Index

Publication Date:
25 Jun 2024
Pages:
221–229
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529219197.bm003
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For many people in diverse urban settings around the world, informality is a defining characteristic of the way they live, work, and govern or are governed. This book is the first to provide an introductory overview and global perspective on urban informality, which is increasingly the subject of critical debates in urban studies, planning and related disciplines. It employs a transdisciplinary approach, drawing on and synthesizing insights from different disciplines, particularly social science and the humanities. Alongside historic and current theoretical and policy debates, it engages with diverse representations of urban informality, including fiction, film, poetry, photography, interviews and other media, to bring in diverse voices and perspectives. Exploring experiences and processes of living, working and governing informally, as well as responses to these, the book offers insights into patterns of inequality, poverty and exclusion in different cities, peri-urban areas and places affected by urbanization. Empirical examples are drawn from a wide range of diverse contexts, as urban informality is framed as a global issue, whose precise manifestations are contextually determined, but with the scope to affect all urban inhabitants, in direct or indirect ways. On this basis, we argue for trans-local, multi-voice understandings of informality, that acknowledge the experience of specific places and people, while foregrounding voices less heard in debates.

A

Abrams, C. 16, 28, 29
abuse 75
academic representations 16–17
Accra 31, 69
Acuto, M. 41, 155, 157
Addams, J. 17
AeT (Asiye eTelufani) 144–145, 150, 153, 189
‘affordability,’ defining 59
affordable housing 10, 53, 111, 120, 130
Africa
‘collective life’ 158
contribution of informal economy to GDP 82–83
‘differentiated citizenship’ 93
economic crises 80
informal employment 78–79
inner-city informal housing 48
middle classes 63
urban informal neighbourhoods 50
vertical slums 63–64
African Cities Research Consortium 179
Agbiboa, D.E. 97, 104
agency 38, 96, 158
agency working 74–75
aid agencies 116
‘aided self-help’ 113, 116–119
Ailenei, O. 160
Alfaro d’Alencon, P. 62, 64, 165
alliances 92, 168
AlSayyad, N. 12, 20, 33, 34, 36, 40–41, 184
Amsterdam 102
Ankara 104
anti-capitalist struggles 137, 163
anti-urban bias 30
Appadurai, A. 47
artificial intelligence (AI) 190, 191–192
artistic accounts 15–16, 172–174
asentamiento informales 49
asset accumulation 58, 119, 126
Athens 64
austerity 42, 64
autonomous political organization 96–97
auto-photography 176
Auyero, J. 38, 106
Aymara 80, 84, 162
Azuela, A. 34, 121

B

Bangalore 104
Bangasser, P. 30, 31, 32
Bangkok 139
Bangladesh 107
Bani Gala, Islamabad 63
banking 97, 102, 150–151
Banks, N. 9, 10, 12, 13, 41, 79, 96, 104, 107, 155, 184
barriadas 28–29
basic services 59, 118, 126, 131
Bayat, A. 33, 38, 98, 99, 189
‘beds in sheds’ 42, 43, 46, 65, 187
Behind the Beautiful Forevers (Boo) 106
Beirut 99–100, 102
Belo Horizonte 140, 152
Bendiksen, J. 35
Benjamin, S. 106, 149, 162
Berg, J. 76
beyond informality 40–43, 156–172
Bhan, G. 144, 148, 157, 158, 159–160, 164
Boanada, V. 37, 40, 185
Boanada-Fuchs, A. 37, 40, 185
Bogota 48, 94, 95, 115, 146
Bolivia 25, 67, 68, 79, 84, 94, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103
Bonnet, F. 73, 76, 77
Boo, K. 106
Booth, C. 16, 26
bottom-up perspectives 96–101, 137, 146, 165, 189
boundary conflicts 103
Brazil 93, 100, 122, 131, 142, 152, 169–172, 189
Breeze, M. 97
Brenner, N. 156, 157, 175
bribes 106
see also corruption
Bromley, R. 32, 35
Buenos Aires 38, 48, 106
‘bundle of rights’ 55
bureaucracy 71, 119

C

‘cage’/‘coffin’ housing 49
calculated informality 101–104
Calcutta 101
Caldeira, T. 175
Cali 51, 57, 135, 159
Campbell, H. 177
Cape Town 64, 116
capitalism 35, 69, 70, 71, 85, 119–120, 137, 156, 186
see also neoliberalization
Caracas 56
cartels 149
‘cash for access’ 91
Castán Broto, V. 179
caste relations 75
Castells, M. 70, 96, 97, 137, 184
Catalytic Communities 169–172, 189
categorization 9–13
CBOs (community-based organizations) 123, 125, 126, 129, 144
Chambers, R. 178
Chamoiseau, P. 174
Charco Azul 51–52
Chatteraj, S. 17
Chatterjee, P. 93–94, 106, 163
Chen, M. 5, 6, 11, 35, 69, 70, 71, 73, 81, 84, 135, 142, 143, 150–151, 191
Cheung, S. 49
Chicago 173–174
China 50, 71–72, 78, 84, 116, 162
Chiodelli, F. 43, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119
Chitekwe-Biti, B. 127, 129, 131
Cities Alliance 116
‘Cities without Slums’ 37, 116
citizen organizations 100
citizen-led responses 123–131, 163, 166–172, 189
citizenship 90, 92, 93, 163
Ciudad Bolivar 95
Ciudadela San Antonio, Buenaventura 23
civil society organizations
citizen-led responses 123, 129
cooperative, multi-actor responses 14
governing informally 93–94
living informally 114
neighbourhood associations 99
New Urban Agenda 164, 166
CLASS (Community-Led Action and Savings Support) 167–168
class relations 75, 78
clientelism 12, 34, 53, 91–92, 101, 104–107
climate emergency 190–191
Cochabamba 94, 97, 102
Cociña, C. 125, 126, 129
‘collective life’ 158–160, 162
collective opposition 37–40, 184, 190
collective organization 98–100
collective ownership 55
Collord, M. 12
Colombia 23, 45, 50–52, 58, 95, 135, 150, 159
colonial urbanism 24–25, 41, 53
colonialism
eviction 139
and the ‘global South’ 5
governing informally 92–95, 96
hyperregulation 103
legacy 186
living informally 58, 115
working informally 75, 137
commercial buildings, settlements in 48
community knowledge 18
community mobilizers 89, 128
community organization 118
Community Savers 160, 166–167, 169, 189
community-focused accounts of informality 17–18
conditional cash transfers 17
Connolly, P. 53, 54, 175, 186, 189
consociationalism 91
consolidation processes 60–62
cooperative, multi-actor responses 14, 183–192
co-production 129–131, 179, 187, 188
Cordera, R. 34
‘cordon sanitaire’ 25
CORETT (Comisión para la Regularización de la Tenencia de la Tierra) 121
corruption 12, 63, 67, 91–92
cosmopolitanism 42
COVID-19 80, 81, 144, 159–160, 165, 166, 191
credit, access to 34, 53, 118, 119, 120, 151
criminalization 11, 15, 53, 138, 139, 150, 151, 185, 188
cultural norms 53
‘culture of poverty’ 30, 96
customary rights 146–147

D

Dahiye, Beirut 99–100
daily savings 127–128
data gathering complexities
evictions 115
informal economy’s contribution to the overall economy 82–83
informality generally 18, 175
living informally 11, 49, 55
working informally 76–77
Datta, A. 37
Davis, M. 34, 35, 36
de Certeau, M. 194n2
de Soto, H. 34, 35, 71, 119, 120, 184
‘dead capital’ 34, 71, 119
decolonization 42, 137
definitions 2, 158, 183
Delhi 37, 106, 159, 162
Delhi Group 76
democratization 14, 137, 163
demolition 31, 37, 47, 101, 112, 114–115, 118
deregulation 52, 101, 104, 138
Derickson, K. 156, 157
‘Development’ (Hasan) 178
development planning 30, 41, 119, 139
Devkar, G. 14, 118, 129
Dhaka 107
‘differentiated citizenship’ 92–93, 163
digital cartography 175
dimensions of informality 9–13
Dirty Pretty Things 75
‘dirty work’ 75
displacement 28, 29, 115, 124–125
disregulation 102
‘do no harm’ 190
Dobson, R. 144–145, 149–150
Dodman, D. 191
domestic workers 73, 74–75, 77
Dovey, K. 57, 175
drinking water 59–60, 128
drug trafficking 82
du Toit, D. 75
dualist approaches
21st century debates 35
developments in urban theory 157, 158
formal/informal 9, 17, 184
governing informally 90, 93
working informally 70, 136
Durand-Lasserve, A. 55, 56
Durban 139, 140, 144, 146, 189
Durst, N. 42–43, 65

E

economic crises 80, 191
economic growth 69
Ecuador 48, 139, 141–142
education 152–153
El Alto 67, 68, 79, 84, 97–98, 99, 100, 162
electricity supplies 29, 46, 59, 97, 98, 118, 128
elites
citizenship 92
governing informally 91, 103–104, 188
living informally 62–64
revanchist responses to informal work 139
top-down informal governance 146
urban informality as collective opposition to 38, 40
urban revitalization 141–142
see also middle- and high-income communities
enabling approaches 119–123
Engels, F. 3, 25–26, 27
entrepreneurial informality 34–35, 71
see also micro-entrepreneurialism
enumeration tools 128
environmental regulations 40
eradication policies 29, 37, 112, 114–116
see also eviction
‘escapist’ responses to informal work 137
essentialization 38
ethical considerations in research 176–180
ethnography 38, 40, 176
Everett, M. 115
eviction
governing informally 100
living informally 55, 62, 112, 114–115, 122
market evictions 55, 116
responses to informality 15, 17, 18, 188, 190
working informally 138–142
exploitation 34, 71, 72, 75, 118

F

Fairbanks II, R. 64
Favela Bairro programme 122
favelas 32, 37–38, 45, 49, 169–172
Fawaz, M. 102
Fernandes, E. 53, 122, 123
Few, R. 48
financial institutions 97, 102, 127–128, 148–149, 150–151, 168
Fine Balance, A (Mistry, 1995) 74, 84, 106, 172, 183
flexibilization 71
floods 40, 62
food security 159–160
FORLAC (Program for the Promotion of Formalization in Latin America and the Caribbean) 142
formalization 62, 100, 112, 135, 136, 138, 142–143, 150, 188, 190
Foster, C. 151
Fox, S. 28, 30, 53
Fraser, A. 165, 166
Frear, S. 75
Frediani, A. 100, 125, 126, 129
Freire, P. 178
Frey, C.B. 192
Friedmann, J. 123
funding agencies 116, 117, 118

G

Gago, V. 84, 162
Garschagen, M. 165, 166
Gaskell, E. 173
GDP, contribution of informal economy to 82–83
gender
domestic workers 75, 77
informal employment 78
legal titles 120
working informally 12
see also women
gentrification 116, 122, 124–125
geographic information systems (GIS) 18, 175
geopolitics 91, 186, 187
Germany 2
Ghana 31–32, 184
Ghertner, D.A. 106
Gibson-Graham, J.K. 137
gig economy 6, 67, 75–78, 84, 185, 192
Gilbert, A. 36, 37, 51, 57, 112
Giovannini, F. 112
Glasgow 4
global economic crisis 2008 80, 191
global North
contribution of informal economy to GDP 82–83
informal employment 78
informal settlements 3
informal work 6
living informally 64–65, 97
Global Report on Human Settlements (UN-Habitat, 2003) 36
global scale informality 42–43
global South
governing informally 90, 92, 94
informal neighbourhoods 11
radical instability 156
Southern urban theory 5, 16–17, 42, 65, 156–157, 164, 190
South-North comparisons/learning 42, 65, 166, 169, 186, 189
South-South comparisons 42, 186
as term 5
urbanization 28
working informally 69
global urban agenda 112–114
global value chains 84, 149, 185
globalization 36, 38, 52, 184
Goldstein, D.M. 94, 98, 102
Goodfellow, T. 28, 90, 91, 92, 94
governing informally 12, 89–109, 146–147, 163–164, 185
autonomous political organization 96–97
calculated informality 101–104
clientelism 12, 34, 53, 91–92, 101, 104–107
collective organization 98–100
corruption 12, 63, 67, 91–92
insurgent politics 98, 100–101
hyperregulation 102–103
quiet encroachment 38, 98–99, 146, 147, 189
‘gray spaces’ 101–102
Guangzhou 72
Guayaquil 57, 97, 139, 141–142, 175
guilds 147, 150
Guma, P. 160, 164, 176
Gupte, J. 115

H

Habitat International Coalition (HIC) 125, 126–127
Hackenbroch, K. 60
Hall, P. 26, 28, 30
Hardoy, J. 24, 34, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56, 58
Hardy, D. 64
Harris, R. 40, 43, 53, 94, 95, 96, 185
Hart, K. 31, 69, 70, 184
Hasan, A. 123, 124–125, 177–178
health and safety regulations 75
Heeks, R. 151
Helmke, G. 89, 90, 91
Hernández, F. 25, 158
heroism 35
heuristic categorization 155
Hill, O. 17
Holston, J. 92, 93, 100, 163
Holzinger, K. 93
home-based work 58, 73–74, 81, 148, 149
homelessness 47, 117, 126
Hong Kong 49
Horn, P. 58, 79, 103, 104, 149
Hossain, S. 60
‘House of Wonders,’ Zanzibar 93
housing 57–58
see also affordable housing ; living informally
Housing for All Movement 100
housing quality 57, 62, 64
Huang, G. 72
Huchzermeyer, M. 40, 112, 114, 115–116
hukou 72
human rights 112, 126, 151
human trafficking 82, 102
Hunsley, P.M. 8–9

I

Illegal (Patrick Magebhula Hunsley) 8–9
illegal/semi-legal economic practices/work 11, 81–82
ILO (International Labour Organization) 5, 30, 31, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 80, 142, 151, 160, 188
immigration status 75, 97
improvement of housing (existing) 57, 60–61
India
affordable housing 130
co-production 131
domestic workers 75
governing informally 93–94, 101
living informally 37, 39, 47, 127, 130
pavement dwelling 47
‘slums’ 37, 39
street vending 147
working informally 5–6, 74
Indian Alliance 127
Indigenous populations
colonial urbanism 24–25
‘differentiated citizenship’ 93
domestic workers 75
‘gray spaces’ 102
informal employment 79–80, 84
‘traditional’ governance 93
urbanization 28
working informally 137, 162
industrialization 25, 28, 69, 70
informal economic practices
characteristics of 5–6, 31
under-estimations of 30
informal assets as ‘dead capital’ 34
legal and illegal 81–82
see also working informally
informal employment 73–80
see also working informally
informal neighbourhoods 3–4, 10, 11, 25–30, 35–41, 45–66, 104
see also living informally ; services to informal neighbourhoods
‘infrastructural citizenship’ 163, 190
infrastructure 59–60, 163
see also services to informal neighbourhoods
inner-city informal housing 47–48
Institute for Liberty and Democracy 120
insurgent politics 98, 100–101
Inter-American Development Bank 192
intergenerational assets 58
International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) 76
International Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics 72, 76
International Monetary Fund 36, 52, 112, 188
invisibility 18
Islamabad 63
Israel 80, 93, 101, 186
Istanbul 102, 158
Italy 43

J

Jaffe, R. 102
Jaglin, S. 60
Jakarta 43, 159
Jeffrey, A. 12
job creation 69, 149
Johannesburg 48, 68, 139, 147, 159, 163
‘jugaad’ 17
Jungle, The (Sinclair, 1906) 173–174

K

Kamete, A.Y. 139
Karachi 123, 124–125
Keivani, R. 117, 118, 119
Kelling, E. 2, 157
Kenya
alternative approaches 168, 188
governing informally 89, 93, 100–101, 104, 105
informal neighbourhoods 3, 63, 111, 128
working informally 149, 151
Kenya Mission 30, 69, 70
Kibera 188
Kiddle, G. 111, 112, 113, 114, 119
King, R. 57
kinship cultures 84, 93, 107
KNOW (Knowledge in Action for Urban Inequality) 179
Koechlin, L. 91
Koster, M. 102
Kuyucu, T. 102

L

La Paz 25, 97, 103
labour protections 67, 70, 74, 76, 143, 144, 151–152
Lagos 97, 104, 139, 158, 166
land acquisition 46, 49, 55–57, 94–95, 103, 105, 112, 117–118, 185
land invasion/squatting 56, 97, 98, 102, 104, 117
land tenure 55
see also legal titles ; tenure security
land values 55
Langston, J. 91
Latin America
collective life 162
colonial legacies 186
colonial urbanism 24–25
contribution of informal economy to GDP 82–83
domestic workers 75
economic crises 80
eradication policies 114
informal economic practices 31–32
informal work 142
inner-city informal housing 48
Latin American research 17, 33–34
living informally 186–187
rapid urbanization 28–30
regularization 122–123
urbanización popular 158
Lebanon 99–100, 102
Ledeneva, A. 91
Lefebvre, H. 156, 163
legal advocacy 152
legal pluralism 90, 102–103
legal titles 34, 55, 62, 105, 113, 119–120
legalist approaches 9, 17, 35, 70, 71, 138, 184
legalization of assets 34
Legg, S. 42
Lemanski, C. 163
Levenson, A.R. 71, 184
Levitsky, S. 89, 90, 91
Lewis, O. 30, 96
Lewis, W.A. 69
liberalization 36, 38, 184
Lima 28, 29, 56, 96, 117
Limuru Declaration 126
Lindell, I. 91, 139
Linz, J. 116
lived experience 38, 153
living informally 45–66
causal factors in living informally 52–54
characteristics of 10–11
clientelism 104
contextual factors 53
emerging alternative theories 158–160
governing informally 97, 99, 100
informal neighbourhoods 3–4, 10, 11, 25, 40–41, 45–66, 104
multi-voice understandings of 185, 189
responses to 111–133
top-down informal governance 102
loan sharks 97, 150
lobbying 100
local governments 14, 15, 37, 117
see also state roles
Lombard, M. 10, 11, 12, 43, 51, 56, 58, 65, 89, 95, 104, 121, 157
London 25–26, 27, 43, 64, 65
longitudinal research 175, 176, 187
López, A. 51–52
Lucknow 32
lynch-mob justice 97–98

M

Mabin, A. 164
Madrid 64
Malecón 2000 139, 141–142
Maloney, W.F. 71, 184
Manchester 27, 157, 160, 168, 173, 189
Mangin, W. 29, 35
Manila 47
mapping technology 175, 192
marginality, myth of 32–33, 174
‘marginality’ as alternative to informality 158
market evictions 55, 116
Marx, C. 2, 157
Marxist political economy 70, 137, 156, 186
Mary Barton (Gaskell, 1848) 173
massification of production 69
Matin, I. 150, 151
Matos Mar, J. 28
Mayne, A. 17, 28, 37
McFarlane, C. 40, 42, 62, 75, 98, 104, 128, 129, 155, 163, 169, 186
McGranahan, G. 120
Mearns, A. 26, 27
media representations 16, 65
membership organizations 147, 148
Menon, G. 47
Meth, P. 10, 11, 12, 37, 89
methodological considerations 174–176
Mexico 65, 91, 104, 120, 121, 127, 142
Mexico City 34, 48, 50, 53, 56, 81, 96, 116, 158, 175
micro-credits 135, 150, 151
micro-entrepreneurialism 34, 64, 137, 148, 149, 150–151
microfinance 148, 151
micro-flats 64
middle- and high-income communities 40, 46, 62–64, 188
middle and high-value developments 55
migrant workers 75
Millennium Development Goals 10–11, 116, 120, 165
Mills, C.W. 12, 91
Miraftab, F. 100
‘missing middle’ 63
Mistry, R. 74, 106, 172, 183
Mitlin, D. 15, 53, 54, 59, 60, 92, 104, 106, 123, 127, 129, 131, 150, 169, 179–180
Moatasim, F. 63
mobile money transfer 151
modernization 69, 138, 139
moral problems 26, 30
Morar Carioca 122
Moser, C. 34, 35, 38, 57, 58, 70, 97, 98, 118, 137, 175, 178
motivations for informal work 72
Moulaert, F. 160
movies 75, 175
M-Pesa 151
Mukuru informal neighbourhood 3, 64, 89, 100–101, 104, 105, 111, 128, 149, 188
multi-actor responses 14, 183–192
multi-sector responses 190
Mumbai 39, 40, 47, 50, 62, 104, 130, 162, 174
Muungano wa Wanavijiji 100, 149, 168
Mwau, B. 64
Myers, G.A. 93

N

Nairobi 3, 50, 57, 63, 64, 89, 93, 104, 105, 111, 128, 149, 168, 188
Namibia 131
National Association of Street Vendors in India 147
National Slum Dwellers Federation of India 127
Nazha, N. 99
neighbourhood associations 99, 100
neoliberalization 14, 38, 100, 113
Netherlands 102
Neuwirth, R. 173–174
New Public Management 114
New Urban Agenda (NUA) 14, 114, 155–156, 164–166, 175, 188
New York 16, 26–27
NGOs (non-government organizations) 14, 97, 100, 125, 126, 129, 144–145, 147, 169–172, 189
Nicaragua 148
Nigeria 97, 104, 116, 131
Nima, Accra 31, 69
non-enforcement of regulations 53, 62
Nthambi Jimmy, E. 63

O

occupation of land 56
see also land acquisition ; land invasion/squatting ; tenure security
Odongo, L. 194n1
Ohnsorge, F. 82
older people 79
Omeogun, A.O. 139, 140
Operation Murambatsvina 115
Orangi Pilot 124–125
‘ordinary cities’ 41
organized crime 62, 150
organized disorder 102
organizing logic, informality as 40–41
origins of urban informality 24–28
Osborne, M. 192
Ostrom, E. 130, 131
‘othering’ 157
Our World in Data 59
outsourcing 70–71, 137
overcrowding 26, 43, 57, 126
over-regulation 71
Özdemirli, Y.K. 104–105

P

Painter, J. 12
Pakistan 63, 123, 124–125, 131
Palestine 101
Parnell, S. 113
participatory research methods 178–179
Patel, K. 118
Patel, S. 156
patronage 12, 53, 91–92, 104
pavement dwelling 47
Payne, G. 62, 119, 120, 121, 122
Peake, L. 34, 118
peripheral land 25, 55, 56, 119, 160, 186, 190
Perlman, J. 32, 35, 158, 175
permacrisis 190, 191
Peru 28, 29, 56, 96, 117, 120
Philadelphia 64
photography 16
pirating 29, 59
place-specific planning 147–150, 190
planning consultations 111
planning ethics 177–178
planning regulations 41, 53, 101, 139, 147–150
platform-based employment 75–76, 78, 185, 192
poetry 8–9, 178
policing 97
policy and practice-based accounts of informality 17
politics
causal factors of living informally 53
co-production 131
governing informally 6, 12, 89–109
and informality 90–92
political appointments 91
‘politics of redress’ 98–99
Ponte Tower, Johannesburg 48
‘popular economy’ 17, 85, 162–163
popular urbanization 158–160
population growth 52, 79
Porter, L. 93, 165, 166
Portes, A. 70, 137, 184
positionality (of researchers) 177
postcolonialism
colonial legacies 186
governing informally 90, 92–95, 96, 186
planning regulations 139
postcolonial urban theory 41–42, 65
theory 5
working informally 137
Potter, R. 5
Pritchett, L. 94, 95
privatization 52, 120
PRODEL (Local Development Programme) 148, 151
property ownership 34
see also asset accumulation
protected markets 70
provincialization of urban theory 156
public spaces and informal economic activity 149–150
‘pulling strings’ 2, 6

Q

quiet encroachment 38, 98–99, 146, 147, 189
Quiros-Romero, G. 82–83

R

race
domestic workers 75
racial segregation 25, 41, 93
working informally 137
Rakodi, C. 95
Rakowski, C.A. 35
Rankin, K. 177
Rao, V. 164
rapid urbanization 90, 111
Raval, N. 192
reciprocity 34, 35
recovery house movement 64
Red Light District, Amsterdam 102
refugee camps 97, 187
regularization 62, 112, 114, 122–123
regulation
democratic reform 137
and the desire for invisibility 18
formalization 142–143
governing informally 12, 94, 96
housing 28
hyperregulation 102–103
informal work 151
legalist approaches 71, 138
non-enforcement of regulations 53, 62
over-regulation 71
planning regulations 41, 53, 101, 139, 147–150
protected markets 31
regulatory non-compliance 53
subdivision 56–57
voluntarist approaches 71
rental housing 50, 64
representations 6, 15–18
research ethics 176–180
research methods 174–176
Resident Welfare Associations 106
resistance 38, 158
responses to informality, analyzing 13–15
‘return of the slum’ 36–37
revanchist responses to informal work 138–142
Right to the City 163
Riis, J. 15, 16, 26–27, 28
Rio de Janeiro 56, 122, 139, 169–172, 175, 189
Roberts, G.D. 174
Robinson, J. 41, 42, 138, 156, 186
Rocco, R. 163
Roma 75
romanticization 16, 38
Rome 64
Romero, G. 126, 127
Romero, J.L. 33–34, 126
Roy, A. 36, 38, 40–41, 62, 101, 137, 156, 185, 186
Royston, L. 55, 56
rural-urban migration 47, 69, 70, 79
Russia 91

S

Salazar, C. 34
Samper, J. 49, 175
San Francisco 43
sanitation 59, 111, 113, 118, 124–125, 131
Santiago 56, 96
São Paulo 48–49, 100, 159
Sassen, S. 139
Satterthwaite, D. 15, 34, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 113, 117–118, 119, 123, 129, 131, 166
savings groups 127–128, 150, 151, 168
Schmid, C. 156, 157, 175
Schneider, F. 81–82
schools 149, 152–153
security services 97
Self-Employed Women’s Association 147
self-employment 70, 75, 77–78
self-help processes
20th century policy debates 33, 34
emerging alternative theories 161, 185, 189
governing informally 96–97
living informally 45, 57, 59, 60, 113, 116, 123, 131
self-reliance 38
self-sufficiency 137
Sen, A. 58
sensationalism 16
services to informal neighbourhoods
basic services 59, 118, 126, 131
Cali 52
clientelism 105
collaboration to achieve 59–60
community-based organizations (CBOs) 128–129
co-production 131
data collection 128
housing quality 57
incremental 46
informal provision of 149
regularization 122, 124
sanitation 59, 111, 113, 118, 124–125, 131
security services 97
settlement upgrading 117
sewerage and waste management 59, 118, 122
street lighting 46, 60, 118
UN-Habitat definition of informal neighbourhoods 49
water supplies 29, 59, 97, 113, 118, 128
settlement upgrading 117
sewerage and waste management 59, 118, 122
Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI) 18, 100, 126, 127–129, 149, 150, 168, 189
Shantaram (Roberts, 2004) 174
Silver, J. 163
Simone, A. 38, 84, 85, 156, 158, 163, 186
Sinclair, U. 173–174
Singer, H. 69
‘sites of critical analysis’ 9–10, 41, 184
Skinner, C. 135, 139, 150
slavery 92
Slough 42
‘slums’ 3, 10, 15–16, 25–30, 35–41, 48
Smith, N. 139
Smith, P. 75, 81
social and solidarity economy 160–162, 190
social infrastructure 163
social investments 84
social networks 92
social processes, informal neighbourhoods as 40–41
social production of habitat (SPH) 126–127
Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) 47
South Africa
colonial legacies 186
embracing informal work 144–145, 146
eradication policies 37, 115–116
eviction 139, 140, 147
global value chains 84–85
Homeless People’s Federation 127
informal neighbourhoods 58, 118
micro-flats 64
savings groups 168
‘slums’ 37, 115
working informally 68
South Asia
domestic workers 75
gig economy 78
inner-city informal housing 48
pavement dwelling 47
vertical slums 63–64
Southern urban theory 5, 16–17, 42, 65, 156–157, 164, 190
South-North comparisons/learning 42, 65, 166, 169, 186, 189
South-South comparisons 42, 186
Special Planning Areas 101, 104, 149, 188
‘squatting’/land invasion 28, 56, 97, 98, 104, 117
Staab, S. 142
state roles
affordable housing 111
co-production 129–131
governing informally 90, 94, 96, 163–164
informality as state (in)action 40–43
living informally 54, 114–123
New Urban Agenda 164–166
working informally 137
stereotypes 30, 37, 38
Stokes, C. 29
street lighting 46, 60, 118
street vending 72, 79, 98, 102, 139, 144, 146, 147, 152, 162
Streule, M. 158
Structural Adjustment Programmes 36, 52, 80
structuralist approaches 9, 17, 35, 70, 136–137, 184
‘subaltern urbanism’ 38
subcontracting 67, 73, 84
subdivision 56–57
subletting 49, 50, 58
surplus labour 69
surveillance 192
survival activities 11, 70, 165
suspension of order 12
Sustainable Cities and Communities 188
Sustainable Development Goals 4, 10, 36, 59, 120, 142, 164, 165, 166, 175, 188
Swanson, K. 139, 141–142

T

Ta no Mapa 175
Tanzania 152
Tassi, N. 84, 150
tenement housing 48, 64
tenure security 28–29, 46, 50, 55–57, 62, 113, 118–120, 122, 185
Texaco (Chamoiseau, 1998) 174
Texas 43
Thailand 139
title legalization 34, 119–120
Tomas, F. 34
top-down versus bottom-up responses 14–15, 96, 101–107, 138–143, 164–166, 188–189
tourism 139
trade unions 99, 147, 161
trading informally 102
see also street vending
‘traditional’ governance 93
transcending informal urbanism 41–43
transdisciplinary lens 6, 36
Tshwane 84, 85
Turkey 102, 104
Turner, J. 33, 35, 96, 117, 175

U

ubiquity of informality 40
UK 2, 12, 43, 65, 91, 173
UN 126
underemployment 69
unemployment 69, 106
UN-Habitat
citizen-led responses 125
conferences 113, 164, 188
definition of informal neighbourhoods 10, 49, 53, 55, 57, 59
eviction 140
Global Campaign for Security of Tenure (1999) 113, 120
Global Report on Human Settlements 36
Human Settlements Programme 3
international governance 14, 112, 164, 188
New Urban Agenda (NUA) 164
services provision 117
working informally 148, 149, 151, 152
United Nations
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 164
‘Cities without Slums’ 37
Millennium Development Goals 10–11, 116, 120, 165
Sustainable Development Goals 4, 10, 36, 59, 120, 142, 164, 165, 166, 175, 188
United States 12, 65, 75, 91, 173–174
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 151
universalism 156, 165, 185
University of Manchester 31
University of Nairobi 31
unskilled/low-skilled work 69, 76
upgrading 33, 118–119, 122, 128–130, 149
urban development 40
urban informal neighbourhoods 49–51
urban planners, training of 152–153
Urban Popular Economies Collective 162
‘urban reform coalitions’ 169
Urban Resource Centre 123, 124–125
urban revitalization 139, 141–142
urban theory 156–158
see also Southern urban theory
‘urban villages’ 50
urbanization 25–26, 28–30, 36, 56, 90, 94, 111

V

Valencia, S.C. 146
van Ballegooijen, J. 163
van Blerk, L. 176
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements 113
Vanek, J. 5, 6, 11, 73, 77, 78
Vargas Falla, A.M. 146
Varley, A. 37, 49, 62, 121, 122, 158
vertical slums 63–64
Villa El Salvador 117
violence 23, 30, 37, 75, 99, 100, 107
Vitamin B 2, 6
vocabularies, new 157
voluntarist approaches 35, 70, 71, 184

W

Wade, P. 75
Waibel, M. 155
Ward, C. 64
water supplies 29, 59, 97, 113, 118, 128
Watson, V. 41, 42, 93, 96, 135, 139, 152, 156, 177, 186
Webb, J. 91
Wegmann, J. 42–43, 65
Weinstein, L. 62, 63, 104
Werna, E. 117, 118, 119
WIEGO (Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing), 72, 76, 81, 144, 148, 152, 161–162, 189
Williams, R. 157
Wirth, L. 195n3
women 12, 31, 75, 77–78, 127, 128, 161–162, 166–167
word cloud 2
workers’ rights 151
working informally 67–87
20th century policy debates 30–32
embracing 144–153
emerging alternative theories 160–163
governing informally 94
incorporation into economic analysis 31–32
interrelated dimensions 5–6, 7, 11–12, 185, 189
responses to 135–154
World Bank 33, 36, 52, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 164, 188
‘world class cities’ 135, 139, 185
World Health Organization 59
Wright, E.O. 137

X

Xalapa 33, 50, 56, 61, 104

Y

Yelling, J.A. 26, 28
Yiftachel, O. 42, 93, 101–102, 115, 137, 186
young people 78
Yu, S. 82

Z

Zanzibar 93
Zeiderman, A. 157
Zimbabwe 115
zoning regulations 63, 99, 102

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