Index

Authors:
Ross Deuchar
,
Robert McLean
, and
Chris Holligan
Publication Date:
02 Dec 2021
Pages:
174–182
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529210576.bm004
Free access
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References to boxes or vignettes appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number.

A

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 38, 46, 54–55, 59, 90
abuse, neglect and household dysfunction exposures 38, 48, 67
adults and former gang members 63, 67, 69, 80, 136, 137
gangs and organised crime 38, 63–70, 136
mental health 137
street violence and 47–48, 137
adults and former gang members 29, 30–31, 44, 62, 81
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 63, 67, 69, 80, 136, 137
housing schemes 59, 60–62, 64, 65, 76–79, 80
moving in and up: gangs and organised crime 63–70
moving on: turning points and the impact of interventions 70–76
reflections on gangs, turning points and contemporary challenges 60–80, 136–137
vignettes 63, 64–5, 68
see also gang life, transition out of
adversity 97, 137
intergenerational transmission of adversity 135, 137
symptoms of 135
alcohol 25, 45, 88, 113, 114
COVID-19 pandemic 19
crime and 19–20, 68
policy recommendations 145
poverty and 56
‘Serious Violence Strategy’ 13
violence and 133, 137, 140, 144
weapon crime and 22
Aldridge, J. 9
Anderson, E. 130
attachment theory 48, 64
austerity 4, 13, 58, 134

B

Bennett, T. 8, 9
bigotry 109
see also football bigotry ; sectarianism
Bourdieu, P. 10, 24, 75, 134
‘Brigton Billy Boys’ 23
British Journal of Criminology 21
Brotherton, D. 8–9
Bullock, K. 8, 9
bullying 63–64, 65, 136
cyberbullying 119–120, 132

C

Cameron, David 8
CAMHS (Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services) 57, 118
capital
cultural capital 10, 130, 134, 144
economic capital 11, 130, 134
social capital 10, 24–26, 44, 47, 53, 55, 74–75, 76, 130, 134, 135, 144
street capital 10–11, 27–28, 69, 75, 80, 97, 130, 136
symbolic capital 11, 75, 76
violence capital 138, 144
capitalism 84, 125, 139
Carroll, Kevin 83, 152n1
Catholicism 22–23, 109, 113, 133, 140
CCE (child criminal exploitation) 11, 78, 102
celebrity culture 78, 120, 121, 131, 136, 146
see also image-conscious culture
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (Birmingham University) 7
CIRV (Community Initiative to ReduceViolence) 46–48, 50, 53, 75, 84, 104
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 47–48
see also SVRU
Cohen, S. 7
community
community-based approach/projects 71, 76, 80, 135
community-based sanctions 144
community efficacy 131
community learning and development 73
compassion 70–71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80
consumerism 84, 98, 140
counter-narratives of crime and violence 146
County Lines 78, 98–103, 131, 138
CCE (child criminal exploitation) 11, 78, 102
England 98, 99–100, 138, 139
exploitation and victimisation 95–97, 98, 101–102, 131, 138–139
OCGs (organised crime groups) 11, 12, 101
poverty and 79
Scotland 98, 99–101
social media 28, 79, 99, 100
west of Scotland 78–79, 101, 139
young people 98–103
see also drug distribution
COVID-19 pandemic 19, 151n3
mental health 57, 116–117, 132
poverty 132
crime
alcohol and 19–20
crime statistics, Scotland 18–20, 40
deprivation and 19, 40, 139
poverty and 56, 130, 143
unemployment and 130
see also drug distribution ; knife crime ; weapon crime/weapons
criminality 129, 131–132, 141
origins of 131
YCG identity and 27
criminology 7, 129–130

D

Davies, A. 22, 23, 82
Day, A. 49
deindustrialisation 24, 25, 33, 107, 133–134
unemployment 24, 57
Densley, J. v–vii, 10, 12
drug distribution 91, 95, 103
deprivation 25, 131
crime and 19, 40, 139
Glasgow 40
SIMD (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) 40, 57, 148, 149, 150, 151n1
violence and 65, 139
weapon crime 20
see also housing schemes ; poverty
desistance (from gang violence/crime) 39, 47, 60, 76, 80
as gradual/‘drifting’ process 72–73
‘phenomenology of desistance’ 73
as preventing the passing on of dysfunctional attitudes 48
public health-focused interventions 75–76, 135, 137
successful desistance 48, 73
see also gang life, transition out of
Deuchar, R. 14, 24–26, 28–30, 61, 64, 117, 132
CIRV (Community Initiative to ReduceViolence) 47–48
FARE (Family Action in Rogerfield and Easterhouse) 53
housing schemes 12, 59, 60, 65–66, 74–75
racial discrimination and harassment 65–66
sectarianism 110, 116
SSF (Scottish Sports Futures) 55
territorial violence 106–107
youth work 52
Dick, Cressida 13
domestic violence 38, 48, 67, 132
drug abuse 4, 13, 25, 45, 81, 136
crime and 68
drug-related deaths 58, 59, 82, 83, 87, 88, 136
Dundee 83
Glasgow 83
housing schemes 77, 78, 80
increase of 46, 57–58, 60
normalisation of 55, 87–90, 138
poverty and 56, 59
self-medication with drugs 117, 124, 125, 137, 140, 144
social media 79, 140
violence and 137
west of Scotland 16
young age of users 88, 89, 138
see also drugs
drug distribution 4, 8
burner phones 95, 100–101
consumerism and material goods 84, 98, 104, 137, 139
drug debt/‘on tick’ 12, 77, 92, 94, 131, 138, 152n9
drugs market 82, 90–91, 103, 138
gang affiliations and 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 90–98
housing schemes 77–78, 80, 93
image-conscious culture and designer label culture 77, 78, 98, 121, 124, 125
increase of 57, 60
lexicon from London 102–103, 139
money as motivation for 77–78, 79, 91, 97–98, 102, 131, 136, 139
OCGs (organised crime groups) 91
organised crime 16, 68–9, 81, 83, 131, 137, 139
poverty and 57, 58, 59, 139
social media 28, 79, 93, 94–98, 104, 119, 122, 138, 140
supply chain 84, 91–97, 104, 138
territorial barriers, absence of 84, 93–94, 105, 138
weapon-carrying 77, 108, 131, 140
west of Scotland 16, 78–79, 85, 93
YCGs (young crime gangs) 84, 91
young people 22, 84–85, 91–97, 102–104, 138–139
YSGs (young street gangs) 84, 152n6
see also County Lines ; drugs
drugs
1980s heroin boom 82, 83, 103
amphetamines 87
cannabis 58, 77, 87–90, 92, 94, 117, 123, 138
cocaine 11, 67, 78, 87, 89, 138
COVID-19 pandemic 19
drug wars 83, 91, 152n3
ecstasy 87, 88, 89, 138
heroin 11, 67, 68, 77, 82, 83, 89, 103
‘new drugs’ 87, 152n8
public health-led initiatives and 105, 139
Scotland as ‘drug capital of Europe’ 14, 82, 138
street valium 58, 82
valium 137
violence and 13, 22, 69, 137
see also drug abuse ; drug distribution

E

education 145
education, youth work, empowerment and inclusion 51–56, 59
higher education 75
peer education 51, 52
public health approach 39
school boundaries 44–45, 135
transition out of gang life 74–75
unemployment and 143
employment/employability 22, 25, 48–49, 54, 59, 76, 135, 137
job training and skills 48, 55, 143
policy recommendations 143–144
enforcement 41, 43, 46, 47
England
County Lines 98, 99–100, 138, 139
knife crime 4, 10, 12
violence/gang violence 3, 8
see also London
ethnicity/ethnic-related issues
Black gangs 130
Black men 9, 13, 132
ethnic minorities 9, 14, 62, 136–137
gang membership 10, 14, 130
White men/women 14, 62, 66, 132
see also racism
Eurogang 5–6, 7
‘Eurogang Paradox’ 5
European gang research 3, 5–6
‘international turn’ in gang research 5
US/European gangs comparison 6

F

family 131, 133
divorce 64, 65
healthy parenting 55
single-parent households 19, 63, 67, 68, 136
working with families as priority 55
youth offending and 19, 21, 67, 68, 136
FARE/FARE Scotland (Family Action in Rogerfield and Easterhouse) 53–54, 55, 61, 73–74, 75, 89, 135
fear 93, 94, 107, 140
fear of deportation 66
fear of retaliation 20, 118, 119, 140
‘fear signals’ 23, 42, 43
food and eating
food aid/provision 54, 56–57
food poverty 57, 79
healthy eating 59, 135
football bigotry 4, 109–116, 124, 133, 140
Celtic FC 22–23, 109–110, 112, 113, 116, 133
Old Firm fixture 109–113, 116, 140
Rangers FC 22, 23, 109–112, 113, 116, 133, 152n1
social media 111, 112
west of Scotland 112, 124
see also sectarianism
Fraser, A. 26, 107, 124

G

gambling 21, 56, 122–123, 124, 125, 140
gang (street gang) 130
definition 5–6, 9, 106, 131
distinction from other gangs and criminal groups 6
drug distribution 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 90–98
from territorial issues to drug-related issues 81–82, 106
gang fighting 23, 64, 65
Glasgow 12, 14, 15, 23–24, 76
London 8, 10, 11, 131
Manchester 9
masculinity 7, 11, 24, 65, 69, 106, 130, 134, 136
media 7, 23–24, 25
Merseyside 11
motivations for seeking out gang membership 17, 64, 67–68, 132–133, 136
organised crime 8, 10, 12
poverty and 65
a real and growing phenomenon in UK 3, 6, 9, 10, 12
as recreational group 26, 27, 106
UK 3–5
the urban/the gang connection 130
US 5, 130
west of Scotland 12, 14, 27
see also YSGs
gang culture 7, 16, 69
decline of 45
evolving gang culture 26–28
Glasgow 22–26, 28, 33
London 11
west of Scotland 16
gang debate (UK) 7–9
gang denial 8, 131
subculture–gang division 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 130, 131
UK/US gangs comparison 8, 131
gang evolution 10–12, 26–28, 33
criminality 27
gang business 10, 12, 27–28, 69
organised crime 27, 33, 67–68, 68–9, 80
recreational stage 26, 27
syndicate stage 27
urban gangs’ expansion into rural communities 22
gang life, transition out of 16, 60, 69–70, 80, 146
educational initiatives 74–75
public health-focused interventions 70–76, 80
supporting others 74
turning points and trigger events 70–74
see also adults and former gang members ; desistance
gang membership
average age 7
ethnicity 10, 14, 130
male membership 7, 8, 10, 23, 25
motivations for seeking out gang membership 17, 64, 67–68, 132–133, 136
Gangs, Drugs and Youth Adversity 3–5, 15–16, 129–130
historical change and continuity 133, 134, 136–139
see also methodology
gatekeeping organisations 30–31, 61, 62, 85
Glasgow 3, 4, 12, 132
city districts and suburbs 147–149
crime reduction 19
deprivation 40
gang culture 22–26, 28, 33
housing schemes 12, 14, 24, 30, 42, 59, 60, 65–66, 132
immigration 25, 61, 65–66
knife crime 15, 17, 18, 26, 76, 132
knife crime decline 4, 14
low life expectancy 82
non-sexual violent crime 18
razor gangs 23
sectarian rivalry 15, 17, 22–23, 33
street gang 12, 14, 15, 23–24, 76
territoriality 12, 24–26, 42, 106
unemployment 23, 24
violence 12, 23, 82–83, 132
violent crime rates 18–20
weapon-carrying 14, 21, 47, 107
weapon crime 19–20, 21–22
Glasgow Working Group 21–22
Goodall, K. 110, 113–114, 116
guns see weapon crime/weapons
Gunter, A. 9

H

Hallsworth, S. 8–9, 65
Harding, S. 10–11, 103
Holligan, C. 21, 22, 26, 47–48, 107, 117
sectarianism 110, 111, 112, 116
Holloway, K. 8, 9
Home Office 8
hopelessness 135
housing: policy recommendations 145
housing schemes 12, 14, 16, 24, 59
adults and former gang members 59, 60–62, 64, 65, 76–79, 80
community pride within disadvantaged communities 46
drug abuse 77, 78, 80
drug distribution 77–78, 80, 93
Glasgow 12, 14, 24, 30, 42, 59, 60, 65–66, 132
housing regeneration policies 44–45
knife-carrying 43–44, 77
local cohesion 45
territorial gang violence 42, 65, 68, 106, 107, 132
west of Scotland 12, 14, 16, 60, 132
see also deprivation

I

identity
masculine identity 65, 69, 74, 117, 134, 144
reconstruction of personal identities 76, 80
subculture identity 7
violence and 6
YCG identity 27
image-conscious culture 120–121, 136
designer label culture 77, 78, 98, 121
drug distribution and 77, 78, 98, 121, 124, 125
self-branding 120, 124–125
see also celebrity culture
immigration
asylum seekers 25, 61, 65–66
fear of deportation 66
Glasgow 25, 61, 65–66
racial discrimination and harassment 65–67
inclusion 73, 75, 76, 81, 135, 143, 145
education, youth work, empowerment and inclusion 51–56
SVRU (Scottish Violence Reduction Unit) 46–50
Irish community in Scotland 22, 109–110, 113–114, 133

J

Joseph Rowntree Foundation 56
A Journal of Youth Work 61

K

Kingsley-Long, H. 23
Klein, M.W. 5–6
knife crime
as cultural ‘adaptation’ 26
England 4, 10, 12
epidemic of 12–14, 132
‘fear signals’ 23, 42, 43
Glasgow 15, 17, 18, 26, 76, 132
Glasgow model 13–14, 132
homicides 12, 13
housing schemes 43–44, 77
knife-carrying 43–44, 51–52, 64, 67, 76, 77, 107–108
lock-back knives 43
masculinity and 17, 42, 43, 64–65
media coverage 12
prison sentence for 44, 107, 133
public health approach to 13–14, 132
Scotland, decline of knife crime 4, 44, 45–46, 52, 82, 132
‘Serious Violence Strategy’ 13
UK 3
Wales 4, 10, 12
west of Scotland 18, 43
see also weapon-carrying ; weapon crime/weapons

L

law enforcement 13, 131
Lawson, R. 26
left-wing politics 8, 9
London
County Lines 138
knife crime and violence 3
street gangs 8, 10, 11, 131

M

Manchester 8, 9, 14, 78, 89, 99
Mares, D. 7–8
masculinity
drugs 144
Glasgow as ‘archetypal macho city’ 24
‘hard man’ 97, 132, 133–134, 138
hegemonic masculinity 11, 24, 26, 43, 64, 80, 108, 117, 124, 134, 135, 144
knife crime and 17, 42, 43, 64–65
masculine identity 65, 69, 74, 117, 134, 144
masculine values 7, 24
masculinised territoriality 26, 106–107, 108, 124
sectarianism and masculine culture 110, 111, 114
street gangs and 7, 11, 24, 65, 69, 106, 130, 134, 136
violence and 24, 80, 134
see also men
Matza, D. 107
McArthur, A. 23
McLean, R. 12, 27, 132
drug distribution 84, 91–92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 106, 138–139
media
knife crime 12
policy recommendations 146
street gangs 7, 23–24, 25
subculture identity and 7
men
gang membership 7, 8, 10, 23, 25
image-conscious culture 121
mental health 117, 124, 140
offending teenage males 19, 20
as perpetrators and victims 133
suicide 56, 57, 117, 135
weapon crime 20
working-class men 24–25, 134
see also masculinity
mental health 57, 116, 135, 136, 140
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 137
anxiety-related issues 54, 55, 66, 117–118, 120, 132, 140
asylum seekers 66
COVID-19 pandemic 57, 116–117, 132
depression 117–118, 119, 120, 140, 144, 145
drug use for self-medication 117, 124, 125, 137, 140, 144
gang involvement and 117–118, 124, 140
men 117, 124, 140
offender rehabilitation and mental health interventions 49
poverty and 57, 59
rumination 118
self-harm 119–120, 132
social media and 4, 79, 118–124, 140
SSF (Scottish Sports Futures) 55–56
unemployment and 57
see also suicide
methodology
case studies 15, 33
data collection 28–32, 59, 134, 141–142
empirical focus 4, 132–134
ethical issues and data analysis 32
fieldwork 151n3
geographical areas and socio-economic profiles 32, 147–150, 151nn3–4
interviews 28, 29, 30, 31–32, 33, 40, 59, 63, 85, 141–142
methodological research recommendations 142
qualitative research 3, 4, 37, 125, 135
research limitations 140–142
research methods 28–32
sampling and participants 28–32, 61–62, 85, 134, 140–141
Metropolitan Police Service 8
Miller, J. 26
Mods and Rockers 7
the ‘Muldoons’ 23
Muncie, J. 6
music
drill music 13, 103, 122
underground rap music 122

N

National Crime Agency 16, 81, 99
National Service 22
neoliberalism 25, 98, 125, 134
NKBL (No Knives, Better Lives) 39, 40, 51–52, 135
‘Norman Conks’ 23

O

OCGs (organised crime groups) 27, 83–84, 132, 152n2
County Lines 11, 12, 101
Daniels OCG 83–84, 152n4
drug distribution 91
gangland attacks 83
Gillespie brothers 84, 152n5
Lyons OCG 83, 84, 85, 152nn2, 6
rise of 83
weapons 83
YCGs (young crime gangs) 27, 69, 84, 91
YSGs (young street gangs) 84
see also organised crime
Offending Crime and Justice Survey 11
Orange Order 22, 109, 113
Orange Walks 22, 109, 113, 115, 116
organised crime 136
drug distribution 16, 68–9, 81, 83, 131, 137, 139
gang evolution 27, 33, 67–68, 68–9, 80
increase of 57, 83
‘Serious organised crime strategy’ 83
street gangs 8, 10, 12
west of Scotland 83, 84
see also OCGs
othering 25, 135

P

Patrick, J. 7, 24, 26
the ‘Penny Mob’ 23
Pitts, J. 8, 9, 10, 78, 131
police 13
demise of trust in 134
Police Scotland 16, 18, 38–39, 45, 58, 74, 81, 135
humanity of 71
stop and search practice 43–44
policy 137
deeper policy values 145–146
housing regeneration policies 44–45
policy recommendations 143–145
poverty 143–144
recreation and leisure 144
substance abuse 144–145
violence 144
poverty 14, 15, 37, 56–58, 59, 134
alcohol and 56
County Lines 79
COVID-19 pandemic 132
crime and 56, 130, 143
drug abuse and 56, 59
drug distribution and 57, 58, 59, 139
endemic poverty 144, 145
food poverty 57, 79
mental health 57, 59
policy recommendations 143–144
poverty reduction/eradication 53, 56
street gang and 65
see also deprivation
practitioners 3, 15, 28–31, 33, 40, 41, 81, 151n2
diminishing gang violence and lingering issues 42–46
education, youth work, empowerment and inclusion 51–56
perspectives on gangs, violence and prevention 40–59, 134–136
poverty, inequality and emerging ‘perfect storm’ 56–58, 90
research limitations 140–141
see also FARE/FARE Scotland ; NKBL ; SSF ; SVRU
Protestantism 22, 23, 109, 113, 133, 140
public health approach (to violence reduction and prevention) 3, 4, 15, 37–40, 59, 81, 135
breaking down territorial barriers 105
desistance and 75–76, 135, 137
drug crime and 105, 139
education 39
efficacy 137
Glasgow 14, 33
key elements of 38, 135
knife crime 13–14, 132
Scotland 15, 28–29, 37
social determinants of gang violence and weapon-carrying 33, 37, 38, 59
SVRU (Scottish Violence Reduction Unit) 38–40, 46, 50, 55, 59, 70, 82, 132, 135
west of Scotland 38, 39, 59
Punks 7
Putnam, R. 24

R

Raab, G. 111, 112
racism 65–67, 74, 136–137
see also ethnicity/ethnic-related issues
racketeering 8
recreation and leisure 136, 144, 145
right-wing politics 9, 131
robbery 8, 18, 19, 95

S

Sampson, R.J. 131
SCJS (Scottish Crime and Justice Survey) 18, 151n1
Scotland 4, 130
County Lines 98, 99–101
crime reduction 19, 33, 37
as ‘drug capital of Europe’ 14, 82, 138
non-sexual violent crime 18–19
small, medium and large towns 149–150
violent crime rates 17–20
see also Glasgow ; west of Scotland
Scottish Government 16, 18–20, 39, 51, 81, 132, 144, 145
‘Letting our communities flourish’ report 83
SIMD (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) 40, 57, 148, 149, 150, 151n1
sectarianism 109
Glasgow: sectarian rivalry 15, 17, 22–23, 33
Loyalists and Republicans marches 113–116, 124, 140
masculine culture 110, 111, 114
religious sectarianism 109, 110, 112, 113, 115–116, 124, 133, 140
Scotland 109, 110, 114–115
see also football bigotry
sexual abuse 101–102, 132
Sillitoe, Sir P. 23
Skinheads 7
social exclusion 12, 53–54
social inclusion see inclusion
social inequality 15, 37, 53
social media 77, 119, 135, 137, 139
County Lines 28, 79, 99, 100
cyberbullying 119–120, 132
detrimental impact of 80, 140
drug abuse 79, 140
drug distribution 28, 79, 93, 94–98, 104, 119, 122, 138, 140
emojis 95
Facebook 94, 112, 118, 122, 138
football bigotry 111, 112
gang business and 28
gang fights and weapon-carrying 13, 107–108, 111
image-conscious culture 120–121
Instagram 94, 95, 120, 138
mental health and 4, 79, 118–124, 140
online gambling 122–123, 124, 125, 140
Snapchat 94, 95, 96, 119, 138
violence and crime 121–122
WhatsApp 94, 119, 138
social mobility 93, 102, 104, 105, 136, 144
immobility 143
sports 55, 73, 135–136, 137, 144, 146
see also SSF
SSF (Scottish Sports Futures) 45, 55, 57, 61, 73–75, 136
mental health 55–56
Stelfox, P. 7
stigma 18, 25, 26, 65, 130, 138, 143
Street & Arrow project 49–50, 61, 70–72, 135, 137
see also SVRU
street gang see gang
structure/structural challenges 14, 33, 73
suicide 56, 57, 59, 60, 117, 135
see also mental health
SVRU (Scottish Violence Reduction Unit) 13, 15, 26, 29, 61
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 46, 59
gang life, transition out of 70–72
limitations of initiatives 50, 59
Navigators programme 70, 137
public health approach 38–40, 46, 50, 55, 59, 70, 82, 132, 135
shared agenda 46, 50, 55, 75
success of 39–40, 50, 70–72, 132, 137
west of Scotland 39
see also CIRV ; Street & Arrow project
Sweden 17, 18

T

Teddy Boys 7
territoriality/territorial gangs 6, 145
American gangs 6
drug dealing as replacement for territorial gang violence 81–82, 106
drug distribution and absence of territorial barriers 84, 93–94, 105
Glasgow 12, 24–26, 42, 106
housing schemes and territorial gang violence 42, 65, 68, 106, 107, 132
lingering territorial boundaries, violence and knife-carrying 106–109
local cohesion 44
masculinised territoriality 26, 106–107, 108, 124
school boundaries 44–45, 135
Scottish gangs 26, 33
territorial gang violence 16, 18, 65, 105, 106–107, 136
territorial gang violence, decline of 16, 42, 45, 53, 60, 76–77, 82, 84, 93–94, 135, 137
west of Scotland 16, 42, 105, 107–108
therapeutic alliances 71
Thrasher, F. 6, 107
Tilley, N. 8, 9

U

unemployment 135
crime and 130
deindustrialisation 24, 57
Glasgow 23, 24
intergenerational unemployment 135, 143
mental health and 57
violence and 18, 135
Universal Credit 57
US (United States) 5, 130, 138
UK/US gangs comparison 8, 131
US/European gangs comparison 6

V

Vaughan, Frankie 24
violence/gang violence 6, 7, 8, 10, 76, 80
2011 violent disorder, England 8
2018–19 3
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) 47–48, 137
actor-network theory 21
alcohol and 133, 137, 140, 144
context and causes 26, 48
decrease in 19, 39, 40, 55, 59, 82
deprivation and 65, 139
drugs and violence 13, 22, 69, 137
England 3
Glasgow 12, 18–20, 23, 82–83
identity and 6
masculinity and 24, 80, 134
persistence of 134–135, 136
policy recommendations 144
recreational violence 12, 69
Scotland 17–20
‘Serious Violence Strategy’ 13
social media 121–122
territorial gang violence 16, 18, 65, 105, 106–107, 136
UK 3–5, 10
unemployment and 18, 135
violence capital 138, 144
Wales 3
youth violence 5, 17–18, 81
see also domestic violence ; public health approach

W

Wales 3, 4, 10, 12
weapon-carrying 4, 6, 14
context and motivations for 26, 65
as cultural ‘adaptation’ 26
drug distribution 77, 108, 131, 140
Glasgow 14, 21, 47, 107
masculinity and 42
normalisation of 13
peak age of 20, 151n2
persistence of 137
protection as reason for 77, 107, 108–109, 124, 133
reduction in 20, 33, 42–3, 47, 133
signals and triggers 20–22
west of Scotland 108
see also knife crime
weapon crime/weapons 4, 11, 20
alcohol and 22
deprivation 20
firearms 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 152n1
Glasgow 19–20, 21–22
gun crime 10, 12, 83, 152n1
gun culture 108
OCGs (organised crime groups) 83
reduction in 20, 42–3
teenage male youth 20
weapon-use 4, 6, 19–20, 42–43
see also knife crime
west of Scotland 14–16, 17
County Lines 78–79, 101, 139
drug distribution 16, 78–79, 85, 93
football bigotry 112, 124
gang culture 16
housing schemes 12, 14, 16, 60, 132
knife crime 18, 43
non-sexual violent crime 18
organised crime 83, 84
street gang 12, 14, 27
territorial street gang violence 16, 42, 105, 107–108
weapon-carrying 108
WHO (World Health Organization) 37, 39, 46, 70, 135
women and girls
‘bad girl femininity’ 67, 80, 136
image-conscious culture 120–121
sexual exploitation of 101–102
working-class 24, 134
territorial youth gang 130
working-class men 24–25, 134
working-class youth 17–18, 24–25, 130

Y

YCGs (young crime gangs) 27, 69, 84, 91
Young, T. 8
young people 4, 16, 85, 86
‘County Lines’, travelling dealers and wholesale collecting 98–103
drug distribution 22, 84–85, 90–98, 102–104, 138–139
lingering territorial boundaries, violence and knife-carrying 106–109
lived experiences of drug consumption, supply and organised crime 85–104, 137–139
mental health and social media 116–124
normalisation of drugs 87–90
research limitations 141
sectarianism/football bigotry 109–116
wider lived experiences and contemporary challenges 106–125, 139–140
working-class youth 17–18, 24–25, 130
youth violence 5, 17–18, 81
see also YCGs ; YSGs
youth work 51–56, 61, 73, 75
Youthpoint Aberlour 54, 136
YSGs (young street gangs) 27, 69, 84, 91, 152n6
Milton YSG 152n6
see also street gang

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