waste to sites 35
Le Roux, Thomas 25, 26, 52
leachate 34, 35, 36, 37
Leber, Rebecca 53
Leonard, Annie 46
Lepawsky, Josh 17
liberal environmentalism 93–94
Liboiron, Max 19, 20, 45
litter 63
Keep America Beautiful ‘Crying Indian’ advertising campaign 20–21
livestock manure waste, Canada 18
Lougheed, Scott 11, 41, 42, 47
Love Canal landfill site, Niagara Falls, New York 35–36

M

MacBride, S. 92
Mackenzie, Adrian 94, 95–96
Malaysia 54
Maniates, Michael 29, 91
manufacturing industries 10, 94
manufacturing waste 17, 18, 27, 29, 31, 80
Canada 93
and the electronics industry 26
framing of waste issues 16, 19, 20–21
Marshall Islands, Republic of, nuclear bomb testing 1–2, 5
Marten, Brooke 44
mass consumption 20, 31, 51, 78
and preppers 12–13, 66, 69–70, 78, 81
see also consumption
mass production 20, 31, 51, 78
Masterson, Bob 61
Mazar, Nina 91
McKenna, Catherine 55
McKinsey & Company 51
Meadows, Dennis 31
Meadows, Donella 31
media studies, and framing theory 14–15
medical waste 6
PPE waste 12, 55–56, 72–73, 76–77
Meikle, Jeffrey 51
methane (CH4) emissions 5, 35, 43, 53, 83
Mexico 55
microplastics 4, 52–53, 81
military waste
Canada 18–19, 93
see also nuclear bomb testing
Mills, C. Wright 7
Mills, Michael 68–69, 81
minimisation of waste 30, 30
mining industries
mining waste 17–18
Brazil 96–97
Canada 18, 96
see also extractive industries
Monbiot, George 91–92
Montréal Protocol 1987 97
Moore, Charles 4
moral economy, of recycling 46
Morgan, Jodie 44
MSW (municipal solid waste) 6, 10, 83–84, 94
Beirut, Lebanon 2
Canada 17, 18, 19
CO2 emissions and environmental impact of collection vehicles 43, 44
framing of as a public problem 26–27
hazardous conditions for waste collectors 44
‘modes of governance’ of waste 31–34
waste exporting 5–6
waste hierarchy 31
waste management industry 20
Mururoa atoll, French nuclear bomb testing 2–3

N

N2O (nitrous oxide) emissions 43
nanoparticles 35
National Rifle Association 67
National Sword policy, China 54
natural gas 58
Naylor, Thomas 47
neoliberal capitalism 13, 20, 31, 74, 75–76, 79, 81, 94, 95
New York City
New York City Trade Waste Commission 4
PPE waste 73
nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions 43
North American Free Trade Agreement 2.0 62
North Pacific Gyre (Pacific Trash Vortex) 4
Nova Chemicals 60
NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions 43
nuclear bomb testing 1–3
nuclear war 67, 79
nuclear waste 5, 6, 109n1
Canada 96
COVRA (Central Organisation for Radioactive Waste), Netherlands 86, 88, 89
French nuclear bomb testing 2–3
radiotoxicity 5
Rocky Mountain Arsenal plutonium processing plant, Colorado, US 87
US nuclear bomb testing 2, 5
warning systems 88–89
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Carlsbad, New Mexico 88–89

O

‘objecting minorities’ 94–95, 96
oceans
dumping of incineration ash waste in 4
plastic pollution in 4–5, 53
oil and gas industries
crisis in 56–57
environmental impacts of 57
growth in 58
and plastics waste 12, 23, 24, 49–50, 51, 56, 62–64
Olmer, Naya 44
Omega Plastics 51
O’Neill, Kate 63, 64
Ontario, Canada, consumption and recycling 41, 42
Operation Green Fence, China 54
organics waste 6
over-consumption, and preppers 13, 66, 69–70
Oxfam International 94
ozone-depleting materials 97

P

Pacific Trash Vortex (North Pacific Gyre) 4
Packaging Act (VerpackG), Germany 97
packaging and printed paper waste 6, 19
plastic waste 19, 53
Packaging Waste Directive 2018, EU 97
Paltrow, Gwyneth 77
paper recycling 39
see also packaging and printed paper waste
Paris Agreement 2015 57, 97
Parkes, Alexander 50
Parkesine 50
particulate matter
and incineration 36
PM10 (particulate matter greater than 10 micrograms in diameter) emissions 43
PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) waste 62
DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line 93
and environmental racism 24
Pellow, David Naguib 26
Periera, C. 90
Persistent Organic Pollutants, in marine plastic pollution 5
petrochemical industries see oil and gas industries
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3–4
phthlates 53
placentas see human placentas
planned obsolescence 26
plastic bags, bans on 55, 63
plastic bottles 20
Plastic Change 51
Plastic Pollution Coalition 51
plastics 49–50
promise of 50–53
virgin resin 40, 61
plastics industries
Canada 109n5
framing of plastics as a resource 49–50
greenhouse gas emissions 53
increase in production 49–50, 58, 63
US 109n4
plastics waste 8, 11–12, 52–53, 54–56, 62–64
bans on products 55
Basel Ban Amendment 55
Canada 19
exporting of 50
framing of as a resource 23
landfilling 34, 40
in oceans 4–5, 53
recycling 39–40, 44, 50, 52, 53, 56–64, 58
Canada 19, 61–62, 63–64
cause of increase in oil production 61
PlasticsEurope 15, 40, 50
Platinex 96
PM10 (particulate matter greater than 10 micrograms in diameter) emissions 43
Pollans, Lily 33
polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDPE) 35
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste see PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) waste
polyethylene 59
polyethylene terephthalate 50
polymers 50
Polynesian atolls, South Pacific, French nuclear bomb testing 2–3
polypropylene 50, 59
polystyrene (Styrofoam) 44, 50
Kingston, Ontario 41, 43
polyvinyl chloride 50
‘pop-up’ repair shops 30, 33
Portugal 32
post-consumer waste 10, 17
framing of waste issues 19
as a public problem 27
waste hierarchy 31
see also recycling ; individual responsibility
poverty, and waste 10–11, 25, 92, 93
PPE waste 12, 55–56, 72–73, 76–77
Predko, Hillary 83, 85
preppers 12–13, 65–70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78–79, 80–82
preventers 66, 81
prevention of waste 30, 30
private jets 77
Procter & Gamble 57
public participation 95–96
public problem
recycling as 46–48
reframing of waste as 26–27
public sociology 6–7
of waste 7–13, 27, 92–98

Q

Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake) community, Canada 96

R

racialized inequalities 92, 93, 94
environmental racism 24–25, 68, 78–79
radioactive waste see nuclear waste
Ralston, Tim 67
Randers, Jorgen 31
rare earth materials 26
recycling 11, 20, 28–34, 36–37, 89, 95, 97
and consumption 41, 42
exporting/importing of waste 54
externalization of costs to consumers 45–46
hazardous waste produced by 39
logo 92
low-value limit 44–45, 46
moral economy of as a public problem 46–48
negative environmental impacts of 37–39, 38
non-recyclable materials 39–40
non-reduction of extraction 40, 40–41
plastics waste 39–40, 44, 50, 52, 53, 56–64, 58
Canada 19, 61–62, 63–64
cause of increase in oil production 61
profit margins in 37
transportation of materials for 41, 43–44
waste creation in 39
see also diversion ; resource, waste as
refurbishment of products 30
Reliance Industries Ltd 59
religions, end-of-days themes in 67–68
renewable energy sources 57
Republican Party, US, climate change denial 75
resource, waste as a
‘mode of governance’ of waste 31–32, 33
waste as a resource (now-you-see-it, now-you-don’t) framing of waste 10, 13, 21–24
see also EfW (energy-from-waste) facilities ; recycling
retail industries 10
retail waste 17, 29, 32–33
framing of 16, 21
reuse of products 30, 30
Richard, Alain-Martin 84, 84–85
Riha, Jacob 11, 12, 71
risk theory 74–75, 78
Rocher, Laurence 23
Rocky Mountain Arsenal plutonium processing plant, Colorado, US 87
Rowe, R. Kerry 9, 40
Royal Dutch Shell PLC 58–59
Runit Dome 2, 5
Russell, Steve 52
Russia 32, 59
Rutter, Allison 9
Rwanda 55

S

sacrifice zones 5, 88
Saia, Jennifer 77
Sandia Laboratories 88–89
Saudi Aramco 59
scale 67
Schliesmann, P. 47
scientific research, use of human placentas in 22–23, 99–108
S.D. Myers Incorporated 62
Seaborg, Glenn T. 2
settler colonialism, and waste 9, 92, 93
shipping, carbon emissions generated by 26
Sibur 59
Simon, Eduard 50
simulacra 87–88
Singapore 73
Sinopec Corporation 59
Skill, K. 48
slavery 68
slums, and landfill sites 25
social Darwinism 7
social justice framing of waste 10–11, 16, 24–26, 92–94, 95
South Africa 55, 68
South Korea 54
South Pacific Gyre (Garbage Patch) 4
SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council) 9
Statistics Canada, ‘Human activity and the environment,’ 2012 18–19
Stengers, Isabelle 94, 95, 96
Stewardship Ontario 45–46
Styrofoam see polystyrene (Styrofoam)
survivalism 66, 75
see also preppers
Sweden 48
EfW (energy from waste) usage 23, 30, 36
Switzer, J. 48
Szasz, Andrew 73–74, 76, 78, 81

T

Taiwan 54, 55
‘technological rationality’ 27
Thailand 54
Thompson, E.P. 46
Thompson, J. 36
Tibbetts, Janice 44
toilet paper supplies 65, 71, 75
Tompkins, J. 52
‘toxic colonialism’ 26
toxic waste
Canada 96
and the electronics industry 26
Love Canal landfill site, Niagara Falls, New York 35–36
waste-to-energy incineration 23
Trucost 52
Trump, Donald 79, 81
Tversky, Amos 15

U

UNHCR 68
United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice 24
United Kingdom
individual responsibility and waste 48
landfilling 32
United Nations 53
Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 97
United Nations Environment Programme 55
United States
ban on single-use plastic bags 55
and the Basel Convention Amendment 55
Bilateral Agreement with Canada 50, 63–64
EIA (Energy Information Administration) 109n4
hydraulic fracturing (fracking) 58, 59
indigenous communities 96
Jim Crow 68
landfilling 32
nuclear bomb testing 1–2, 5
waste exporting 54–55
to Canada 50, 61–62, 63–64
used clothing imports 25

V

Vale Canada Limited 97
van Wyck, Peter 2, 9
Vancouver, Canada, MSW (municipal solid waste) exporting 5–6
Vendries, Jorge 38, 38–39
Veolia 63
VerpackG (Packaging Act), Germany 97
Verstraeten, William 86
Vietnam 54
virgin resin 40, 61
VOG-2 86, 88, 89

W

Walton family (Walmart) 77
Wapner, Paul 93
waste
definition of 1
as a resource 10, 13
as a wicked problem 8
see also framing of waste ; resource, waste as a
waste burning see incineration
waste disposal see disposal of waste ; waste management
‘waste distancing’ 78
waste hierarchy 29–32, 30
Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), Carlsbad, New Mexico 88–89
waste legacy 8
Waste Management Inc. 4, 32, 63
waste management industries 17, 27, 32, 70, 95
framing of waste as a resource 19, 22–23, 24
profitability of 20
see also disposal of waste ; incineration ; landfilling ; recycling
waste-to-energy see EfW (energy-from-waste) ; incineration
water, bottled 78
Wheeler, Kathryn 48
white supremacy movements, US 75
Williams, A. 77
WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Project), Carlsbad, New Mexico 88–89
Wıìhìdeh Yellowknives Dene First Nation, Canada 96
wood, in paper production 39
World Economic Forum 51, 53
World Health Organization 65, 79
World Wildlife Fund 51
WTO (World Trade Organization) 55
Wuhan, China, PPE waste 73

X

XL Foods, Canada 34–35

Y

Yoshizawa, Rebecca Scott 22

Z

zero-waste behaviours 28, 89–91
Zhong, Chen-Bo 91
Zhu, X. 56, 61

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