Index

Authors:
Sharon Grace
,
Maggie O’Neill
,
Tammi Walker
,
Hannah King
,
Lucy Baldwin
,
Alison Jobe
,
Orla Lynch
,
Fiona Measham
,
Kate O’Brien
, and
Vicky Seaman
Publication Date:
18 Feb 2022
Pages:
175–184
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529208443.bm001
Free access
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Page numbers in bold refer to tables; page numbers in italics refer to figures; ‘n’ after a page number indicates the endnote number.

A

Abolitionist Futures 141
abuse 56
female imprisonment and history of abuse 89–90, 110, 133, 141, 150, 151, 166–167
maternal imprisonment and history of abuse 107, 109, 110, 111–115, 117, 126
returning to abusive relationships 16
see also childhood ; sexual abuse and exploitation ; victimisation
accommodation 28, 77, 78, 80, 157, 158
see also hostel ; housing
addiction
desistance 116
‘knifing off’ 9, 49, 52
motherhood and 55–56, 123
post-prison addiction 50
see also alcohol ; drugs
agency (female) 38, 56, 65, 139
‘knifing off’ 54
lack of 64
sex work and 64
alcohol 5
as addiction 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 110–111, 116
alcohol-addict parents 22–23, 110–111
desistance 49
domestic violence and 53, 114–115
mental health and 43
reasons for drinking 24, 112–113, 115
Angel 10, 140–141, 144, 150, 165–168
creative writing 132–133, 168–169
prison as place of safety 142, 166, 167
Anglin, M.K. 140
arrest (female) 4, 54, 73
Asha Centre (England and Wales) 173
austerity 72, 138, 139, 167–168

B

Bachman, R. 47, 57
Baldwin, L. 10, 55, 108, 120–121, 122–123, 124, 126, 127–128, 138
Belenko, S. 15
Bertrand, M. 40
biographical accounts 65–67
biographical approach to criminology 1, 63, 65, 67
Criminal Women (1985) 66–67, 83
Criminal Women: Gender Matters (2022) 9, 67, 83, 133
Bishop, C. 44
Blitz, C. 16
Bloom, B. 123
Bosworth, M. 139
Bradley, R.G. 156–157
Brown, C. 10
Brown, M. 8, 123
Butler, T. 15

C

Cain, M. 64
Cambridge, G. 47
capital
human capital 42, 49
social capital 17, 42, 49
state capital 49
Carlen, P. 1–2, 8, 38, 44, 57, 83, 127
autobiographical accounts 66
criminological imagination 63, 64
feminist criminology 64, 65, 141
see also Criminal Women
Carline, A. 69
Case, P. 48–49
Caspi, A. 49
CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) 23
Chadwick, K. 117
childcare 4, 55, 58, 73
social childcare 112, 113, 115, 116, 166–167
childhood
CAE (childhood adverse events) 14–15
drugs and 22–23, 31
self-harm in prison and childhood sexual abuse 93, 95
sexual abuse in 14, 93, 95, 127, 151, 154–155
victimisation and future criminality 15, 42
women in prison and history of childhood abuse 89–90, 110, 151, 166–167
Christina, D. 1, 67, 108, 119
CJS (criminal justice system), women in 2, 3–8, 56, 64, 107, 126–127, 173
‘chivalry thesis’ 3
complexity of experiences 38, 41, 58, 108, 138
diverting women away from 126, 173
economic and social inequalities linked with 44
femininity 40
injustice 157
Ireland 9, 37, 39, 45
motherhood and 126–127
neglect of female needs 6, 7, 138
oppression 2, 139
penal policy and practices 173–174
self-harm in prison 87, 101
sex work 63, 73–74, 83
social control 2, 140
social injustice 125
stigma 145n1
UK 43, 63, 138
‘white man’s justice’ 9, 63, 64, 71
woman-centred approach within 6–7, 138
women as doubly deviant 40, 57, 139
Clarke, B. 117
Clarke, R. 5, 144
Cohen, L. 144
Concordat on women in or at risk of contact with the Criminal Justice System (2020) 173
Conservative Government, UK 107, 173
conviction (female) 47, 54, 55, 73, 88, 138
female/male comparison 4
impact of 48
see also imprisonment
Cooke, B. 68
Corston, J.: Corston Report 6–7, 37–38, 43, 77, 107, 138
Covington, S. 99–100
Crenshaw, K. 142–143
criminalisation
criminalised mothers 108–109, 117, 120, 125–126, 127
of female poverty 138, 139
gendered responses to 117
of sex work 68, 69–70, 75–76, 83
criminality (female) 2, 37, 65
a betrayal of femininity 3
drugs and 3, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 31, 42
equifinality 38
female/male comparison 3, 39
financial motivation 3, 42, 44
gender 65
housing problems 3, 8
intersection of victimisation, mental illness, substance misuse and crime 41–43
marginalisation and 3, 43, 138
mental health and 3, 7, 15, 41, 42–43, 141
pathways into crime 3, 7, 14–15, 41–42, 139
poverty and 3, 7, 42, 43–44
property crimes 39, 44, 174
sexual abuse and exploitation 3, 7, 14
trauma 3, 15, 42–43
victimisation and 3, 7, 14–15, 42
women as abnormal 3, 39, 141
Criminal Women (1985) viii, 1–2, 8, 63, 64, 127, 128n2, 133, 173
biographical research 66–67, 83
motherhood 107–108, 109, 119
self-harm in prison, reflections on 87, 96–97, 100
sexual abuse 66–67
subjective experiences 65–66
see also Carlen, P.
Criminal Women: Gender Matters (2022) 1–2, 8–10, 133, 174
biographical research 9, 67, 83, 133
interviews 18, 50
modified grounded analysis 51, 57
participatory research 9, 63, 67–68, 70–72, 71, 82, 83
The Criminal Women Voice, Justice and Recognition Network 174
criminological imagination 63
feminist criminological imagination 64–65, 71, 84
subjective experiences 65
criminology
biographical approach to 1, 63, 65, 67
critical criminology 138, 142, 170
feminist criminology 64, 65, 138, 141, 142, 170
gender in 37, 38
masculinity as default in 38, 39–40, 57, 64, 65
matricentric feminist criminology 127
participatory methods in 67
patriarchy 64
critical social research 144
Curcio,G. 49
custody see imprisonment
CWVJR (Criminal Women Voice, Justice and Recognition Network) ix, 1

D

Daly, K. 41–42
Davino, K.M. 156–157
Davis, A. 141, 142, 170
death 15, 23
decarceration of women 127, 138, 141
DeHart, D. 17
desistance (female) 37, 38–39, 57–58, 173
definition 45, 121
drugs 49, 118–119
employment, social responsibilities and 48–50
family support and 16–17, 57
gender issues 9, 45–46, 57
identity and 45, 51, 56–57
‘knifing off’ 9, 45, 49
long-term desistance 45
‘male standard’ 45–46, 57
motherhood and 46–47, 109, 114, 116, 117–119, 121–125
relationships 47–48, 57
tertiary desistance 45
women’s voices 50–57
domestic violence 21, 23, 37, 42, 53–54, 127, 173
alcohol and 53, 114–115
maternal imprisonment and 111, 112, 114–115, 119–120, 121
patriarchal structural violence and 141, 151
self-harm in prison and 93
women in prison and 90, 111, 112, 114, 141, 151
drugs 8–9, 31–32
being in recovery 27–31
childhood and 22–23, 31
death/loss and 23, 26
desistance 49, 118–119
detox in prison 25–26
drug recovery programme 18, 22, 31–32, 32n3, 151
drug-using parents 15, 23, 110–111
female criminality and 3, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 31, 42
history of drug use 18–20, 22–23
imprisonment 80, 112, 151
intersection of victimisation, mental illness, substance misuse and crime 41–43
maternal imprisonment and 17, 30–31, 111–113, 114–115, 118
mental health and co-morbidity 15–16, 24, 43
motivations to stop drug use 26–27, 31
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) 15, 25
reasons for drug use 14–15, 21–26, 31, 78, 115, 118
relapse into drug use and crime 16, 17, 27, 124
relationships, family and social support 15, 16–17, 20, 21–22, 80
release 29, 31–32
sex work and drug addiction 78, 79, 83
trauma as reason for drug misuse 25, 31, 56
victimisation and 14, 31, 56
violence and 21, 22
women’s profile 18, 19
see also addiction
drugs (types)
Class A 20, 22
crack cocaine 19, 20, 21, 23, 78
diazepam 18, 20
heroin 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 151
methadone 19–20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 32n3
recreational drugs 19, 20
dysfunctional relationship 3, 16, 21, 42
parents, dysfunctional relationships with 52–53, 80, 110–111, 167

E

education 126, 127
education in prison 2, 10, 48–49, 149, 156, 158, 162, 166, 167, 170
challenges 167
see also Inside-Out Prison Exchange Programme
Elwood, M. 10
empowerment 31–32, 126, 135
employment and training
desistance, social responsibilities and 48–50
female criminality and 3
job seeking 48
on release 8, 30
England 9, 18, 138
female prison 87, 88, 97
self-harm in prison 87, 88, 89, 91, 97, 99
sex work 69, 70, 73, 83
Epstein, R. 138

F

Fallot, R. 99
Fals Borda, O. 67
family support 162–163, 164
desistance and 16–17, 57
drug misuse and 15, 16, 30–31, 52
see also support
Farmer Report 107
Fasenfest, D. 48–49
feminism 40, 107, 132, 136
critical feminism 142, 143
feminist criminological imagination 64–65, 71, 84
feminist criminology 64, 65, 138, 141, 142, 170
intersectional feminism 138
matricentric feminist criminology 127
femininity 139
feminisation of poverty 72, 138
good/bad femininity 40
Fine, M. 143
Freire, P. 134
friendship 48, 52, 163, 170
Fukuda-Parr, S. 44

G

Gelsthorpe, L. 3, 8, 141
gender
criminality and 65
criminology and 37, 38
desistance and 9, 45–46, 57
gendered punishment 141
gendered stereotypes of victims and offenders 2
gendered structures of violence 140
gendered support 117, 124, 126
gender equality 7
motherhood and gender roles 108
poverty, gender and social responsibilities 43–45
social roles and gendered crime 39–41
trauma programme treatment and 99–100
Gilmore, R. W. 141
Giordano, P. 46–47
Golder, S. 14
Grace, S. 8
Graham, H. 45
Gratz, K.
Grella, C. 15
Grosvenor, E. (Lady) 99–100

H

Harris, M. 99
Hawton, K. 89
health 3, 8, 76, 81, 97
see also mental health
Heidensohn, F. 39, 44
Hicks, J. 1
HMPPS (Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service) 88
homelessness 29, 37, 46, 54, 78, 80, 83
motherhood and 55–56, 116
on release 7, 8, 143, 157
hooks, bell 134
hostel 29, 50, 52, 78, 114
Houser, J. 15
housing 142
female criminality and 3, 8
release and 29, 76, 77
supported housing 28, 29, 78
see also accommodation ; homelessness ; hostel
Hudson, B. 9, 63, 64–65, 71

I

identity
desistance and 45, 51, 56–57
deviant identity 70
immigration-related committals 6
imprisonment (female) 2, 5, 132, 139–141
abdication of responsibility by the state and society 140, 157
abuse history and 89–90, 110, 133, 141, 150, 151, 166–167
alternatives to 6, 32, 156, 174
as barrier to reintegration 55
challenges 163
drugs and 80, 112, 151
England and Wales 138
female/male comparison 6, 39, 43, 138
female vulnerabilities and 38
life imprisonment 161–164
mental health problems 43, 152, 163
need for ‘better custody’ 173
negative impact on women 7, 32, 50, 51, 54–55, 140, 142, 157–158, 162, 168, 170
‘new punitiveness’ 88
non-violent offence 4, 5, 6, 96, 107, 138, 174
over-incarceration 5, 138, 139
pathways to 42
patriarchy and 141, 142, 145, 151, 169
return after release 142, 150, 152
‘self-work’ 157, 163
sex work and 9, 76–77
short sentence 4, 5, 6, 116, 121, 138, 174
structural violence 140, 141, 142, 145, 157, 158, 170
as unnecessary 5, 32, 107, 138
women as responsibilised for their actions 140, 150, 157
see also conviction ; maternal imprisonment ; prison ; prison population
inequality 2, 69, 125, 127, 134, 140, 142
CJS 44
institutionalised inequalities 139
in prisons 139
sexual and social inequalities 8, 72, 83
Inside-Out Prison Exchange Programme 10, 132, 133–136, 142–145
Angel 165
critical pedagogy 134, 149
Durham University 135
Iris 162
motherhood 152, 158, 161, 170
Phoenix 156, 158
reflective thinking 136
Verity-Fee 151, 153
‘walls’ 133, 135
see also ‘The World Split Open’
Inside-Out Think Tank 135–136, 143, 145n2, 149, 162, 165
intersectionality 2, 44, 138, 139, 142–143, 169
intersection of victimisation, mental illness, substance misuse and crime 41–43
IPRT (Irish Penal Reform Trust) 6
Ireland 6, 43
1947 Vagrancy Act 44
2011 Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 44
begging 44–45
CJS, women in 9, 37, 39, 45
Iris 10, 140–141, 144, 150, 166
creative writing 132–133, 163–165
life sentence 161–164

J

James, E. 153
Jobe, A. 9
Joint Human Rights Committee report 107

K

Kellet, N. 16
Kenning, C. 90
King, H. 10
‘knifing off’ (female) 9, 49–50, 51
addiction 9, 49, 52
challenges 51–52, 54, 57–58
desistance 9, 45, 49
prison sentence as 54
see also desistance
Kollwitz, K. 136
The Mothers 137
Mother with Dead Child 137
The Prisoners 137
Kothari, U. 68

L

Labour Government, UK 173
Laub, J. 45
Lempert, L. 162
Leverentz,A. 17, 49
Light, M. 3
Logan, C. 89, 90
Lorde, A. 140
Lowman, J. 83
Lynch, O. 9, 42

M

Maguire, M. 49
Mandela, N. 158
Martin-Baro, I. 144
Maruna, S. 49, 54
Marzano, L. 90
maternal imprisonment 10, 43, 125–127
challenges 55
childhood and adult abuse, history of 107, 109, 110, 111–115, 117, 126
custody of children 8, 17, 94, 95, 124, 155–156
desistance 109, 114, 116, 117–119, 121–125
distress about their children’s welfare 17
domestic violence and 111, 112, 114–115, 119–120, 121
drugs and 17, 30–31, 111–113, 114–115, 118
guilt 117, 121
impact of prison on women as mothers 10, 17, 55, 94, 109, 121, 126, 150
impact of prison on women’s children 10, 17, 55, 94, 109, 117, 118, 126, 138, 152
Ireland 43
maintaining relationships with children while in prison 6, 17, 90
maternal loss 2, 115–116, 124
mothers in closed conditions 120–121
poverty and trauma 107, 111–115, 120, 121
pregnancy and birth in prison 112–113, 123, 125
self-harm 6, 94, 95, 115, 152
separation from children 6, 90, 108, 117, 123, 124–125, 150, 152, 158, 170
shame 116, 118, 121, 122, 123
short sentence 116, 121
social childcare 112, 113, 115, 116
support for mothers 109, 116–117, 119, 120–121, 123–124, 125–126
UK 43
as unnecessary 107
women’s stories 108, 109–119, 122, 125–127
see also imprisonment ; motherhood
McNeill, F. 45, 49
Measham, F. 10
media and female crime 40
men 37, 133
criminology: masculinity as default in 38, 39–40, 57, 64, 65
male dominance of prison system 6, 133
probation: ‘male-centric’ programmes 4–5
mental health
alcohol and 43
counselling in prison 24, 25, 67, 116, 121
drugs and 15–16, 24, 43
female criminality and 3, 7, 15, 41, 42–43, 141
female imprisonment and 43, 152, 163
female/male comparison 43
intersection of victimisation, mental illness, substance misuse and crime 41–43
medicalisation in prison 24–25
mental health service in prisons 97, 164
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) 15, 25, 98, 100
on release 8, 77
self-harm in prison and 90, 94, 95, 97–98, 152
support for 80–81, 142
Messerschmidt, J. 39–40
Messina, N. 14
Ministry of Justice 88–89, 138
Female Offender Strategy 107, 173
Women and the Criminal Justice System analysis 3–4
Moffitt, T. E. 49
Moore, L. 140
motherhood 127–128
addiction and 55–56, 123
CJS and 126–127
criminalised mothers 108–109, 117, 120, 125–126, 127
Criminal Women (1985) 107–108, 109, 119
desistance and 46–47, 121–125
failures of society to meet the needs of mothers 120
gender roles and 108
‘good mother’ notion 109, 112, 113, 116, 118–119, 122, 123
homelessness and 55–56, 116
idealised notions of 108–109
see also maternal imprisonment

O

O’Brien, K 10
O’Dwyer, J. 1, 96–97
offence 19
acquisitive crime 73
breach 5, 29, 32n5, 143
homicide 39
non-violent offence 4, 5, 6, 39, 96, 107, 138, 174
property crimes 39, 44, 73, 174
short sentence 4, 5, 6, 116, 121, 138, 174
summary offence 4
violent offence 4, 39
O’Neill, M. 9, 69
One Small Thing (charity) 99, 100
‘othering’/other 1, 64–65, 70, 128

P

Palmer, P. 134
PAR (Participatory Action Research) 67–68
parents
alcohol-addict parents 22–23, 110–111
drug-using parents 15, 23, 110–111
dysfunctional relationships with 52–53, 80, 110–111, 167
patriarchy 41, 64
domestic violence and 141, 151
female imprisonment and 141, 142, 145, 151, 169
patriarchal state 141, 153
patriarchal violence 139, 141, 142, 145, 151
Petrillo, M. 100
Phoenix 10, 140–141, 144, 150, 156–158
creative writing 132–133, 139, 159–161
prison as place of safety 156
release 156, 158
Pompa, L. 133, 134, 135
poverty
criminalisation of female poverty 138, 139
female criminality and 3, 7, 42, 43–44
female/male comparison 43, 44
feminisation of poverty 72, 138
gender, social responsibilities and 43–45
income poverty 44
maternal imprisonment and 107, 111–115, 120, 121
prison and 139
single-parenthood 43
pregnancy 21, 23, 111, 127, 155
miscarriage 23
in prison 112–113, 123, 125
unexpected pregnancy 55, 110
prison (female)
abolition of women’s prisons 141, 142, 143
abuse and exploitation systems in 96, 151, 163
bitching, gossiping and backstabbing 163, 166
black women in 64, 142
breaking of prisoners 157, 162, 169–170
bullying in 90
counselling in 24, 25, 67, 116, 121
England and Wales 87, 88, 97
health care in 97
Ireland 6
medicalisation in 24–25
mental health service 97, 164
as place of punishment 145n2
as place of safety 112, 113, 121, 142, 143, 145n2, 151, 156–157, 166, 167, 170
privacy in 163, 167
sexual abuse in 64, 141
visits in 6, 26, 162–163
will to ‘discipline, infantalize, feminize, medicalize and domesticate’ 9, 63, 141
working in 167–168
see also imprisonment ; self-harm in prison
prison officers
lack of empathy 25–26
support from 116, 123–124
prison population 135
BAME female foreign nationals 151
female/male comparison 43, 138, 151, 163
female prison population 5–6, 7, 43, 87, 88, 89, 107, 138, 152
overcrowding 6
transgender prison population 135, 145n2
probation 4–5, 114
property crimes 39, 44, 73, 174
‘sod-it syndrome’ 44
prosecution: female/male comparison 4
pro-social relationship 17, 30, 31, 45, 46, 48, 57
prostitution see sex work
PRT (Prison Reform Trust) 6, 7, 8, 43, 138
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) 15, 25, 98, 100
punishment (female) 2, 132, 158
gendered punishment 141
self-harm as self-punishing 93
state punishment 140, 141
traditional family roles and 40

R

race
BAME female foreign nationals 151
black women 64, 142–143
‘white man’s justice’ 9, 63, 64, 71
whiteness of criminal law 65
rape 111, 118, 127
in childhood 151, 154–155
sex work 74–75, 79, 83
see also sexual abuse and exploitation
Raynor, P. 49
reintegration (female, after release) 8, 10
challenges 50
family support and 16
social support and 17
release (female, from prison) 8, 156
challenges 51, 157, 158
employment 8, 30
family support and 16
female/male comparison 8
homelessness 7, 8, 143, 157
housing 29, 76, 77
lack of social support for women on release 8
mental health 8, 77
social support and 29, 76–77
religion 158
remand (female) 40–41, 90, 112, 115
reoffending 7, 16, 142
motherhood and 55
resilience 31, 109, 117, 118, 126
Rodermond, E. 46, 48
Ross, S. 8
Roy, K. 49, 54
Rukeyser, M. 136, 138, 162

S

Salisbury, E. 15, 42
Samaritans 97
‘Listener Scheme’ 97, 165, 167, 168
Sampson, R. 45
Scotland 44
218 Centre 173
Scott, C. 15
Scoular, J. 69
Scraton, P. 140, 144
Seaman, V. 9
self-esteem 8, 38, 44, 48, 156
self-harm 21
definitions of 87–88
out-of-prison self-harm 91, 110, 150
self-harm in prison 2, 9–10, 88–90, 100–101, 152
ACCT procedure (Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork) 89, 97
attempted suicide/near-lethal self-harm 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 115, 152
CJS and 87, 101
Criminal Women (1985), reflections on self-harm in prison 87, 96–97, 100
cutting and scratching 9, 89, 91, 96
England and Wales 87, 88, 89, 91, 97, 99
female/male comparison 88–89
high rate of self-harm among female prisoners 87, 88–89, 90, 97
intra-personal/inter-personal motivations for 90, 92–95
lessons to be learned 95–96
ligature 89, 91, 95
‘manipulation’ and 93–94
maternal imprisonment and 6, 94, 95, 115, 152
mental health and 90, 94, 95, 97–98, 152
methods of 89
motivations and triggering factors 10, 87, 89–90, 92–95, 152
reporting self-harm incidents 89
shame and 93
strangulation 9, 89, 95
suicide/self-inflicted death 6, 87, 88, 89, 152
suicide prevention programmes 87, 97
trauma-informed care and practice 97–100, 101
USA 99–100
vulnerability 89, 90
WORSHIP II (Women Offenders Repeat Self-Harm Intervention Pilot II) 90, 91–92, 94, 95, 97
sentence (female) 19
black women 64
community sentence 4, 5, 32, 174
custodial sentence 4, 5, 138
female/male comparison 4, 138, 139
life sentence 161–164
sentencing reform 127
short sentence 4, 5, 6, 40–41, 116, 121, 138, 150
sexual abuse and exploitation 2, 143
black women 64
childhood abuse 14, 93, 95, 127, 151, 154–155
Criminal Women on 66–67
female criminality and 3, 7, 14
mental health and 15
in prison 64, 141
self-harm in prison and history of 93, 95, 152
women in prison and history of 89–90, 141
see also rape
sex work (female) 2, 9, 23, 42, 63, 68–70, 71, 82–4, 110
2009 Policing and Crime Act 69
agency and 64
arrest 73
CJS, experiences of 63, 73–74, 83
criminalisation of 68, 69–70, 75–76, 83
drug addiction 78, 79, 83
England and Wales 69, 70, 73, 83
exiting sex work 80
financial motivation 72, 73, 78
imprisonment and 9, 76–77
motivations for 72–73
‘off street’ (private spaces) 69, 70, 72, 73–74, 75–76, 80–81, 82
online 70, 72, 73
‘on street’ (public spaces) 68, 69, 72, 73, 77, 83
peer research with female sex workers 70–72
policing of 68, 73–74, 79
public moral argument 70, 71
rape 74–75, 79, 83
reporting violence 74–75, 79, 82, 83
secrecy 74, 75–76, 81
social censure 70, 71, 76, 82
stigma 70, 75–76, 81, 82
support organisations/services 77, 80, 83
victimisation 70, 74, 82, 83
violence against sex workers 68, 70, 74, 79, 83
welfarist approach 69, 73, 74
women as deviant 69, 70, 82, 83
women’s stories 77–82
shame 40, 48, 50, 51
maternal imprisonment and 116, 118, 121, 122, 123
self-harm in prison and 93
Sharpe, G. 123
shoplifting 52–53, 67, 73, 138, 151–152
single-parenthood 38, 43, 46, 53, 80
Sisters Uncut 138
Smart, B. 140
Smart, C. 1, 39–40, 140, 141
social bond theory 47, 48
Social Exclusion Task Force 3
social justice 120, 127
social services 45, 81, 83, 114, 120, 124, 125
SREC (Social Research Ethics Committee, University College Cork, Ireland) 50
Stathopoulos, M. 98
Stewart, P. 125
stigma 8, 48, 121, 123, 145n1, 152
sex work and 70, 75–76, 81, 82
Stone, R. 123, 124
subjectivity 65–67, 132
Criminal Women (1985) 65–66
suicide 6, 87, 88, 89, 124, 127, 152
support
drugs, relationships, family and social support 15, 16–17, 20, 21–22, 80
gendered support 117, 124, 126
holistic support 173
lack of social support for women on release 8
mental health, support for 80–81, 142
peer support 18, 97
prison officers, support from 116, 123–124
sex work and support organisations/services 77, 80, 83
social support and release 29, 76–77
support for mothers 109, 116–117, 119, 120–121, 123–124, 125–126
see also family support
Surveying Prison Crime Reduction Survey 3

T

Taylor, J. 89, 90
Tchaikovsky, C. viii, 1, 127, 128n2
theft 4, 39, 73, 116, 151
Together Women initiative 173
Towl, G. 87–88
Tracy, E. 52
trauma 37
drug misuse and 25, 31, 56
female criminality and 3, 15, 42–43
‘Healing Trauma’ programme 100
maternal imprisonment and 107, 111–115, 120, 121
poly-victimisation (multiple trauma) 90, 98, 99
self-harm in prison and history of 93, 95, 96, 152
trauma-informed care and practice 97–100, 101, 117, 126
trauma-specific services 98, 100
see also abuse ; victimisation

U

UK (United Kingdom) 43, 63, 138, 144
see also England ; Scotland ; Wales
USA (United States of America) 99–100, 133

V

Van Voorhis, P. 15, 42
VAWG organisations (violence against women and girls) 142
Verity-Fee 10, 140–141, 144, 150–153, 166
creative writing 132–133, 153–156
sexual violence 151, 154–155
victimhood 38, 54, 71, 82, 83
victimisation 2
childhood victimisation and future criminality 15, 42
drugs and 14, 31, 56
female criminality and 3, 7, 14–15, 42
intersection of victimisation, mental illness, substance misuse and crime 41–43
mental health and 42
poly-victimisation (multiple trauma) 90, 98, 99
sex work 70, 74, 82, 83
see also abuse ; trauma
victimology 38
ideal victim 38
violence 139
drugs and 21, 22
female imprisonment and structural violence 140, 141, 142, 145, 157, 158, 170
gendered structures of violence 140
patriarchal violence 139, 141, 142, 145, 151
sex work, reporting violence 74–75, 79, 82, 83
sex workers, violence against 68, 70, 74, 79, 83
state violence 143
structural violence 139, 140, 141, 142, 150, 157, 159, 170
violent offence 4, 39
see also domestic violence
vulnerability 76, 126
female imprisonment and 38
self-harm in prison and 89, 90

W

Wacquant, L. 139, 142, 167
Wales 9, 69, 138
female prison 87, 88, 97
self-harm in prison 87, 88, 89, 91, 97, 99
sex work 69, 70, 73, 83
Walker, T. 9, 87–88
Walklate, S. 41, 64
Weaver, B. 49
welfare
sex work, welfarist approach 69, 73, 74
social welfare 46, 51, 139
welfare reform 138, 139
Willging, C. 16
WIP (Women in Prison) viii, 77, 128n2, 138
women’s centre 116–117, 118, 119, 126, 173
lack of funding 173
‘The World Split Open’ (writing project) 136, 149–150, 169–170
anger 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157–158
origins 136–138
poetry and creative writing 132–133, 136, 153–156, 159–161, 163–165, 168–169
violence 150, 154–155, 170
women, prisons and violence(s) 138–142
WORSHIP II (Women Offenders Repeat Self-Harm Intervention Pilot II) 90, 91–92, 94, 95, 97
see also self-harm in prison
Wright, S. 8

Z

Zurhold, H. 17

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