AbouAssi, K., Nabatchi, T. and Antoun, R. (2013) ‘Citizen participation in public administration: Views from Lebanon’, International Journal of Public Administration, 36 (14): 1029–43.
Abu-Lughod, J. (1989) Before European Hegemony: The World System, AD 1250–1350. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ali, A. and Msadfa, Y. (2016) ‘Industrial policy, structural change and global value chains participation: Case study of Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt’. Research Papers & Policy papers 16/04. Brussels: Policy Center for the New South.
Ali, H.E. (2018) ‘State transitions from rigidity to fragility and failure: The case of Middle East and North Africa’, International Journal of Public Administration, 41 (10): 765–71.
Ali, H.E. (2020) ‘Public perception of rentier elites in the Middle East and North Africa’, International Journal of Public Administration, 43 (5): 392–403.
Ali, I. and Harvie, C. (2013) ‘Oil and economic development: Libya in the post-Gaddafi era‘, Economic Modelling, 32: 273–85.
Almadhoun, S. (2012) Access to Information in the Middle East and North Africa Region: An Overview of Recent Developments in Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Altomonte, C. and Ferrara, M. (eds) (2014) The Economic and Political Aftermath of the Arab Spring: Perspectives from Middle East and North African Countries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Amin, M., Assaad, R., Al-Baharna, N., Dervis, K., Desai, R.M., Dhillon, N.S., Galal, A., Ghanem, H., and Graham, C. (2012) After the Spring: Economic Transitions in the Arab World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Andrews, M. (2013) The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Andrews, M., Pritchett, L., and Woolcock, M. (2017) Building State Capability: Evidence, Analysis, Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ansani, A. and Daniele, V. (2012) ‘About a revolution: The economic motivations of the Arab Spring’, International Journal of Development and Conflict, 2 (3): 1250013.
Arnstein, S.R. (1969) ‘A ladder of citizen participation’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35 (4): 216–24.
Bach, T., Meyer-Sahling, J.H., and Staroňová, K. (2020) ‘Top officials in turbulent times: Converging research agendas in Europe East and West’, The NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy, 13 (2): 25–34.
Ball, C. (2009) ‘What is Transparency?’, Public Integrity, 11 (4): 293–307.
Balla, S.J. and Gormley Jr, W.T. (2017) Bureaucracy and Democracy: Accountability and Performance. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Bari, S., Chand, V., and Singh, S. (eds) (2015) ‘Empowerment through information’, New Delhi: Transparency Advisory Group (TAG), Available from: https://justicehub.in/dataset/ebb3c64d-85cc-4ee4-81c6-20d3471267f3/resource/f6a570b2-36df-4658-90e4-d7bf93a5141f/download/empowerment-through-information-the-evolution-of-transparency-regimes-in-south-asia-volume-i-ess.pdf
Barnett, M.N. and Finnemore, M. (1999) ‘The politics, power and pathologies of International Organizations’, International Organization, 53 (4): 699–732.
Bauer, M.W., Knill, C., and Eckhard, S. (eds) (2017) International Bureaucracy: Challenges and Lessons for Public Administration Research. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertelli, A.M., Hassan, M., Honig, D., Rogger, D., and Williams, M.J. (2020) ‘An agenda for the study of public administration in developing countries’, Governance, 33 (4): 735–48.
Beschel, R.P. and Yousef, T.M. (2020) Public Sector Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Bhatti, Z.K., Zall Kusek, J. and Verheijen, T. (2015) Logged On: Smart Government Solutions from South Asia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bhuiyan, S. and Farazmand, A. (2020) ‘Society and public policy in the Middle East and North Africa’, International Journal of Public Administration, 43 (5): 373–7.
Bloor, M. and Wood, F. (2006). Keywords in Qualitative Methods: A Vocabulary of Research Concepts. London: SAGE.
Börzel, T., Dimitrova, A.L., and Schimmelfennig, F. (eds) (2017) European Union Enlargement and Integration Capacity. New York: Routledge.
Bovens, M. (2007) ‘Analysing and assessing accountability: A conceptual framework’, European Law Journal, 13 (4): 447–68.
Bradbury-Jones, C., Taylor, J., and Herber, O.R. (2014) ‘Vignette development and administration: A framework for protecting research participants’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 17 (4): 427–40.
Brehm, J.O. and Gates, S. (1997) Working, Shirking and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Buntaine, M.T., Parks, B.C., and Buch, B.P. (2017) ‘Aiming at the wrong targets: The domestic consequences of international efforts to build institutions’, International Studies Quarterly, 61 (2): 471–88.
Busch, P.O., Heinzel, M., Kempken, M., and Liese, A. (2020) ‘Mind the gap? Comparing de facto and de jure expert authority of international public administrations in financial and agricultural policy’, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–24. DOI: 10.1080/13876988.2020.1820866.
Carboni, N. (2010) ‘Professional autonomy versus political control: How to deal with the dilemma. Some evidence from the Italian core executive’, Public Policy and Administration, 25 (4): 365–86.
Carothers, T. (1999) Aiding Democracy Abroad. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment.
Checkel, J.T. (2005) ‘International institutions and socialization in Europe: Introduction and framework’, International Organization, 59 (4): 801–26.
Checkel, J.T. (ed) (2007) International Institutions and Socialization in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Checkel, J.T. (2014) ‘Mechanisms, process and the study of international institutions’, WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP IV 2014–104, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fur Socialforschung (WZB).
Chekouri, S.M., Chibi, A. and Benbouziane, M. (2017) ‘Algeria and the natural resource curse: Oil abundance and economic growth’, Middle East Development Journal, 9 (2): 233–55.
Christensen, J.G. and Opstrup, N. (2018) ‘Bureaucratic dilemmas: Civil servants between political responsiveness and normative constraints’, Governance, 31 (3): 481–98.
Christensen, J. and Yesilkagit, K. (2019) ‘International public administrations: A critique’, Journal of European Public Policy, 26 (6): 946–61.
Clarke, A. and Francoli, M. (2014) ‘What’s in a name? A comparison of “open government” definitions across seven Open Government Partnership members’, JeDEM – E-Journal of E-Democracy and Open Government, 6 (3): 248–66.
Coombes, D.L. and Verheijen, T. (1997) Innovations in Public Management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishers.
Corbin, J.M. and Strauss, A. (1990) ‘Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria’, Qualitative Sociology, 13: 3–21.
Costello, C., Gold, R., and Henderson, K. (2013) ‘Jordan Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Assessment’. [online] Available from: https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf
Custer, S., Rice, Z., Masaki, T., Latourell R., and Parks, B. (2015) Listening to Leaders: Which Development Partners Do They Prefer and Why? Williamsburg, VA: AidData. [online] Available from: https://www.aiddata.org/publications/listening-to-leaders-which-development-partners-do-they-prefer-and-why
Custer, S., Dilorenzo, M., Masaki, T., Sethi, T., and Harutyunyan, A. (2018) Listening to Leaders 2018: Is Development Cooperation Tuned-in or Tone-Deaf. Williamsburg, VA: AidData. [online] Available from: https://www.aiddata.org/publications/listening-to-leaders-2018
Custer, S., Sethi, T., Knight, R., Hutchinson, A., Choo, V. and Cheng, M. (2021) Listening to Leaders 2021: A Report Card for Development Partners in an Era of Contested Cooperation. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at the College of William & Mary. [online] Available from: https://www.aiddata.org/publications/listening-to-leaders-2021
Dahi, O.S. (2011) ‘Understanding the political economy of the Arab Revolts’, Middle East Report, 259: 2–6.
Dahi, O.S. and Demir, F. (2008) ‘The Middle East and North Africa’, in A.K. Dutt and J. Ros (eds) International Handbook of Development Economics, Volumes 1 & 2. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Davies, T., Walker, S., Rubinstein, M., and Perini, F. (eds) (2019) The State of Open Data: Histories and Horizons. Cape Town and Ottawa: African Minds and International Development Research Centre.
Davis, K., Fisher, A., Kingsbury, B., and Merry, S.E. (eds) (2012) Governance by Indicators: Global Power through Classification and Rankings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dixon, J., Bhuiyan, S., and Üstüner, Y. (2018) ‘Public administration in the Middle East and North Africa’, International Journal of Public Administration, 41 (10): 759–64.
Djeflat, A. (2002) National Systems of Innovation in the MENA Region. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Doshi, R., Kelley, J.G., and Simmons, B.A. (2019) ‘The power of ranking: The Ease of Doing Business indicator and global regulatory behavior’, International Organization, 73: 611–43.
Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., and Tinkler, J. (2006) ‘New Public Management is dead – long live digital-era governance’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16 (3): 467–94.
Dwivedi, O.P. and Henderson, K.M. (1990) State of the Art: Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Ebel, R.D., Fox, W.F., and Melhem, R.M. (1995) The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Municipal Financial Management. World Bank Sector Study. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ebinger, F., Veit, S., and Fromm, N. (2019) ‘The partisan–professional dichotomy revisited: Politicization and decision-making of senior civil servants’, Public Administration, 97 (4): 861–76.
Ege, J., Bauer, M.W., and Wagner, N. (2020) ‘Improving generalizability in transnational bureaucratic influence research: A (modest) proposal’, International Studies Review, 22 (3): 551–75.
Farazmand, A. and Pinkowski, J. (2006) Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public Administration. New York: Routledge.
Finch, J. (1987) ‘The vignette technique in survey research’, Sociology, 21 (1): 105–14.
Finger, H. and Gressani, D. (2014) Toward New Horizons: Arab Economic Transformation amid Political Transitions. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
Fioramonti, D.L. (2014) How Numbers Rule the World: The Use and Abuse of Statistics in Global Politics. New York: Zed Books.
Flöthe, L. and Rasmussen, A. (2018) ‘Public voices in the heavenly chorus? Group type bias and opinion representation’, Journal of European Public Policy, Online First: 1–19.
Freyburg, T. (2015) ‘Transgovernmental policy networks as an apprenticeship in democracy? Socialization into democratic governance through cross-national activities’, International Studies Quarterly, 59 (1): 59–72.
Gajduschek, G. and Staronova, K. (2021) ‘Politicization beyond the merit-system façade: The intricate relationship between formal and informal institutions of the senior civil service systems in central and eastern Europe’, International Journal of Public Administration, 1–12.
Galal, A. and Selim, H. (2014) ‘Economic development in the Arab region: A tale of oil and politics’, in B. Currie-Alder, R. Kanbur, D.M. Malone, and R. Medhora (eds) International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gould, D. (1996) ‘Using vignettes to collect data for nursing research studies: How valid are the findings?’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 5: 207–12.
Grzymala-Busse, A. (2010) ‘The best laid plans: The impact of informal rules on formal institutions in transitional regimes’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 45 (3): 311–33.
Haase, T.W. (2018) ‘A challenging state of affairs: Public administration in the Republic of Lebanon’, International Journal of Public Administration, 41 (10): 792–806.
Handl, G. (2021) ‘Rio Declaration on Environment and Development’, Audiovisual Library of International Law. [online] Available from: https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/dunche/dunche.html
Hansen, H.K. (2012) ‘The power of performance indices in the global politics of anti-corruption’, Journal of International Relations and Development, 15 (4): 506–31.
Hechler, H. (2017) ‘UNCAC in a nutshell: A quick guide to the United Nations Convention against Corruption for embassy and donor agency staff’. [online] Available from: https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3769-uncac-in-a-nutshell.pdf
Helmke, G. and Levitsky, S. (2004) ‘Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda’, Perspectives on Politics, 2 (4): 725–40.
Herold, J., Liese, A., Busch, P.-O., and Feil, H. (2021) ‘Why national ministries consider the policy advice of international bureaucracies: Survey evidence from 106 countries’, International Studies Quarterly, Online First. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab044
Hibou, B. and Hulsey, J. (2006) ‘Domination & Control in Tunisia: Economic Levers for the Exercise of Authoritarian Power’, Review of African Political Economy, 33 (108): 185–206.
Hilgers, D. and Ihl, C. (2010) ‘Citizensourcing: Applying the concept of open innovation to the public sector,’ International Journal of Public Participation, 4 (1): 68–88.
Hinnebusch, R. (2020) ‘The rise and decline of the populist social contract in the Arab world’, World Development, 129, 104661, ISSN 0305-750X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104661
Honig, D. and Weaver, C. (2019) ‘A race to the rop? The Aid Transparency Index and the social power of global performance indicators’, International Organization 73 (3): 579–610.
Hooghe, L. and Marks, G. (2001) Multi-level Governance and European Integration. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hopkins, R.F. (1976) ‘The international role of “domestic” bureaucracy’, International Organization, 30 (3): 405–32.
Hughes, R. and Huby, M. (2004) ‘The construction and interpretation of vignettes in social research’, Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 11 (1): 36–51.
Hvidt, M. (2013) ‘Economic diversification in GCC countries: Past records and future trends’, The Kuwait Programme on Development, PG, and Globalisation in the Gulf States. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Iles, P., Almhedie, A., and Baruch, Y. (2012) ‘Managing HR in the Middle East: Challenges in the public sector’, Public Personnel Management, 41 (3): 465–92.
Jawad, R., Aboushady, N., Mansour H.A., Couts, A., Bencheikh, N., and Lupieri, S. (2018) New Directions in the Social Policy in the MENA Region. Geneva: UNRISD.
Jelenic, M.C. (2019) ‘From theory to practice. Open government data, accountability, and service delivery’. Policy Research Working Paper 8873. World Bank Group. [online] Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31800/WPS8873.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
Jenkins, N., Bloor, M., Fischer, J., Berney, L., and Neale, J. (2010) ‘Putting it in context: The use of vignettes in qualitative interviewing’, Qualitative Research, 10 (2): 175–98.
Józsa, G. (1988) ‘Das Reformprojekt Gorbatschows im Ramen des Politbuerokratischen Systems’, Teil 1, Berichte des Bundesinstitut fuer Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, Koeln.
Józsa, G. (1989) ‘Das Reformprojekt Gorbatschows im Ramen des Politbuerokratischen Systems’, Teil 2, Berichte des Bundesinstitut fuer Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, Koeln.
Jreisat, J.E. (2009) ‘Administration, globalization, and the Arab States’, Public Organization Review, 9 (1): 37–50.
Jreisat, J.E. (2012) ‘Rethinking administrative capacity development: The Arab States’, Public Organizations Review, 12 ( 2): 139–55.
Jreisat, J.E. (2018) ‘Public administration reform in Jordan: Concepts and practices’, International Journal of Public Administration, 41 (10): 781–91.
Karshenas, M., Moghadam, V.M., and Alami, R. (2014) ‘Social policy after the Arab Spring: States and social rights in the MENA region’, World Development, 64: 726–39.
Kelley, J. (2017) Scorecard Diplomacy: Grading States to Influence Their Reputation and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kelley, J. and Simmons, B.A. (2015) ‘Politics by numbers: Indicators as social pressure in international relations’, American Journal of Political Science, 59 (1): 55–70.
Kelley, J. and Simmons, B.A. (2019) ‘Introduction, the power of global performance indicators’, International Organization, 73 (2): 491–510.
Klaas, K., Marcinkowski, L., and Lazarević, M. (2018) ‘Managerial accountability in the Western Balkans: A comparative analysis of the barriers and opportunities faced by senior managers in delivering policy objectives’, SIGMA Papers, No. 58, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/88be2112-en
Knill, Chr. (2001) The Europeanisation of National Administrations: Patterns of Institutional Change and Persistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuang-Ting, T. (2021) ‘Open government research over a decade: A systematic review’, Government Information Quarterly, 38 (2), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101566
Lee, G. and Kwak, Y. (2012) ‘An open government maturity model for social media-based engagement’, Government Information Quarterly, 29: 492–503.
Leenders, R. (2012) Spoils of Truce: Corruption and State Building in Postwar Lebanon. New York: Cornell University Press.
Liechti, F., Fossati, F., Bonoli, G., and Auer, D. (2017) ‘The signalling value of labour market programmes’, European Sociological Review, 33 (2): 257–74, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw061
Lindberg, S. (2013) ‘Mapping accountability: Core concept and subtypes’, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 79 (2): 202–26.
Linz, J. (1990) ‘Transitions to democracy’, Washington Quarterly, 13 (3): 143–64.
Littoz-Monnet, A. (ed.) (2017) The Politics of Expertise in International Organizations. How International Bureaucracies Produce and Mobilize Knowledge. London: Routledge.
Lührmann, A., Marquardt, K.L., and Mechkova, V. (2020) ‘Constraining governments: New indices of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal accountability’, American Political Science Review, 114 (3): 811–20.
Mahoney, J. and Thelen, K. (2010) Explaining Institutional Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Makdisi, S. (2017) ‘Reflections on the Arab uprisings’, in G. Luciani (ed.) Combining Economic and Political Development: The Experience of MENA. International Development Policy Series 7 Geneva: Graduate Institute Publications. Boston: Brill-Nijhoff, 22–40.
Makdisi, S., Kiwan, F., and Marktanner, M. (2011) ‘Lebanon: The constrained democracy and its national impact’, in I. Elbadawi and S. Makdisi (eds) Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit. London: Routledge, 115–41.
Malito, D.V., Umbach, G., and Bhuta, N. (eds) (2018) The Palgrave Handbook of Indicators in Global Governance. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mansour, A.M.E. (2018) ‘The experience of new public management and new public governance in selected Arab countries’, Contemporary Arab Affairs, 11 (3), 85–112.
March, J.G. and Olsen, J.P. (2004) ‘The logic of appropriateness’, in R. Goodin (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. [online] Available from: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-024
Masaki, T. and Parks, B.C. (2020) ‘When do performance assessments influence policy behavior? Micro-evidence from the 2014 Reform Efforts Survey’, Review of International Organizations, 15: 371–408.
Masbah, M. (2020) ‘Morocco: Can the PJD still absorb popular anger?’, Arab Reform Initiative. [online] Available from: https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/morocco-can-the-pjd-still-absorb-popular-anger/
Mény, Y., Muller, P., and Quermonne, J.-L. (1996) Adjusting to Europe. London: Routledge.
Merry, S.E., Davis, K.E., and Kingsbury, B. (2015) The Quiet Power of Indicators: Measuring Governance, Corruption, and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyer-Sahling, J.H. (2009) ‘The sustainability of civil service reform in Central and Eastern Europe five years after accession’. SIGMA Paper No 44. Paris: OECD.
Meyer-Sahling, J.H. (2011) ‘The durability of EU civil service policy in Central and Eastern Europe after accession’, Governance. An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 24 (2): 231–60.
Meyer-Sahling, J.H. and Van Stolk, C. (2015) ‘A case of partial convergence: The Europeanization of Central Government in Central and Eastern Europe’, Public Administration, 93 (1): 230–47.
Meyer-Sahling, J.H., Lowe, W., and Van Stolk, C. (2016) ‘Silent professionalization: EU integration and the professional socialization of public officials in Central and Eastern Europe’, European Union Politics, 17 (1): 162–83.
Michels, A. and de Graaf, L. (2010) ‘Examining citizen participation: Local participatory policy making and democracy’, Local Government Studies, 36 (4): 477–91.
Millard, J. (2018) ‘Open governance systems: Doing more with more’, Government Information Quarterly, 35 (4): 77–87.
Miwa, K. and Amoroso, J. (2020) Investing in Human Capital in the Middle East and North Africa Is More Important than Ever. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Moloney, K. and Stone, D. (2019) ‘Beyond the state: Global policy and transnational administration’, International Review of Public Policy, 1(1): 104–18.
Mulgan, R. (2014) Making Open Government Work. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Nabi, M.S. (2019) Diagnosing the Tunisian Economy. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. [online] Available from: https://www.springerprofessional.de/diagnosing-the-tunisian-economy/16954664
Naguib, R. (2020) ‘Legitimacy and “transitional continuity” in a monarchical regime: Case of Morocco’, International Journal of Public Administration, 43 (5): 404–24.
Nam, T. (2015) ‘Challenges and concerns of open government: A case of government 3.0 in Korea’, Social Science Computer Review, 33 (5): 556–70.
Nunberg, B. (1999) ‘Rethinking civil service reform’, PREM Notes Number 31. Washington, DC: World Bank.
O’Loughlin, M.G. (1990) ‘What is bureaucratic accountability and how can we measure it?’, Administration & Society, 22 (3): 275–302.
Painter, M. and Peters, B.G. (2010) Tradition and Public Administration. Eastbourne, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Painter, M. and Pierre, J. (2005) ‘Unpacking policy capacity: Issues and themes’, in: M. Painter and J. Pierre (eds) Challenges to State Policy Capacity. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 1–18.
Pal, L.A. (2019) ‘Reforming governance in Muslim-majority states: Promoting values or protecting stability?’, in: L.A. Pal and M.E. Tok (eds) Global Governance and Muslim Organizations. Eastbourne, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pal, L.A. and Tok, M.E. (2019) Global Governance and Muslim Organizations. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Parks, B. and Masaki, T. (2017) ‘When do global performance assessments influence policy behavior? Micro-evidence from the 2014 Reform Efforts Survey’, Working Paper 40. Williamsburg, VA: AidData.
Parks, B., Custer, S., Rice, Z., Masaki, T., and Latourell, R. (2015) The Marketplace of Ideas for Policy Change: Who Do Developing World Leaders Listen To and Why? Williamsburg, VA: AidData. [online] Available from: https://www.aiddata.org/publications/the-marketplace-of-ideas-for-policy-change-who-do-developing-world-leaders-listen-to-and-why
Peters, B.G. (1988) Comparing Public Bureaucracies: Problems of Theory and Method. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Peters, B.G. (2001) The Politics of Bureaucracy (5th edition). London: Routledge.
Peters, B.G. (2008) ‘The Napoleonic tradition’, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21: 118–32.
Philipps, L. and Stewart, M. (2009) ‘Fiscal transparency: Global norms, domestic laws, and the politics of budgets‘, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 34 (3): 797–860.
Picard, E. and Ramsbotham, A. (eds) (2012) ‘Reconciliation, reform and resilience. Positive reform for Lebanon’, Accord. An International Review of Peace Initiatives. Issue 24. Available from: https://rc-services-assets.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Accord24_Lebanon_ENG_0.pdf
Pierre, J. and Peters, B.G. (2017) ‘The shirking bureaucrat: A theory in search of evidence?’, Policy & Politics, 45 (2): 157–72.
Piotrowski, S.J. (2016) ‘The “open government reform” movement. The case of the Open Government Partnership and U.S. transparency policies’, The American Review of Public Administration, 47 (2): 155–71.
Poirier, R.A. and Wright, S. (1993) ‘The political economy of tourism in Tunisia’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31 (1): 149–62.
Politt, C. and Bouckaert, G. (2004) Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Posusney, M.P. (2003) ‘Globalization and labor protection in oil-poor Arab countries: Racing to the bottom?’, Global Social Policy, 3 (3): 267–97.
Raadschelders, J. and Verheijen, T. (2019) ‘Globalization and internationalization: Impact upon the state and the civil service’, in D. Stone and K. Moloney (eds) Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41–59.
Radwan, T. (ed.) (2020) The Impact and Influence of International Financial Institutions on the Economies of the Middle East and North Africa. Tunis: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Reddick, C.G., Demir, T., and Perlman, B. (2020) ‘Horizontal, vertical, and hybrid: An empirical look at the forms of accountability’, Administration & Society, 52 (9): 1410–38.
Rice, D. (2017) ‘How governance conditions affect the individualization of active labour market services: An exploratory vignette study’, Public Administration, 95 (2): 468–81.
Roberts, N. (2004) ‘Public deliberation in an age of direct citizen participation’, American Review of Public Administration, 34 (4): 315–53.
Roberts, A. (2010) ‘A great and revolutionary law? The first four years of India’s Right to Information Act’, Public Administration Review, 70 (4): 925–33.
Safa, O. (2010) ‘Lebanon’, in J. Dizzard, C. Walker and S. Cook (eds) Countries at the Crossroads: An Analysis of Democratic Governance. New York: Freedom House, 341–60.
Schedler, A. (1999) ‘Conceptualizing accountability’, in A. Schedler, L. Diamond, and M.F. Plattner (eds) The Self-restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 13–28.
Schimmelfennig, F., Stefan E., and Knobel, H. (2006) International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Change. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schnell, S. and Jo, S. (2019) ‘Which countries have more open governments? Assessing structural determinants of openness’, The American Review of Public Administration, 49 (8): 944–56.
Schomaker, R.M. and Bauer, M.B. (2020) ‘Public governance in the MENA region: Reform trends and patterns’, International Journal of Public Administration, 42 (5): 378–91.
Schuster, C., Meyer-Sahling, J.H., and Mikkelsen, K.S. (2020) ‘(Un) principled principals, (un)principled agents: The differential effects of managerial civil service reforms on corruption in developing and OECD countries’, Governance, 33 (4): 829–48.
Shafik, N. (ed.) (1998) Prospects for Middle Eastern and North African Economies. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Shuquair, Y. (2019) Access to Information in the Arab World: Focusing on Jordan, Tunisia and Yemen. Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism.
Sorensen, D.S. (2014) An Introduction to the Modern Middle East (2nd edition). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Staronova, K. and Gajduschek, G. (2013) ‘Civil service reform in Slovakia and Hungary: The road to professionalisation?’, in C. Neuhold, S. Vanhoonacker and L. Verhey (eds) Civil Servants and Politics: A Delicate Balance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 123–51.
Stone, D. and Moloney, K. (2019) Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Svara, J. (2001) ‘The myth of the dichotomy: Complementarity of politics and administration in the past and future of public administration’, Public Administration Review, 61 (2): 176–96.
Tai, K-T. (2021) ‘Open government research over a decade: A systematic review’, Government Information Quarterly, 38 (2021): 101566.
Trondal, J., Marcussen, M., Larsson, T., and Veggeland, F. (2010) Unpacking International Organisations: The Dynamics of Compound Bureaucracies. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Vagias, W.M. (2006) ‘Likert-type scale response anchors’. Clemson International Institute for Tourism & Research Development, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University.
Verheijen, T. (1995) Constitutional Pillars for New Democracies. Leiden: DSWO Press.
Verheijen, T. (ed) (2001) Politico-Administrative Relations, Who Rules? Bratislava: NISPAcee.
Verheijen, T. (2010) ‘The new member states of the European Union: Constructed and historical traditions and reform trajectories’, in: M. Painter and B.G. Peters (eds) Tradition and Public Administration. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 217–34.
Welch, E. and Wong, W. (1998) ‘Public administration in a global context: Bridging the gaps of theory and practice between Western and Non-Western nations’, Public Administration Review, 58 (1): 40–9.
Wilson, C. (2020) ‘The socialization of civic participation norms in government?: Assessing the effect of the Open Government Partnership on countries’ e-participation’, Government Information Quarterly, 37 (4): 101476.
Wirtz, B.W. and Birkmeyer, S. (2015) ‘Open government: Origin, development, and conceptual perspectives’, International Journal of Public Administration, 38 (5): 381–96.
Wirtz, B.W., Piehler, R., Thomas, M.J., and Daiser, P. (2016) ‘Resistance of public personnel to open government: A cognitive theory view of implementation barriers towards open government data’, Public Management Review, 18 (9): 1335–64.
Yesilkagit, K. (2010) ‘The future of administrative tradition: Tradition as ideas and structures’, in: M. Painter and B.G. Peters (eds) Tradition and Public Administration. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 145–57.
Yin, R. (2003) Case Study Research. Design and Methods (3rd edition). London: Sage Publications.
Primary sources
Aiddata Laboratory (2015) University of Williamsburg. [online] Available from: https://www.aiddata.org/ltl
Callen, T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, A., and Khandelwal, P. (2014) Economic Diversification in the GCC: Past, Present, and Future. USA: International Monetary Fund.
Center for Law and Democracy (2018) ‘Global Right to Information Rating Map’. [online] Available from: https://countryeconomy.com/government/global-right-information-rating
Chaouachi, M., Elghandour, I., and Davenport S. (2020) ‘Tunisia’s first ever open data hackathon taps into digitalization’s potential for greater development impact’, Governance for Development, 11 December. World Bank Blogs. [online] Available from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/governance/tunisias-first-ever-open-data-hackathon-taps-digitalizations-potential-greater
d-portal (2020) [online] Available from: d-portal.org
Dutta, N. and Ninua, T. (2020) ‘Civic Space as a Key Prerequisite of Open Government Reforms in the MENA Region’. Open Government Partnership. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/civic-space-as-a-key-prerequisite-of-open-government-reforms-in-the-mena-region/
Economic Freedom Index (2021) [online] Available from: https://www.heritage.org/index/visualize?cnts=jordan|lebanon&src=ranking
Economic Policy Council (2018) Economic Growth Plan 2018–2022. Amman: Government of Jordan.
Eken, S. and Helbling, T. (1999) Back to the Future. Postwar Reconstruction and Stabilization in Lebanon. International Monetary Fund. [online] Available from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/op/176/
Finger, H. and Gressani, D. (2014) ‘Toward New Horizons: Arab Economic Transformation amid Political Transition’, Departmental Policy Papers No. 14/06. International Monetary Fund. [online] Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Toward-New-Horizons-Arab-Economic-Transformation-amid-Political-Transition-41316
Global Competitiveness Index (2020) ‘The Global Competitiveness Report 2019’, World Economic Forum. [online] Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf
Global Right to Information Rating Map (2018) [online] Available from: https://countryeconomy.com/government/global-right-information-rating
IGPP (2020) Government of Tunisia. [online] Available from: http://www.igppp.tn/fr/node/507
IMF (2020) The Future of Oil and Fiscal Sustainability in the GCC Region. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.
International Aid Transparency Initiative (2020) ‘IATI Standard’. [online] Available from: https://iatistandard.org/en/iati-standard/
Logistics Performance Index (2018) ‘Global Rankings 2018’. World Bank Group, https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global?sort=asc&order=LPI%20Rank#datatable
Ministry of Information and Communications Technology, Jordan (2018) Report. [online] Available from: https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/events/files/nada-khater-jordan-open-government-data-policy_0.pdf
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Jordan (2018) ‘The Fourth National Action Plan 2018–2020 Under the Open Government Partnership Initiative’. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Jordan_Action-Plan_2018-2020.pdf
OECD (2002) Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries: From Interventionism to Regulatory Governance, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2005) Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector: A Toolkit. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2010) Progress in Public Management in the Middle East and North Africa: Case Studies on Policy Reform. Paris: OECD Editions.
OECD (2012) Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries 2011: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. [online] Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/geographical-distribution-of-financial-flows-to-developing-countries_20743149
OECD (2013) Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries 2012: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2018) Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries 2017: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2019) Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries 2019: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2020) ‘About the MENA-OECD Governance Programme’. [online] Available from: http://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/aboutthemena-oecdgovernanceprogramme.htm
Open Government Index (2018 ) ‘Open Government Index 2018 – International Rankings’. [online] Available from: https://photius.com/rankings/open_government_index_country_rankings_2018.html
Open Government Partnership (OGP) Morocco (2018) ‘Letter of Intent to Join OGP’. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/documents/morocco-letter-of-intent-to-join-ogp/
Open Government Partnership (OGP) (2019) ‘Open Government Partnership Articles of Governance’. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OGP_Articles-of-Governance_2019.pdf
Open Government Partnership (OGP) Tunisia (2020) ‘Action Plan 3’. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/members/tunisia/
Open Government Partnership (OGP) (2021) ‘Eligibility Criteria & OGP Values Check Assessment’. [online] Available from: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/process/joining-ogp/eligibility-criteria/#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20participate%20in,and%20combating%20corruption%20and%20an
Open Knowledge Foundation (2017) ‘Global Open Data Index’, UK. [online] Available from: https://index.okfn.org/about/
Republique Tunisienne (2019) ‘Promulgation de la loi No 2019–47 du 29 Mai 2019 sur l’amélioration du climat des investissements’. [online] Available from: http://www.igppp.tn/fr/node/507#:~:text=La%20loi%20n%C2%B047,d’attribution%20de%20ces%20contrats
Sunlight Foundation (2013) ‘Open Data Policy Guidelines’. [online] Available from: https://sunlightfoundation.com/opendataguidelines/
Transparency International (2003) ‘Global Corruption Barometer 2003’. [online] Available from: https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/gcb-2003
UNCTAD (2019) ‘Lebanon moves on investment climate reforms’, 7 March. Available from: https://unctad.org/news/lebanon-moves-investment-climate-reforms
United Nations (1992) ‘Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development’, 28 September. [online] Available from: https://www.postsustainabilityinstitute.org/uploads/4/4/6/6/4466371/agenda.21.attendees.pdf
United Nations (2005) The Arab Human Development Report 2004, Towards Freedom in the Arab World. 2004 ed. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2004a) Public Sector Transparency and Accountability in Selected Arab Countries: Policies and Practices. [online] ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/71, New York: UNDP. Available from: https://publicadministration.un.org/publications/content/PDFs/E-Library%20Archives/2005%20Public%20Sector%20Transp%20and%20Accountability%20in%20SelArab%20Countries.pdf
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2004b) Arab Human Development Report: Towards Freedom in Arab World. New York: UNDP.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) ‘Programme on Governance in the Arab Region’. [online] Available from: https://www.pogar.org/about.html
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2010) Building Bridges between the State and the People. New York: UNDP.
World Bank (2003) Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Enhancing Inclusiveness and Accountability. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2008) Public Sector Reform: What Works and Why? An IEG Evaluation of World Bank Support. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2012) The World Bank’s Approach to Public Sector Management 2011–2020: ‘Better Results from Public Sector Institutions ’. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2014) The Unfinished Revolution, Bringing Opportunities, Good Jobs and Greater Wealth to all Tunisian. Report Number: 86179. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2017) ‘Etat de Preparation de la Republique Tunisienne en vue d’une initiative d’ouverture des données publiques’. [online] Available from: https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/events/files/nada-khater-jordan-open-government-data-policy_0.pdf
World Bank (2018) Implementation Completion and Results Report (IBRD-82100, IBRD-83580, IBRD-85360) on a series of three loans in the amount of US$1,250 Million to the Republic of Tunisia for Governance, Opportunities and Jobs Development Policy Loans I-III, Document number ICR00004324, 15 May 2018. [online] Available from: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/863551529601264948/pdf/Tunisia-ICR-P150950-ICR-Report-May-17-FINAL-06182018.pdf
World Bank (2019a) Program Document for a proposed loan in the amount of US$1.45 Billion to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the Second Equitable Growth and Job Creation Programmatic Development Policy Financing, Document Number PGD 54, 30 May 2019.
World Bank (2019b) Open Data Readiness Assessment Tool. [online] Available from: http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/en/odra.html
World Bank (2019c) ‘Enabling the Business of Agriculture’, Washington, DC: World Bank. [online] Available from: https://eba.worldbank.org/en/eba
World Bank (2020a) Program Document for a proposed loan in the amount of Euro 161 Million (equivalent to US$ 175 Million) to the Republic of Tunisia for the First Resilience and Recovery Emergence Development Policy Financing, Document number PGD171, 1 June 2020. [online] Available from: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650751592619063714/pdf/Tunisia-First-Resilience-and-Recovery-Emergency-Development-Policy-Financing.pdf
World Bank (2020b) Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators, Version 1.1. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
World Bank (2021) Tunisia Economic Monitor: Navigating Out of the Crisis. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank Group (2018) ‘Logistics Performance Index: Global Rankings 2018’. [online] Available from: https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global?sort=asc&order=LPI%20Rank#datatable
World Bank Group (2020a) Organizing for Reform: Global Experiences. [online] Washington, DC: World Bank. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33864 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
World Bank Group (2020b) The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank. [online] Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital
World Bank Group (2020c) Doing Business – Data Irregularities Statement, 27 August. [online] Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2020/08/27/doing-business---data-irregularities-statement
World Bank Group (2020d) Worldwide Governance Indicators. [online] Available from: https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Reports
World Bank Group (2020e) Morocco Country Overview, October. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank Group (2021a) Tunisia Economic Monitor, January. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank Group (2021b) Gouvernance et coordination des reformes de l’environnement des affaires en Tunisie, Working document. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2020a) Innovation and Sophistication Forum [online] Available from: www.weforum.org
World Economic Forum (2020b) ‘The Global Competitiveness Report 2019’. [online] Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf
World Intellectual Property Organization (2021) ‘Global Innovation Index (GII)’. [online] Available from: https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/