Index

Authors:
Tony Verheijen
,
Katarína Staroňová
,
Ibrahim Elghandour
, and
Anne-Lucie Lefebvre
Publication Date:
24 Jun 2022
Pages:
226–229
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529215762.bm003
Free access
Download PDF
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Civil Servants and Globalization brings together insights on how globalization influences senior civil servants, with a focus on MENA countries. This book builds a typology of civil servants’ responses to globalization: traditional, professional, engaged, and rebel types of civil servants. The response model proposed by the authors uses bureaucratic accountability and socialization as two critical parameters. The approach is tested on three dimensions of globalization – the global push for performance, engagement through development support, and global open government movement – in four focus countries from the MENA region – Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. Based on new data gathered through vignette techniques and in-depth interviews with senior civil servants, this book offers new insights on how globalization affects civil servants and what factors determine, enhance, or reduce its impact. Among the key findings are the following: First, civil servants across countries have become more professional and are more likely to utilize evidence-based approaches to persuade politicians to safeguard national interest. The emphasis on performance and accountability (via international performance indicator systems) is a disrupter of and accelerator towards performance management and evidence-based policy making, leading to the emergence of the engaged and, in some cases, rebel types of civil servant. Second, deepened direct engagement with international actors contributes to the socialization of international norms, and contributes to a shift towards civil service professionalization. Finally, there is overall agreement on values associated with indices across the countries, though less so with transparency and participation. Thus, while the global movement towards open government has the strong potential to influence civil servants and civil service systems, a shift towards the internalization of more inclusive and transparent decision making has not yet occurred in the countries under review. On this aspect, a more traditional response type continues to predominate.

References to figures and graphs appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables and boxes. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (231n3).

A

access to information 15, 18, 24–26, 28, 34, 35, 37–39, 50, 58, 69, 71, 105, 144–145, 147–152, 152, 155–156, 156, 159–160, 163–165, 170–171, 173, 189, 191–192, 195, 198–199, 203
accountability
direct 18, 26, 170, 191
bureaucratic 9–10, 13, 13, 15, 23
horizontal 10, 26, 190, 198
indirect 26, 195
mechanisms 26, 71, 104, 140, 159, 162, 170–171, 173–174, 177, 181, 195–196, 198, 204
pattern of 5
public 149
systems 10, 15, 26–27, 38, 62, 104, 108, 139–140, 161, 171, 173, 181, 183, 189–191, 193, 195–196
tools 18, 26
traditional 26, 195
vertical 10, 183, 190, 196, 204, 207n6
administrative traditions 11, 38, 60–61, 69, 70
African Development Bank (AfDB) 56, 117, 122–123
aid 15, 21, 44, 45, 47, 49, 65, 110, 110, 152
bilateral 110–11
International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) 110, 116
multilateral 110
Aiddata 4, 20–22, 27, 28, 38, 54, 59, 118, 123–124
Ali, H.E. 50, 52, 64, 67–68
Andrews, M. 4, 8, 11, 107, 178
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 108
Arab spring 6, 29, 50, 109, 112, 144, 146–148, 203

B

Bauer, M. 12, 39n1, 41, 60, 62, 70
budget support 21, 50, 116–117, 118, 125, 126, 148, 151, 193
bureaucracy 10, 67, 90, 93–94, 153, 157, 181, 190

C

Checkel, J.T. 12, 31, 32, 183, 201, 203
civil service
career 27, 63, 70, 136–138, 141, 162, 180–181
concepts of accountability 15
independent commissions 11
management 6, 11, 15, 30
performance 15, 200
professionalism 10, 32, 91, 192
reform 4, 65–66
relations 5
systems 3–9, 13, 15–16, 19, 28, 37–38, 40, 42, 46, 60–61, 63, 66, 68–71, 103, 139, 143, 181, 187, 194, 202–203, 205, 207n2, 208
values 11
civil society organization (CSO) 17–18, 57, 77, 92, 104, 105, 110, 146, 149, 150, 168–169, 190–191, 198
collaboration 7, 27, 34, 35, 54, 64, 99, 125, 126, 144, 147–148, 150, 154, 168, 169
collaborative leadership 125, 128
conditionalities 130
consultation 24, 90, 125, 126, 131–135, 133, 139, 145–146, 148, 164–168, 166, 168, 170–171, 173, 192, 197, 202
coordination 34, 35, 109, 117, 125, 126, 135, 183, 192, 193, 197
capacity 204
challenges 119–21, 123, 124
failure 130
horizontal 38, 130
inter-sectoral 19
mechanism 125, 178
system 101, 130, 205
vertical 130
COVAX 3, 109
COVID-19 3, 5, 43, 46, 52–53, 65, 68, 71, 78, 108–109, 112, 177, 184, 189, 208
Custer, S. 4, 12, 20–22, 28, 35, 38, 54, 56, 59, 107, 118, 207n1

D

democratization 57–58, 172, 178–179

E

Economic Freedom Index (EFI) 48, 50, 78, 80–81, 83
Enabling Doing Business (also Doing Business) (EDB) 18, 39n3, 77–78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 95, 97–101, 208
engagement
citizen 24, 144, 149
of civil servants 15, 103, 105, 187
direct 4–5, 22, 26, 47, 75, 103–105, 136, 138, 185, 189, 193, 200, 202, 204–205
global 6, 9, 23, 40, 70, 108, 140–141, 177–178, 199, 205
informal 128–129
international 5, 15, 18, 20, 22, 29, 54, 61, 119–21, 137–139, 141, 195, 202
national 18, 54
European Commission (EC) 19, 23
European Union (EU) 8–11, 19–20, 27, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57–58, 66, 72n4, 95, 112, 117, 122–123, 142n7–8

F

Fragile and Conflict States 20, 67–68
Free Access to Information Law/Act (FOIA) 24, 28, 39, 144, 150, 156, 157–8, 159–161, 198
freedom of information 27–28, 39, 143–144, 154–155, 164–165, 167, 174, 195, 198, 202, 204
French Development Agency (AFD) 117, 142

G

Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 22, 109, 123
German Development Bank (KFW) 117, 142n8
global
indicators 7, 76, 87, 91, 94, 101, 103, 198, 199
influence 4, 14, 108, 177, 189, 193
issues 7, 88, 186, 200, 203, 208
pressure 8–9, 12–14, 106, 143, 179, 188, 199
value 41, 52, 53, 76, 191, 201
Global Competitiveness Indicator (GCI) 16, 42, 77, 78, 80–82, 84, 91, 98–100
Global Open Data Index (ODI) 79, 155
Global Right to Information (GRI) 152
rating 79, 152
globalization
changing reality of 5
effect of 184
engagement on 7
impact of 3–4, 8–9, 14, 16, 19, 28–29, 37, 40, 59, 70, 104, 108, 139, 145, 169, 177–178, 187, 190, 192–193, 203, 205–206, 208
impact on civil servants 4, 16, 23, 37, 78, 101, 107, 178, 185, 193–194, 198, 204, 206
influence of 4–5, 9, 26, 66, 140, 191–192, 194
process of 5, 145
relationship with the civil service 14, 194
trend towards 5
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries 7, 46, 51

H

hierarchy 10, 14, 26, 62–64, 67, 69–70, 88–89, 91–92, 104–105, 129–130, 139, 155, 159, 160, 178, 180, 182, 191–192, 198, 202
Hopkins, R.F. 4, 194
human capital 42, 49, 77, 84, 95, 96, 106n3
Human Capital Index (HCI) 16, 18, 42, 78, 95, 99

I

identity 45, 169, 172, 181, 190, 192–193, 205, 206
Independent Reporting Mechanism (IRM) 151
institutional boundary 14, 88, 91, 182
institutional dynamics 5, 61
institutionalization 10, 24, 48, 91, 96, 101–103, 180, 182
interest groups 37, 77, 168
International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) 110, 110, 116
International Budget Partnership (IBP) 148
International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 78
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 15–16, 20, 53, 55, 66, 111–112, 115, 116–117, 123, 146, 148
International Organizations (IOs) 12, 20, 29–30, 32, 34–37, 39n1, 77, 87, 88, 90, 92–95, 97, 103–104, 125, 125, 132, 133, 138, 143, 156, 163, 165, 166, 191–193, 197, 205, 207n1
investment climate 9, 77, 78, 100

J

Jreisat, J.E. 55–56, 63, 66–67, 70, 143–147, 152

K

Kelley, J. 14, 17–18, 28, 35, 76–78, 87, 92, 205

L

leaking information 88, 162, 181, 182, 198
liberalization 41–42, 45, 47–49, 51–52, 67, 147, 151
Likert scale 33–34, 88, 156, 185, 189
Listening to Leaders (survey) 21–22, 38, 54, 59, 118, 122–123
Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 42, 78, 95, 96, 99–100
Low Income Countries (LIC) 206

M

Maghreb 7, 40, 56, 184
Mashreq 7, 40, 184
media 14, 18, 23, 33, 76–77, 93, 102, 104–105, 112, 146, 156, 157, 162–165, 168, 171, 181, 183, 190–191, 198, 207n6
Middle Income Countries (MIC) 21, 69, 109, 111–112, 178–180, 206
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) 95–96
mobilizing 88, 90, 92, 128, 157, 159–160, 162–163, 181
Moloney, K. 12, 39n1, 178
multi-level governance 4–5, 8–9, 75, 207n1

N

National Committee for the Business Environment (CNEA) 99
national interest (also public interest) 43, 63, 84, 90, 91–92, 94, 97–98, 102–106, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134–136, 139–140, 157, 161, 165, 180–181, 182, 190–192, 194, 196–200, 204, 207n7
network 14, 18, 21, 25–26, 35, 58, 64, 88, 90, 93, 105, 119, 128, 140, 181, 195, 199
New Public Management (NPM) 13, 15, 42, 65, 156
non-governmental organizations (NGO) 22, 39n1, 143, 148, 164, 165

O

OECD 8, 11, 13, 15, 33, 57–58, 65, 95, 106, 111, 142n2, 146, 148–149, 152, 167
MENA–OECD Ministerial Conference 145
OECD Development Assistance Centre (DAC) 111–112, 116
Open Government Data Index 23
PISA 17–18
offshore 41, 70, 72n1, 179
onshore 41, 70, 179
Open Budget Index 97, 155
Open Data 24, 28, 50, 143, 151, 153–155, 170, 195, 202
Open Data Barometer 154–155
Open Data Index 79, 154–155, 174
Open Data Readiness Assessment (ODRA) 154
Open Government
data 154
movement 24, 26, 28, 143, 163, 171, 173–174, 177, 195, 200, 202, 204
Open Government Index 16, 155
Open Government Partnership (OGP) 7, 23, 96, 99, 148–152, 150, 154, 167, 202
Ottoman (empire) 6, 60, 179

P

Painter, M. 11, 61, 178
Pal, L. 8, 12, 20, 55, 57–58, 60, 205, 207n1
Parks, B. 17–18, 54, 107, 118
participation 34, 5, 38, 39, 50, 52–53, 58, 70, 96, 143–147, 149, 150, 165, 167–168, 173, 177, 180, 190, 192, 194, 197, 200–202, 204
perceived importance 96, 168, 172
performance indicators
form of globalization 3–4, 15–17, 177
impact of 19–20, 37–38, 75–77, 92, 94, 101
influence of 75, 77, 104, 199, 208
internalization of 34–5, 75, 78, 208
methodology 38, 79, 84, 106n2
perceived importance of 94, 96–97
transmission channel 14–16, 75, 177, 189, 197
Peters, B.G. 10, 11, 14, 30, 61
policy advice 20–22, 26, 28, 30, 36, 38, 71, 105, 118, 140, 146, 195, 199
politicization 43, 63, 66, 68–69, 103, 141
de-politicization 11
politico–administrative relations 5, 10, 14, 19, 23, 26–27, 38, 61, 71, 105, 108, 124, 130–131, 136, 138–142, 170–171, 190, 195, 199
Pritchett, L. 11
professionalization 5, 25, 27, 32, 38, 108, 136, 138, 140–141, 179, 181, 195, 204–205
public
public consultation 146, 166, 167
public interest 43, 84, 90, 98, 104, 129, 131, 157, 161, 165, 180, 192, 196, 204, 207n7
public participation 15, 34, 35, 39, 50, 144, 147, 149, 167, 197
public value 24, 31, 144, 160, 168, 174, 200
Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) programme assessments 17
Public Financial Management (PFM) 16, 55, 58

R

Raadschelders, J. 5, 8, 10, 28, 118, 177, 206
ranking 16–19, 23, 37, 50, 58, 60, 75–78, 79, 80–84, 81–3, 86, 87, 88–89, 91–93, 95–98, 102–103, 105, 122, 152, 173, 192
rating 16–19, 27–28, 76–78, 79, 81, 83–84, 98, 102, 105, 124, 152, 197
response strategy 90
Rule of Law 10, 65, 146, 155, 157, 159, 201

S

Schomaker, R. 12, 41, 60, 62, 70
scorecard diplomacy 17–18, 76–77
self-image 172, 190, 192–193, 205–206
senior civil servants 8, 10, 18, 30–31, 33, 36, 43, 75, 93, 101–102, 118, 170, 185–186, 189, 196, 200, 201, 205
Simmons, B. 14, 17–18, 35, 77, 87
social contract 6–7, 41, 44, 49, 65–66
socialization
deep 12, 13, 32
type I 12, 13, 30, 32, 182–3, 201, 203
type II 12, 13, 32, 182–3, 201
sovereignty 9, 44, 63, 104, 131
State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) 45, 52, 61, 67
Stone, D. 12, 39n1, 178
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 21, 22

T

technical assistance 77, 103, 121, 125, 127, 128, 129, 133, 146, 151
transmission channels 4, 9, 13, 14–17, 20, 23, 25, 7, 46, 60, 61, 75, 142, 169, 172, 177, 189, 194, 195, 197, 198
transnational actors 4, 6–7, 12–13, 16, 21, 23, 36, 42, 66, 69, 71–72, 111, 130, 144, 178, 181, 183, 191, 195, 202–204
transnational organizations 3–4, 7, 14–15, 17–18, 20, 26, 28, 39, 107–108, 144, 147, 163, 200
transnational pressure 87
transparency
in decision making 24
enhancing 26, 105, 145–146, 148, 195, 199
principle of 148, 155–156, 159
push for 23, 97, 131, 134, 146, 163, 185
reducing 64
shift towards 143, 147, 160–161
Transparency International (TI) 17, 23, 78, 79, 147
transparency and openness 23–24, 69, 144, 155–156, 203
as a value 27, 69, 139, 159, 165, 201
typology (also response typology) 9, 13, 14, 25, 66, 68, 88–89, 91, 103, 108, 124, 128–129, 131, 135, 139, 40, 144, 159, 162, 177, 8, 181, 187, 191, 193–194, 197, 204, 206
typology of civil servants
engaged 13, 14, 88, 90, 92, 102–103, 125, 126, 129, 131, 133, 136, 155–156, 157–8, 159, 180, 182–3, 186, 191, 194, 195, 197, 197–201, 204–205
professional 13, 88, 90, 91, 125, 126, 127–129, 133, 155, 157–8, 159, 180, 182–3, 194–197, 197, 201, 204
rebel 13, 14, 88, 90, 92–93, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 156, 157–8, 159–160, 162, 181, 182–3, 191, 194–195, 197, 198–201, 204
traditionalist 13, 88, 9, 90, 92, 103, 125, 126, 127, 131, 133, 135, 155, 157–8, 163, 165, 169, 180, 194, 197, 197–201, 204

U

United Nations (UN) 21, 54, 123, 124, 145–146, 148
United Nations Child Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 22, 123
United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) 145–146, 151
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 18, 21–22, 123, 145–146, 152

V

vignette
construction 31–33, 35–36, 188
insights 187–189
validation 33–34, 188
Vignette 1 34, 35, 124, 125, 126, 135, 139, 185, 192, 197
Vignette 2 34, 35, 87, 87–89, 90, 91–93, 97–98, 104, 161, 185, 192
Vignette 3 34, 35, 144, 154–156, 156, 157–8, 162–163, 170, 189, 192, 197, 203, 207n7
Vignette 4 34, 35, 131, 132, 133, 139–140, 144, 165, 166, 197

W

Washington Consensus 55, 107
Welch, E. 4–5, 8–9, 15–16, 20, 28, 169, 187, 193–194, 206
Wong, W. 4–5, 8–9, 15–16, 20, 28, 169, 187, 193–194, 206
World Bank
engagement by 57–58, 116
influence of 123
level of interaction 22, 147
loans 55, 110
loss of expertise 66
as a partner 7, 117, 122
role of 20, 56, 123, 146
study 94
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) 18
World Health Organization (WHO) 109
World Trade Organization (WTO) 47

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