Index

Publication Date:
22 Jul 2021
Pages:
251–260
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529218893.bm001
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References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (for example, 231n3).

A

ageism 75–77, 81, 220
Ahmed, N. 225
Akbar, A.A. 200, 201
alert level systems 108
‘all in this together’ myth 22, 129–130
Amin, A. 118, 126, 224
Anik, S.S.B. 170, 171
Annotto Bay, Jamaica 55–56
anti-discrimination laws 45
Aotearoa New Zealand 235–244
apartheid 110
apps 31, 34–36, 134
arts sector 64
austerity 224–225, 230, 231
Austin, USA 205
authoritarianism 100
Awdish, R.L.A. 145
Aytun, U. 62

B

Bangladesh 83–91, 143–153, 165–174
bankruptcies 95
Barzilay, R. 187
Bateman, N. 62
beauty parlor sector 143–153
Belarus 93–104
belonging, sense of 229, 239–240
Bengaluru city, India 73–82
Bergamini, E. 62
Berube, A. 62
Black Lives Matter 188
black markets 25
blind, deafblind, low vision and vision impaired (BLV) 235–244
Boguslavska, A. 94
Bolsonaro, Jair 132, 135
border closures 94
Brazil 129–140
Brown, A. 53
Burnham, L. 43
buses 3–4, 75, 78, 132
Butler, T. 8, 248

C

Canada 245
Cangià, F. 145
car use 3, 5, 188
carceral state 200
care work 42–43
see also domestic workers
Caribbean 51–60
Cats, O. 2, 3
charities 27–28
Chattoraj, D. 165, 166, 170, 172
Chen, P. 4
childcare 47–48, 67, 98
children 120–121, 155
civic participation 236
civil society organizations 27–28
Clark, R. 190, 192
colonialism 156–158, 161–162, 241
community 224, 225, 228–229
see also social networks
construction industry 32, 37, 171, 177
contactless delivery 37
coping strategies 24, 52, 57, 84, 86–89, 190
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (USA) 43
corruption 27, 145, 146
Craig, G.M. 182
Crawley, H. 172
Crenshaw, K. 7, 189, 192
curfews 36
cycling
bike lanes/cycling infrastructure 3, 188, 191–192
increase in 3
and racism 191–192
street vendors in Hanoi 23

D

Darling, J. 171–172
Datta, A. 225
Davis, G. 53, 55
DeBlasio, Bill 203
debt 68, 88
‘Defund the Police’ 197–207
delivery services 31–40
density
Brazil 133
Dubai, UAE 37
favelas in Brazil 130
Netherlands 220
refugee camps 166
South Africa 108, 109
Toronto, Canada 9
Turkey 67
Denver, USA 118–127
Dhaka, Bangladesh 143–153
Dick, H.W. 157, 161
digital poverty 79–80, 237–238
Dilworth, R. 197, 198, 202
disabilities, people with 117, 235–244
discrimination and stigma 23, 25–26, 39, 80, 226–227, 228
domestic violence 94, 97–99, 100, 101–102, 148, 229
domestic workers 41–50, 79, 130–132, 149–150, 171, 177
dormitory accommodation 178–179
Double Consciousness 189–190, 192
Doucet, B. 3, 4
Doucet, M. 4
Du Bois, W.E.B. 189–190, 192
Dubai, UAE 31–40

E

economic consequences 62, 68, 83–84, 94–97, 146, 171, 199, 203
see also socio-economic disadvantage
education
at home 67–68
refugee camps 169
remote education 67–68, 95, 98
school closures 67, 169
Eickers, G. 227, 228
elderly people see older people
Enforced Movement Control Order (EMCO) 155, 159, 160
environmental neuroscience 187–196
essential workers 4, 37, 41–50, 62, 181
see also health care workers
ethnicity 43, 143–153
see also race
expenses, cutting back 24, 26
experiential equity 187–196

F

Fanon, F. 156, 158
favelas 130–132, 133
fear 120–121, 146, 193
Ferguson, D. 247
financial crisis 2007-08 53
fines 26, 36, 54
flats/apartments 158–159
Floyd, George 197–198, 203
Folkman, S. 190
food distribution
Bangladesh 83–91
Denver, USA 123–124, 125
food relief 88–89
‘hustlers’ in Jamaica 54, 56
Istanbul, Turkey 64
Malaysia 160
refugee camps 169
rice ATMs 28
scooter delivery drivers in Dubai 33, 34–36, 37–38
South Africa 108, 111–112
street vendors 21–30, 52, 54, 88, 111–112, 171
food insecurity 83–91, 111–112, 117
Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) 202, 203
Frey, J. 203
frontline workers 62
funerals 241
Furth, P.G. 191

G

G10 Slum Summit 134
gardening 124
Gause, L. 204
gender
activism 100
gender inequalities in Minsk and Kyiv 93–104
‘hustlers’ in Jamaica 54
infrastructure 225, 228
intersectionality 7–8, 189
street vendors in Hanoi 22
working from home 67
Young Female Migrants in Bangladesh 143–153
gender-based violence 148
see also domestic violence
gentrification 7, 9, 179
Gkiotsalitis, K. 2, 3
Global Economic Prospects Report 61
Global South 7, 52, 57, 58, 106–107
gloves 37
Goh, D.P.S. 157, 177
governance 52, 80, 175–184
government financial support 27, 132, 152n14
Graham, R. 240
Graham, S. 118
green public space 188, 191, 192
Grimes, A. 237
Gulf states 31–40

H

Hall, S.M. 224–225
Hand in Hand 46, 47
hand sanitizing/washing 37, 170, 180, 211
Hanoi, Vietnam 21–30
Harvey, D. 52
health care access
Bangladesh 166, 167, 169
Brazil 136
India 80
Malaysia 158
Singapore 182
trans* people in UK 226–228
USA 46
health care workers 62, 64, 65, 96, 133–134, 135–137
health insurance 44
HEROES Act (USA, 2020) 46, 48
Hicken, M.T. 190
Hickey, H. 237, 240
historic urban areas 158–159
Home, R. 157
home-based working 61–69, 94, 96, 102, 137, 236
homeless people 52, 229–230
hospitality industries 177
‘hotspots’ 179–181
housing
Bangladesh 149
flats/apartments 158–159
Malaysia 156, 158–159, 161
migrant workers in Dubai 36, 37, 38
migrant workers in Singapore 178–179
public housing 117–128
purpose-built dormitories (PBDs) 178–179, 180, 181
shared accommodations 36, 38
size of house 110
South Africa 109–110
trans* people 229–230
USA 117–128
see also overcrowding
Hu, S. 4
‘hustlers’ 51–60
hygiene protocols 107, 131–132, 136, 180, 211
see also hand sanitizing/washing ; sanitation

I

ICCCAD (International Centre for Climate Change and Development) 85
ILO (International Labour Organization) 28, 47, 52
immigration raids 155–156, 160, 161
immobilizations of the vulnerable 77–80
see also mobility restrictions
income loss 43, 56, 81, 87–88, 156
India 3, 73–82
inequality
digital poverty 79–80, 237–238
Dubai, UAE 34, 39
experiential equity 187–196
Gulf states 32–33
increase in 26–28, 62
infrastructure 105–115
intersectionality 7–9
pre-existing 2, 5, 7, 67, 108, 113, 144, 156, 181, 225, 230, 245–249
socio-spatial divides 129–140
spatial inequity 65–66
street vendors in Hanoi 22, 26–28
structural inequality 89, 175
urban Malaysia 158–161
visibilization of 7
informal sectors
Bangladesh 88, 146–147, 149
Brazil 135, 137
‘hustlers’ in Jamaica 51–60
India 74, 79
Malaysia 156
refugee camps 171, 172
scooter delivery drivers in Dubai 31–40
South Africa 108, 111–112
street vendors in Hanoi 21–30
informal settlements 84, 87, 88, 89, 110, 130–132, 133, 165–174
infrastructure 105–115, 118, 126–127, 193, 224–225
internet 67, 170, 237–238
intersectionality 7–9, 187, 188–193, 218, 226, 231
IOM (International Organization for Migration) 166
Istanbul, Turkey 61–69

J

Jacobs, J. 193
Jacobsen, K. 172
Jaipragas, B. 155, 162
Jamaica 51–60
job losses 64, 117, 148, 149, 156
Jorgensen, L.J. 193

K

Kaur, S. 178
King, A. 157
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 155–163
Kyiv, Ukraine 93–104

L

labor rights 41–42, 44–47, 149
‘laissez faire’ approaches 93, 94–95, 96
Lawson, V. 42
Lazarus, R.S. 190
Lees, L. 157, 158
Lefebvre, H. 236
Levin, S. 203, 204
Lewin, K. 238–239
LGBT Foundation 226, 227, 228, 229
LGBTQ people 223–233
libraries 238
life expectancy 137
life-spaces 238–239
liminality 143–153
Lindell, I. 52
Liu, L. 4
loans 88
local government 84
lockdowns
Aotearoa New Zealand 235–236, 239, 241
Bangladesh 83–84, 146, 147, 148, 165–166, 167, 169
Brazil 129, 131–132
Denver, USA 120–121
Dubai, UAE 31–32, 36–38
India 73, 76, 80
Jamaica 52, 55, 56, 57
Malaysia 155, 156
Netherlands 210–211
refugee camps 165, 167, 169
Singapore 181
South Africa 106, 107–108, 109–110, 111
Ukraine 93, 95
USA 61, 199–200
Vietnam 21–22
loneliness 79
see also social isolation
Lorde, A. 8
‘low touch’ economy 41
low-income groups
ability to work from home 62
domestic workers in USA 44
Dubai, UAE 31–40
Hanoi, Vietnam 27
South Africa 109–110
spatial inequity 9
use of public transport 4
Young Female Migrants in Bangladesh 143–153
see also socio-economic disadvantage

M

Malaysia 155–163
manufacturing jobs 64, 65, 143–153
Māori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa) 236–237, 240–243
markets 86, 160
masks 36, 37, 108, 132, 170, 180, 242
Masters-Awatere, B. 240
Mazumder, R. 188
McFarlane, C. 118
mental health 79, 96, 97, 99, 188, 227–228, 229
metro rail 75, 78
Meyer, I.H. 190, 192
middle-classes 161
migration
Gulf states 32–33
intersectionality 7–8
migrant domestic workers in USA 42–43, 46–47
migrant workers in Dubai 31
migrant workers in Malaysia 155
migrant workers in Singapore 175–184
street vendors in Hanoi 22
UK queer migration 226
Young Female Migrants in Bangladesh 143–153
Minneapolis, USA 203
minority stress 190–191, 192
Minsk, Belarus 93–104
mitigation 106, 107, 156, 210–211
see also lockdowns ; social distancing
mobility restrictions 56, 73–75, 79, 81, 98, 155–156, 167, 169
see also lockdowns
Mohammad, R. 33
monsoon season 171
motorcycles see scooter delivery drivers in Dubai
movement, expectation of 54
Munive, J. 51
mutual aid 218, 227, 228, 240
Myanmar 160, 166, 172

N

nature, contact with 218, 220
NDWA (National Domestic Workers Alliance) 41, 46, 47, 48
neoliberalism 117, 118
Nesbitt, L. 192
Netherlands 209–221
‘new normal’ 135
New York City, US 46–47, 203
New Zealand 235–244
Nnkya, T. 53
Noapara, Bangladesh 83–91
non-essential bodies 181
non-essential purchases, cutting 24, 26

O

occupational groups and ability to work from home 63–68
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 62
older people
domestic workers 44
Netherlands 209–221
public transport in India 73–82
Opondo, S. 181
Otherness 157, 161, 172, 179
outdoor dining 247
outdoor space 218
overcrowding
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 156, 158, 159, 161
migrant workers in Singapore 180
refugee camps 165, 166, 168–169, 170
São Paulo, Brazil 131–132, 136
South Africa 110–111
USA 125
Özgüzel, C. 62

P

parks 123, 179, 188, 191, 193, 218
Parsell, C. 247
pavements 247
Pham Nga 23, 25, 28
Phan Diep 23, 25, 28
planning 8, 157, 189, 193, 247, 248
policing
Aotearoa New Zealand 241
‘defund the police’ 197–207
Dubai, UAE 37
experiential equity 190, 193, 194
‘hustlers’ in Jamaica 54, 56
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 156, 160, 161
and street vendors 24
poverty see socio-economic disadvantage
power imbalances 2, 95, 236, 239, 241, 248–249
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) 42, 47, 48, 145
precarious dwellings 130–131, 134, 176
precarious employment 52, 176, 179–181, 230
see also informal sectors
prisons 161, 200
privatization of public assets 135
professional occupations 64, 65, 94, 96
prosecutions 24
protest 95, 100, 148, 177, 188, 197–207
public art 193
public health advice 105–115
public housing 117–128
public spaces
parks 123, 179, 188, 191, 193, 218
street vendors 22
urban cleansing 179
urban governance 52–53
and urban stress 188, 191
public transport
Bangladesh 147
Brazil 132, 137–138
buses 3–4, 75, 78, 132
decrease in passengers 2–3, 4, 73–82
essential workers 4
fare rises 80
India 73–82
overcrowding 3–4
reduced services 3
Turkey 67
public-private partnerships 145
purpose-built dormitories (PBDs) 178–179, 180, 181

Q

queering spaces 223
queuing 110

R

race
Brazil 137
experiential equity 189–192
intersectionality 7–8
Malaysia 157
migrant workers in Singapore 175–184
and policing 197–207
racism 8, 156, 160, 179, 188–190, 193, 204, 242
refugees 160
socio-spatial divides 130
trans* people 226, 229
USA 43, 44–45, 117
use of public transport 4
Rahman, F. 85
Rahman, H.Z. 83, 84, 88
Ready- Made Garment industry (RMG) 143–153, 171
refugees 123, 160, 165–174
regulation 44–45
remittance income 33, 36, 53
remote education 67–68, 95, 98
remote working 62, 94
see also working from home
resilience 28, 97, 126, 182
rice ATMs 28
‘right to the city’ 52–53
Rimmer, P.J. 157, 161
roadblocks 36
roads 188
Rohingya people 160, 165–174
rural areas
Bangladesh 88, 144, 147
hate crimes 226
Netherlands 212, 218, 219
Turkey 63
Vietnam 22, 23, 25
Ruszczyk, H.A. 84, 85, 89

S

sanctions 24, 26
Sanderson, W.C. 193
sanitation 157, 158, 160, 166, 170
São Paulo, Brazil 129–140
savings 68, 86, 87
Schmader, T. 190
Schoenberger, L. 22, 23
school closures 67, 169
scooter delivery drivers in Dubai 31–40
segregation 137, 157–158, 162, 178
self-employment 52
self-isolation 5, 94, 96, 101, 132, 136–137, 170, 181
Sewell, W. 190
Shapino, M. 181
shared accommodations 36, 38
see also purpose-built dormitories (PBDs)
Sharp, J. 193
shelters 97, 99
shopping 109–110, 112, 210, 211
see also food distribution
sick leave 5
Sidaway, J.D. 33
sidewalks 247
Simmonds, N. 240
Simone, Abdou Maliq 118, 224
Singapore 175–184
social capital 58
social class
Brazil 138
intersectionality 7–8
Malaysia 156, 160, 161
socio-spatial divides 130
street vendors in Hanoi 22
social contact, designing spaces for 220
social distancing
Bangladesh 83, 146
domestic workers in USA 41
Malaysia 159
migrant workers in Singapore 180
Netherlands 210, 211, 220
refugee camps 165, 167, 170
São Paulo, Brazil 133
scooter delivery drivers in Dubai 36, 38
South Africa 108, 109–110, 111
USA 121, 199
social grants 109
social infrastructure 223–233
social isolation 79, 125–126, 218, 219, 220, 228–229, 239–240
social media 145–146, 238
social networks 51, 100, 121, 123, 148, 218
see also community
socio-economic disadvantage
Bangladesh 86–89, 146–147
Brazil 129–140
digital poverty 237–238, 242
and food insecurity 84
‘hustlers’ in Jamaica 51–60
Malaysia 156
migrant workers in Singapore 175–184
privilege and ability to follow health advice 105–115
refugee camps 171
street vendors in Hanoi 22, 24–25
USA 44, 61, 119
socio-spatial divides 129–140, 175, 178–179, 182
socio-technic systems 118, 224
solidarity 100, 124
South Africa 105–115
spatial inequity 8, 155–163
‘stay home’ measures 79, 156, 167, 199, 210, 211
stereotypes 177, 190
Sternberg, C. 47
stigma and discrimination 23, 25–26, 39, 80, 226–227, 228
Street Presidents 133
street vendors 21–30, 52, 54, 88, 111–112, 171
stress 187–196, 209
see also mental health
suburbs 4, 223
Sukumaran, T. 155, 162
supply chains 62, 146
suppression 106, 107, 108
surveillance 36, 106, 193
survival initiatives 57, 58
sustainability 84, 89

T

Tacoli, C. 84
Tam, T. 245
tangihanga (Māori funeral rituals) 241
Taylor, J. 84, 89
technology
apps 31, 34–36, 134
blind and vision impaired people 236, 237–238
digital literacy in older adults in India 79–80
internet 67, 170, 237–238
online permits and traffic surveillance 36
scooter delivery drivers in Dubai 34–36
social media 145–146, 238
video-conferencing 68, 236, 239
testing 146, 171
Theodore, N. 43
thermal comfort 111
Thieme, T. 51
Thomas, D. 8
tipping 37, 43
Toronto, Canada 3–4, 8
touchless delivery 37
tourism 26, 34, 53
tracking 36, 242
traffic surveillance 36
trans* people 223–233
trauma 169
travel restrictions 160
Trump, Donald 202
Turkey 61–69
Turner, S. 22, 23

U

UK 3, 223–233
Ukraine 93–104
Ullah, A.K.M.A. 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172
UN (United Nations)
refugee camps 170
UN Women 97
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) 166
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) 237, 238
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 237
United Nations World Food Programme (UNWFP) 56
undocumented people 43, 155, 161, 162
unemployment 21, 26, 41, 43, 54, 55, 64, 68, 135, 148
United Arab Emirates 31–40
unpaid leave 64, 68
urban cleansing 179
urban flight 23, 147, 148
urban governance 52–53
urban green equity 192
urban sprawl 156
urban stress 187–196
USA
‘Defund the Police’ 197–207
domestic workers 41–50
public transport 4
quarantine 117–128
working from home 61–62

V

vaccination 9, 170
video-conferencing 68, 236, 239
Vietnam 21–30
Vilenica, A. 247
Villaça, F. 136, 137
violence 110, 169, 171
see also domestic violence
vision impaired people 235–244

W

wage gaps 43
wage regulation 45–46
walking 123, 218
Walsh, K. 33, 34
water 170
weather 171
Weaver, T.P.R. 197, 198, 202
Webber, S.C. 77
welfare systems 43, 44, 46, 96, 101, 109–110
White, D. 237
WHO (World Health Organization) 73, 111, 113, 135, 146, 165
Wilson, A. 225
Wolfe, J. 42, 43
women
domestic workers 41, 42–43
early marriage 148
gender inequalities in Minsk and Kyiv 93–104
safety fears 193
street vendors in Hanoi 22
working from home 67
Young Female Migrants in Bangladesh 143–153
working from home 4, 61–69, 94, 96, 102, 137, 236
World Bank 61
Wyly, E. 5

Y

Yasin, A. 247
young people 33, 122–123

Z

Zacharias, A. 38

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