Index

Authors:
John Scott
and
Zoe Staines
Publication Date:
11 Jan 2023
Pages:
163–170
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529220346.bm001
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Ten per cent of the world’s population lives on islands, but until now the place and space characteristics of islands in criminological theory have not been deeply considered. This book moves beyond the question of whether islands have more or less crime than other places, and instead addresses issues of how, and by whom, crime is defined in island settings, which crimes are policed and visible, and who is (or is not) subject to regulation. These questions are informed by a ‘politics of place and belonging’ and the distinctive social networks and normative structures of island communities.

At the crux of these projects is an understanding of power structures, both within island communities and at a broader geo-political level. Drawing widely on diverse sociological and criminological literatures, including decolonial and post-colonial critiques, this book explores deviance and crime on islands as sites of production (agriculture, industry), consumption (tourism, extractivism), exploitation (invasion, colonization), and exclusion (detention centres, prisons). As the book conveys, islands are complex and interesting localities, situated on the periphery of peripheries and regularly overlooked in criminological theorizing. They are sometimes akin to ‘hyperreal’ versions of containment that enable non-island spaces to be understood as ‘free’, while at other times becoming enclaves for resistance and protection from the mainstream/mainland. Drawing on diverse cases and examples, this book re-examines how fundamental concepts for understanding crime and regulation, such as social integration, community and belonging, as well as exclusion and Othering, are practised in the often closed and bounded networks of island ecologies.

References to endnotes show the page and chapter number and the note number (139ch4n2).

A

Adamo, A. 112, 120, 121, 122–123, 124, 125
The Admirable Crichton 40–41
Agamben, G. 55, 112, 118
Agozino, B. 20, 63, 64
AIDS pandemic 57
Albuquerque, K. 28, 29
Alcatraz 50–51, 53
Amnesty International 118, 119
Ancient Greece 37
And Then There Were None 34
Anderson, B. 9, 12
Anderson, C. 114, 115, 139n2
anomie 107, 122, 125
anthropology, classical 26
Armstrong, S. 19, 21, 43, 44
asylum seekers 117–120, 125
‘Ata castaways 136, 137
Aurukun 70–71, 72–73, 75, 76
Australia
asylum seeker policy 118–119
carceral islands in desert outback 67–72
continuing echoes 72–77
Community Development Programme (CDP) 74
‘islanding as erasure’ in settler colonial 64–77, 77–78
penal settlements as tourist sites 58
policing in rural spaces 93
prison hulks 54–55
‘protection era’ 67
social disorganization and crime 23–24
start of European settlement 65–66
see also Indigenous groups in Australia

B

Bahamas 27
Baldacchino, G. 7, 8, 12, 14, 26, 43, 45, 61, 66, 68, 71, 77, 112, 126, 132, 138
Ballanytyne, R.M. 8, 36, 135
banking, offshore 28
Barrie, J.M. 40
Barrington, R. 48, 49
Bastøy Island 51–53
Batavia 1–4, 5–9
Baudrillard, J. 58
Bauman, Z. 44
The Beach of Falseá 40
beachscapes 14, 45
Beacon Island 1, 2, 3, 4
Bell, D. 9, 35, 37, 38
belonging 9–10, 15, 26–27, 131
flexible dynamic 132
place attachment informing 9, 22, 106
politics of 10, 16, 131–132
teu le va a framework for 137
Bentham, J. 55
Bernier and Dorre Islands 48–49
biopower 43, 47, 58
bonding ties 107, 109–110
borders
control of Aboriginal 68, 72, 73, 74, 77
globalization and shifting 44, 111
the Other at 24, 43–45
Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL) 120, 121
Bougainville Island 112, 120–124
blockade 112
climate change 126
comparing experiences of Nauru and 124–125
compensation 121, 123
copper mining 120–121
environmental destruction 121
policing 85
violence and conflict 112, 121–123, 124
Bougainville Revolution Army (BRA) 121, 122, 124
boundedness, island 13–14, 42, 51, 125
Bounty mutiny 100, 103, 109
Braithwaite, J. 20, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 107, 109
Bregman, R. 135–136
Breidenbach, C. 14, 45
bridging ties 107
British East India Company (EIC) 114
British Isles 13, 27, 39, 80
Bruny Island 46
Bull, M. 83, 85, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97

C

Canada 48, 78
carbon capture 126, 127
carceral islands in Australian desert 67–72
continuing echoes of 72–77
Caribbean 28–30
Carrington, K. 20, 23, 25, 26, 107
Cartwright, S. 48
castaways 7, 62, 136, 137
Cayman Islands 28
Charriére, H. 54
Chicago School 23
child sex abuse 27, 102, 103, 104
Christianity 71, 84, 87, 100, 101, 108, 137
Christie, A. 34
Christmas Island 126
classifications of islands 12–16
climate change 112, 126, 134
resilience to 126–127
collective efficacy 22, 23, 109
colonialism
conquering of nature 36
crime in image of undesirable Other 23, 63–64, 66, 111
criminal justice systems 63–64, 82–83
transitioning from 82–85
extractive colonialism 113–115
on Nauru 115–120
islands as sites for experiments in 7–8
vs. settler colonialism 62–63
see also settler colonialism
colonization
Batavia mutineers mimicking brutality of 6
crimes of 133
of islands 7–8, 61–64, 133–134
and spice trade 134
Torres Strait Islands resistant to 64, 105
Coming of Age in Samoa 26, 37
Commonwealth of Australia 88, 89, 90
communitarianism 15, 23–24, 26–27, 99, 109, 131
Community Development Programme (CDP) 74
compensation for environmental damage 117, 121, 123
concept of islands 15
connectedness, isolation in tension with 15, 43, 52–53, 71
Connell, J. 12, 14, 15, 20, 32, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 134
Connell, R. 20–21
convict transportation 36, 39, 54, 114–115
Cook, Captain J. 39–40, 65
copper mining 120–121
The Coral Island 8, 36, 40, 135
Cornelisz, J. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
COVID-19 pandemic 44, 46
creating islands under settler colonialism 67–72
crime
drug trafficking 28, 29
and extractivism through a prism of islandness 124–125
fear of 9, 21, 22, 30
firearm trafficking 29–30
in Greenland 31
hidden 17, 35, 92–93, 99
of Pitcairn Island 102–105
in image of undesirable Other 23, 63–64, 66, 111
incarceration rates 75, 77
integration, island settings and 92–96
island insularity and 105–109, 110
Nordic islands 30–31
organized 27, 29, 119
property 25, 28, 31, 89, 93, 107
racialization of 23, 25, 76
‘rural’ 23–24, 24–25, 106, 133–134
social capital
as crime preventative 23, 64, 109
as crime productive 92–93, 99, 109–110
social integration producing and preventing 98–99
tourism and 28–29
urban 20
victims 25, 28, 29, 33, 38, 86, 95
violent 6, 25, 29, 109, 121–123, 124
crime fiction 32–41
horror 37–41, 135
idyll 35–37
crime maps 22, 23
crime prevention 25, 29, 109
and alternatives to extractivism 128
place attachment and 22
social capital and 23, 64, 109
tight social control and 24
crime rates 28, 29, 30, 75, 80, 106
low 30–31, 34, 64, 81
criminal body, island isolation of 50–56
criminal justice systems
colonial transition in Pacific 82–85
maintaining of social divisions 130
and state sponsored violence 70
as tools of colonialism 63–64, 82–83
criminology
decolonization of 20
as a ‘discipline’ 129
disciplining and controlling the Other 63
geography informing 19, 20, 129, 137–138
neglect of islands and remote locations 20–21, 24
Southern 20, 41
space, place and 20–24
textbooks 21
urban 19
vocational and critical approaches to 129–130
see also green criminology ; rural criminology

D

‘dark tourism’ 4–5, 51, 58
Dash, M. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Death in Paradise 33, 35
decolonization of criminology 20
definitions of islands 12–16, 67
Defoe, D. 7, 35, 51
detention, administrative 49
detention camps 50, 51
detention centres, refugee 117–120, 125
Devil’s Island 51, 54
Diamond, J. 61, 67
Dinnen, S. 12, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 117, 119
disease 45–50, 116, 139ch3n1
dissection of prison hulk corpses 54
domestic and family violence (DFV) 86, 87, 89–90, 92, 93, 110
Dorre island 48–49
Douglas, M. 39, 43, 45, 47, 62, 65
drug trafficking 28, 29
Dutch East India Company 6, 114
Dwyer, A. 75
dystopias, island 7, 32, 38, 40
see also horror, island

E

eco-tourism 126
economies, small island 27
Edge, A. 6
Elias, N. 10, 11, 131
empire 41, 61
see also colonialism ; colonization
‘enclave tourism’ 28
environmental
destruction 112, 113, 117, 121, 124, 125, 134
compensation claims 117, 121, 123
sociology 23
stewardship 125, 127–128
Epstein, J. 27
Erikson, K.T. 9
escape, islands as a form of 56–57
established–outsider relations 10–11, 24, 93, 97, 131–132
exception, islands as sites of 55, 111–112, 118, 119, 125
executions 1, 3, 4, 65, 139ch4n2
exemption passes 68, 70, 73
extractive capitalism 126, 127, 134
green criminology and 112–113
greenwashing 127
extractive colonialism 113–115
on Nauru 115–120
extractivism 111–112
on Bougainville Island 120–124
and climate change 126
understood through prism of islandness 124–125

F

Faroe Islands 30, 34
Farran, S. 100, 103, 108
fear of crime 9, 21, 22, 30
Ferdon, E. 101
fiction see crime fiction
Fiji 83, 86, 87, 116
financial centres, off-shore 27, 28
Fire Island 56–57
firearm trafficking 29–30
‘First Law’ 127
Firth, S. 115, 116
Flores 42
Foucault, M. 14, 43, 44, 45–46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 139ch3n1
freedom within constraints 52–53, 119

G

Galapagos 42
Garland, D. 85
Garvin, T. 123, 124, 140n3
gemeinschaft 24, 99
gendered violence 85–87, 96–97, 123
genocide 6, 35, 69, 113, 133
geographies, island 7, 8, 12, 13, 20, 45, 62, 78, 132
and Pitcairn Island narrative 98, 99–100, 104, 105
and Torres Strait Islands 64, 105
gesellschaft 24
Gibson, C. 56, 76
Global North 20–21, 23, 127, 133
policing islands 80
study of Nordic Islands 30–31
understanding of islands as tourists sites 27–28
Goffman, E. 7, 50
Golding, W. 7, 40, 135, 137
gossip 11, 99, 104, 140ch6n1
Gray, D. 81
green criminology 111, 112–113, 125, 128, 134
Greenland 31
greenwashing 127
Guantanamo Bay 51
Gulliver’s Travels 35, 36

H

habitat islands 67, 68, 72
Harris, C. 78
Hau’ofa, E. 15–16, 32
Hayes, W. 4, 5
Hobbes, T. 130, 135
Hodgkinson, T. 30
Hogg, R. 20, 21, 23, 25, 36, 38, 39
Holt, L. 70
homo floresiensis 42
homosexuality 48, 56, 57, 94–95
horror, island 32, 37–41, 135
Batavia 1–4, 5–9
Pitcairn Island 102–105
Houtman Abrolhos Islands 1–4, 4–5
human nature 130
hyperreal 58–59

I

identity, place and 9–10, 15, 21–22, 106
idyll, island 8, 8–9, 32, 35–37, 41, 99
Pitcairn Island 100–101
‘imagined communities’ 8, 9, 12
‘in’ and ‘out’ groups 22, 43, 132
inbreeding 101
incarceration rates 75, 77
Indigenous groups in Australia
apartheid-like policies towards 67–68
banishment to island prisons 66–67
colonial framing as parasites 63
concepts of time 127
crime rates 75
displacement to reserves and missions 68–72
Dreaming stories 65
in early settler criminal justice system 63–64
exemption passes 68, 70, 73
‘First Law’ 127
impact of environmental destruction on 113
incarceration rates 75, 77
‘islanding as erasure’ of 64–77, 77–78
learning from philosophies and practices of 127–128
medicine as an instrument of oppression 48–49
as other rurals and rural Others 37, 38
as outsiders in own lands 11
policing of remote communities 74–75, 76
in policing roles 89
prior to settler colonization 65
self-determination 72–73
victims of crime 38
Industrial Revolution 36
industry 111–128
insularity 15, 32, 98–110
integration 80–97, 108
International Court of Justice 117
interpersonal violence 84, 106, 107, 110
invasion 60–79
Isla Maria Madre 126
‘islanding’ 59, 60, 64
as erasure 60–61, 68
in Canada 78
in settler colonial Australia 64–77, 77–78
within islands 116
islandness 9, 13–15, 53, 59, 68, 71, 105, 109
of communities in Australian outback 64, 68
extractivism understood through prism of 124–125
as technique of invasion 60, 67, 77
islands within islands 51, 56, 57, 116
Isles of Scilly 80
isolation 13, 42–59
an anti-idyll 104
enabling secrecy around harmful activities 124–125
in tension with connectedness 15, 43, 52–53, 71

J

Jamaica 29–30
Jedrusik, M. 12, 13, 15
Jefferson, A. 19, 22, 43, 44
Jersey 27, 28
Jewkes, R. 121, 123

K

Keegan, W. 61, 67

L

labour camps 50, 114
labour, exploiting Othered populations for 114–115
land, relationship with 78
landscape 36, 45
Lazzaretto Vecchio 46
legal exceptionalism 125
leprosy 45–46, 46–47, 116, 139ch3n1
LGBTQIA+ populations 94–95
Lindbergh, A.M. 80, 97
liquid modernity thesis 44
Little St James 27
lock hospitals 48–49
Lord of the Flies 7, 40, 135
Bregman’s counter narrative to 135–136

M

Mabo and Others v The State of Queensland (1992) 73
Maglen, K. 46
mainland/island distinction 13, 43, 106
Maldives 30, 134
Malinowski, B. 26
Malta 28
Manitoulin Island 78
Marshall Islands 126
McCusker, M. 7–8
McElroy, J. 28, 29
McKay, A.L. 54
McLeod, A. 12, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87
McMahon, E. 65, 68, 72
Mead, M. 26, 37
medicine as a site of power and oppression 48–49
Melanesia 12, 40, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 134
Milgram Experiment 6
mining, extractive 123, 133, 134, 140n3
copper mining 120–121
extreme conflict and violence as a result of 121–123
gold-mining 140n3
phosphate mining 115–117, 118
missions
Aurukun 70–71, 72–73, 75, 76
exemption passes 68, 70, 72
and reserves as carceral spaces 68–72
Morris, J. 112, 113, 115, 116, 117–118
Mountz, A. 13, 42, 51, 53, 56, 111, 116, 126, 134

N

nature 36
reserves 4, 126
stewardship of 127–128
Nauru 111–112
climate change 126
colonization 115
comparing experiences of Bougainville and 124–125
compensation claim 117
environmental destruction 117, 125
geography 115
phosphate mining 115–117, 118
political corruption 124
refugee processing 117–120, 125
neo-colonialism, extractive 112, 115–120
neo-liberalism 85
Nethery, A. 49, 56
Newton, E. 56, 57
Newton, T. 80, 81, 83
nissology 14–15, 129
‘noble savages’ 36, 37, 40
Nordic islands 30–31
Norfolk Island 39, 55, 66, 100, 101, 114, 140ch6n1
Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER) 73–74
Norway, Prison Island 31, 51–53, 119
nuclear testing 126, 134

O

Ocean Island 116, 117
O’Connor, M. 81
offshore banking 28
organized crime 27, 29, 119
the Other 9
at the border 24, 43–45
constructions of Self and 61–62, 65, 71, 72
crime in image of undesirable 23, 63–64, 66, 111
criminology and controlling of 63
disappearing of black 72
exploiting for labour 114–115
governing behaviour of, in remote communities 73–74, 77
idyllization and exclusion of 41
island spaces as a refuge for 56–57
Pacific culture as exotic 36, 37
racialized 61–62
regimes of power to manage manifestation of 47–48, 57–58
rural 25–26, 38
as wild and savage 61
outsider–established outsider relations 10–11, 24, 93, 97, 131–132

P

Pacific Islands
climate change 126–127, 134
cultural and geographic groupings 80
cultural features, common 31–32, 137
as exotic Other 36, 37
feminization and sexualization of 37
gendered violence 85–87
independence and transition of justice system 82–85
‘noble savages’ of 36, 37, 40
Pacific Ocean a uniting feature of 15–16
Pacific Way 31–32
population 80
racialized geography 40
shift away from idyllic perceptions of 39–40
state and local notions of social order 87
see also policing of Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands Company 115, 116
Palm Island reserve 68, 69–70, 75, 76, 78–79
Panguna copper mine 120–121
panopticon 55, 56
Papillon 54
Papua New Guinea Defence Force 121–122, 124
Papua New Guinea (PNG) 120, 123
conflict with Bougainville 121–122, 124
hybrid justice system 84–85
policing 83–84, 85
violence 83, 84, 86–87
Parker, L. 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105
Pelsaert, F. 2, 4
penal settlements 36–37, 39, 58, 65–66
convicts awaiting transportation to 54, 55
forced labour 114–115
Norfolk Island 39, 55, 100, 114
Port Arthur 58
as tourist sites 58
Pervan, J. 48–49
phosphate mining 115–117, 118
Pitcairn Island 98, 99–101
age of consent 102
bonding capital 109–110
child sex abuse 102, 103, 104
culture 101, 109
future 110
geography 98, 99–100, 104, 105
idyllization 100–101
legal code 102
normative structures 108–109
religion 101
sexual assault trials 102–105, 108
supportive of crime 110
place 15, 35, 137–138
attachment 9, 22, 91, 106
identity and 9–10, 15, 21–22, 106
social sciences, space and 20–24
plague 46, 139ch3n1
Pochnau, W. 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105
policing
of Global North islands 80
of remote Indigenous communities 74–75, 76
policing of Pacific Islands
community 85, 89, 90, 94, 106
in fragmented communities 83, 93, 97
of gendered violence 85–87
institutionalized, external police interventions 96, 97
integration of local police in community 92–96
localistic versus legalistic 81–82, 89, 93–94, 97
neo-liberal model 85
over- 94
Papua New Guinea 83–84, 84–85, 86–87
Pitcairn Island 102
police discretion 82, 94, 95
social networks influencing styles of 97
Torres Strait Islands case study 88–92, 93–94
and transition to independence 82–85
Pollock, N. 115, 117
polluted bodies, island isolation of 45–50, 139ch3n1
Polynesia 26, 37, 40, 134
population, islander 12, 80
Port Arthur 58
Price, J. 55
prison hulks 54–55, 68
prisoners
experiencing ‘pains of freedom’ 52–53, 119
in Nordic islands 30–31
political 48, 49, 50, 51
prisoner patients 48–49
protection through punishment for Indigenous 66–67
prisons
borders of 44–45
carceral islands in Australian desert 67–72
continuing echoes of 72–77
creating islands within islands 51
detention centre 119
Faroe Islands 34
Greenland 31
isolated island 50–56
lock hospitals as 48–49
Norway’s ‘open prison islands’ 31, 51–53, 119
prison hulks 54–55, 68
property crime 25, 28, 31, 89, 93, 107
prostitution 47
public health 43, 45–47, 58
Putnam, R. 99, 106, 107

Q

quarantine 46–47
Queensland Police Service (QPS) 88, 89
Police Liaison Officer (PLO) programme 89

R

race
classifications of self and Other 61–62
crime, justice and 63–64
as a defining feature of ‘disease’ 48
and space 62
racialization of crime 23, 25, 76
racism 8, 40, 68–69, 133
recidivism rates 52
Redfield, P. 51
refugee detention 117–120, 125
researching islands 24–32
reserves
in Canada 78
exemption passes 68, 70, 72
and missions as carceral spaces 68–72
Palm Island 68, 69–70, 75, 76, 78–79
‘resource curse’ hypothesis 122, 124
restorative justice 85, 86, 87
Richard II 13
Robben Island 51
Robinson Crusoe 7, 35–36, 51
Robinsonade 35, 62
Roscoe, K. 60, 66, 67, 71, 78, 114
Rousseau, J.-J. 37, 130
‘rural’ crime 23–24, 24–25, 106, 133–134
rural criminology 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 133
invisibility of women 25
neglect of islands and remote locations 19, 24–25
neglected in criminology textbooks 21
representations of place 35
rural idyll 35, 37
rural Others 25–26, 38
Russo, A. 23, 24, 27, 28, 50

S

Said, E. 61
Scotson, J. 10, 11
Scott, J. 21, 38, 39, 43, 47, 57, 64, 76, 88, 89, 93, 132
sea, islander perceptions of 15–16, 32
sea levels, rising 61, 126, 134
secretive island spaces 55–56, 124–125
security, ‘natural’ 15
self-isolation, island 56–57
settler colonialism
Australian
creating islands 67–72
criminal justice system 63–64
echoes of island carcerality 72–77
‘islanding as erasure’ 64–77, 77–78
Canadian 78
vs. colonialism 62–63
sex-trafficking 27
sexual abuse of minors 27, 102, 103, 104
sexual assault trials 102–105, 108
sexual violence 86, 102–105, 108
Shakespeare, William 13, 35
shaming 89, 109
Shammas, V. 52, 53, 119
Shapiro, H. 100, 101
Shetland Islands 27
shipwrecks 1–4, 4–5
Simmel, G. 95–96
slaves, medical conditions of 48
small-scale societies 9, 86, 130, 131–132
social problems in 10–11
Soares, A. 7–8
social bonding 107
social capital 9, 17, 22, 64, 99
as crime preventative 23, 64, 109
as crime productive 92–93, 99, 109–110
as a form of social control 106–107, 109, 132
‘negative’ aspects 108, 132
producing forms of ‘closure’ 95, 132
TSIPLOs as an extension of networks of 90, 91, 93
social control
‘collective efficacy’ to develop informal 23
informal means of 90, 92, 95, 106, 132
and social bonding 107
social capital as a form of 106–107, 109, 132
social fragmentation and weakening of 93
theory 107
tight networks of 24, 89, 106, 109
social disorganization 23–24, 25, 106
extractive mining, violence and 120–124, 125
social experimentation 6, 40–41
social integration 23, 24, 109, 130, 131–132
crime and 98–99, 106
social justice 112, 119
move towards stewardship and 125–128
social order 9, 24, 32, 35, 131
Batavia mutineers subversion of 5–6, 7
state and local notions of 87
Solomon Islands 80, 83, 86, 122
Solovetsky Islands 50
space 15, 137–138
extractive mining and strains on 112, 125
hidden 55–56, 68, 71, 118
island idyll as an exclusive and exclusionary 35, 36, 41
island space on terra firma 60, 67–72
islands as uncanny 39
as an object of dread 38
race and 62
social sciences, place and 20–24
spice trade 134
Staines, Z. 64, 74, 75, 76, 77
Stallwitz, A. 27
Stanford Prison Experiment 6
Stevenson, R.L. 40
stranger, concept of 95–96
Strazzari, F. 23, 24, 27, 28, 50

T

The Tempest 35
terra nullius 65, 73
teu le va 137
textbooks, criminology 21
Thomas, S. 13, 42, 50, 129
time, concepts of 127
Timor-Leste 123
Titlestad, M. 2, 3, 6
Tonga 86, 136, 137
Torres Strait Islands 64, 105–106
culture 91–92, 105–106
geography 64, 88, 105
local authority structures 106
policing 88–92, 93–94
schooling 91
Torres Strait Islands Police Liaison Officers (TSIPLOs) 89, 90, 95
‘total institutions’ 7, 50
tourism 27, 28, 126
crime and 28–29
‘dark’ 4–5, 51, 58
transportation, penal 36, 39, 54, 114–115
Twain, M. 98

U

UNESCO World Heritage Sites 42
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 118
US Virgin Islands 27, 29
utopias, island 7, 8–9, 35
see also idyll, island

V

victims of crime 25, 28, 29, 33, 38, 86, 95
violence
domestic and family 86, 87, 89–90, 92, 93, 110
extractive mining resulting in extreme conflict and 112, 121–124
gendered 85–87, 96–97, 123
interpersonal 84, 106, 107, 110
outbreaks in Aurukun 76
in Papua New Guinea 83, 84, 86–87
sexual 86, 102–105, 108
weak social capital and high rates of 106–107
youth gangs 83

W

Walton, G. 117, 118, 119
Watson, D. 80, 84, 85, 86, 87
Watson, I. 78
Watson, J. 68, 69, 70, 76, 79
The White Lotus 33, 35
Whyte, K. 11, 62–63
The Wicker Man 39
Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 73
wilderness 36, 51, 62
‘Winston Parva’ 10
women 25, 48, 94, 97
violence against 85–87, 96–97, 123
Woodiwiss, M. 29

Y

‘Yellow Fleet’ 55
Young, M. 29
youth unemployment and violence 30, 83
Yunkaporta, T. 78, 127, 128

Z

Zeewijk 5
zona franca 27

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