A

aboriginal people 26
abortion 219
accountability of government 55–56
Acts of Union 40–41, 51
administrative state 56–57, 59, 67–68
and the executive 54
administrative violence 223–227, 240
adoption and foster care 88
adversarialism 97
Africa and colonialism 21–23, 29, 30, 33
Asian population in Africa 28
Mau Mau Uprising 32
Agamben, G. 226–227
agriculture 83, 91, 99
alcohol pricing 91
Allan, T.R.S. 19, 46
Allan, T.T. 160
Allister and In the Matter of the Protocol NI 51
Al-Qaeda 164, 178
Amin case 196
Anderson, David 169
anti-Black riots 189
anti-colonial movements 30–31
anti-discrimination law 164, 203
failures of 199–203
and the police 185–186, 191, 193–195, 195–199, 201
appointments to the judiciary 123
Arendt, H. 224, 225, 226, 239
Asian population in Africa 28
asylum process and sexual diversity 223–227
bureaucracy and delays 228–240
policy and politics 227–231
three-stage test 229–231
asylum seekers 201
Australia 21, 26, 42
and pre-emptive terrorism 174
and the Upper House 42–43
aviation 84
Aziz, Saher 183–184

B

balance of power 53–54
BAME
BAME judges 132
judiciary candidates 126–127
Bangladesh 146
Barbados 27
bare life 227
Barnett Formula 104
Bauman, Z. 225
‘bedroom tax’ 78
Begum case 155, 159, 160, 161
citizenship cancellation 144–148, 151–154
Belmarsh case 158
benefits 73, 205–208
benefit cap 207, 215–218
single payments 212–213
two-child limit 153–154, 218–221
Universal Credit 210–211
welfare conditionality 213–215
and women 208–210
Beveridge, William 208, 209
Bill of Rights 1689 61
Bingham, Lord 157, 159, 167
Bingham, Tom 16, 19
Blackham, Alysia 7
Black people 194, 204
anti-Black riots 189
BAME and the judiciary 126–127, 132
Casey Review 199
police view of 193
and stop and search 202
Blair, Tony 172
border control 168, 170, 198–199
Bourdieu, P. 227
Bowling, Ben 9
Boyle, K. 211
Brannigan and McBride v UK 158
Brexit 50, 64, 67, 72, 78, 92, 94, 102
and the Crown 65, 66
and delegated legislation 82–86
and Northern Ireland 51
and Scottish devolution 108–115
British Association of Pregnancy Advice (BPAS) 219
British Empire 17, 22–23
anti-colonial movements 30–31
‘civilising mission’ 18
colonial law 20–23, 23–25, 25–31
and the Dominions 42
and the rule of law 20–25, 31–33
see also colonialism
British Nationality Act 1948 188
British Nationality Act 1981 144, 155, 190
British soldiers 174
British values, fundamental 180–181
Brixton riots 191, 196
Brooks, Duwayne 198
Brown, Gordon 114
Brown Swan, Coree 7
bureaucracy
and administrative violence 225
and asylum claims 232–240
Butler, J. 225
Butler, Rab 189

C

Cairns, Alan 107
Callaghan, James 193
Cameron, David 103, 106, 176
Campbell v Hall 24
Canada 42
Caribbean 27, 32
caring roles 120, 135, 208, 211, 214, 215
and structural inequality 220–221
Carr, C.T. 73
Casey Review 199
‘Channel’ referrals 181–182
characteristics and racism 165
Charles I 61
Chatterjee, Partha 25
Chief Officers of Police, liability 198
child benefit 216
Child Tax Credit 207, 218
Chope, Sir Christopher 86
Choudhury, Tufyal 8
citizenship cancellation case see see Begum case
‘civilising mission’ 18
civil rights 24, 189
civil servants 55
civil society organisations 202
Civil War 66
claimant commitment 206
Claim of Right 1989 96
class 33, 120
Coalition government 211
coercion/consent 20
coercive powers 185
Coffey, Donal 6
colonial rule and colonialism 16, 20–23, 23–25, 165
anti-colonial movements 30–31
‘colonial difference’ 25–31
Colonial Laws Validity act 1865 42
decolonising legal studies 2
dual law systems 22
legal profession in the colonies 29
and the rule of law 31–33
and sexual diversity 237–238
and terrorism 163
violent punishments 28–29
‘colour bar’ 191
‘coloured immigration’ 188
Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 191, 195, 197
common good 60–61
Commonwealth immigration 188, 189, 190, 223
consent/coercion 20
Conservative Party 44, 190
Conservative government 96, 108
constituencies 37
constitution, the 17, 35–38, 44–46, 50
and citizenship 143–144
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 51, 123
constitutional statutes 49, 51
Constitution Committee 89, 121–122
and democracy 35
‘manner and form’ theory 38–40
separation of powers 149
structures and concepts 5
and UK delegated legislation 72
see also executive, the ; parliamentary sovereignty
contributory benefit schemes 209
countermajoritarian balancing role 150–151
counterterrorism 144, 163–164
definition of 167–171
powers and tactics 167, 168
pre-emptive offences 171–175
Prevent strategy 177–183
and racialisation 164–167
radicalisation 175–177
Court of Appeal 147, 151, 153, 159, 160
COVID-19 71, 72, 78, 231, 240
and delegated legislation 86–89
relaxation of restrictions 87
Crime and Courts Act 2013 124
criminal justice 84
Crown, the 35, 36, 40, 55, 57
and the executive 54
and Parliament in history 61–62
and the Royal Assent 65
see also monarchy
Crown Estate 105
culture
cultural differentialism 25
cultural traditions 166
and sexual diversity 237
custody time limits 86
cuts in public spending 205
Cyprus 23

D

debt 206
decision making 122, 123, 225
decolonising discourse 2–3, 4
see also colonial rule and colonialism
deference 152, 154, 155, 158, 159, 161, 218
and national security 170
delegated legislation 71–78
Brexit 82–86
consultation and scrutiny 80–82
COVID-19 86–89
critiques of 78–82
Henry VIII powers 79
scrutiny of 75–77, 86–89
Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee 77, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89
skeleton bills 79–80
Demerara slave rebellion 32
democracy 15, 58, 148, 160, 177, 181
and consent 88, 187
direct democracy 49, 52, 161
and the executive 50
and the judiciary 122
and the police 195–199
and police racism 186
and political argument 67
and representative democracy 37, 78
Department of Work and Pensions 237, 240
deportation 150, 155, 190, 226
despotism 75
detention 155, 158, 160, 163, 192, 233–235
under terrorism laws 168
devolution 49
and Brexit in the courts 110–113
decentralisation process 94
Scottish settlement 98–100
and single benefit payments 212–213
see also Northern Ireland ; Scotland ; Wales
Dicey, A.V. 16–18, 42, 43, 58, 66, 157
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution 35–38
direct democracy 49, 52, 161
disability 135
disability support 120, 240
and face coverings 88
and the judiciary 126
discretion and terrorism 173
discretionary services 211, 214
discrimination 164
see also anti-discrimination law
displacement 163
diversity
importance of 1–2
see also asylum process ; benefits ; judiciary ; racialisation ; women
domestic extremism 169
domestic terrorism 177
domestic violence 216
Dominions, the 42
Donoughmore, Lord 75, 76
dual legal systems 27
Duncan Smith, Iain 215
Dustin, M. 229
Dworkin, Richard 16, 19

E

East African Asian immigration 189
Edinburgh Agreement 103
education 91, 99
Egypt 23
electoral system 37, 39, 54, 63, 67, 105
emergency powers 71, 74
see also Brexit ; COVID-19
employment 190, 205, 213, 221, 240
job search 206, 210–211
part-time work 135, 209, 213
Endicott, Timothy 68–69
English Votes for English Laws (EVEL) 106–107
environment, the 73, 83, 91, 99
environmental theory of policing 187, 193, 203
Equal Franchise Act 1928 38
equality 15, 17, 20, 31, 122, 164
deficiency model of 125
and judicial appointments 129–130
under the law 23–24
ethnicity 120, 170
European Communities Act 1972 45, 47–48, 49, 50
European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) 100, 170, 200, 216
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 158, 159, 203
European Union 71, 92, 96, 100
EU Withdrawal Bill 82–83, 111, 112
joining the EEC 45
referendum 108
see also Brexit
executive, the 53–57, 68–69
and the Begum case 148, 152
constraints on 58–59
and delegated legislation 72, 74, 89
and democracy 50
executive discretion 156
and Parliament 61–63
and the ‘right to govern’ 63, 64
strong executives 57–61, 67–69
explanatory memoranda 87
explosives 167

F

face coverings 88
families, larger 216
Farah case 196
Farooqi case 174
feminism, and legal judgements 122
financial regulation 73
financial services 84
first-instance decisions 223–224, 232, 236, 240
fiscal powers 99
fisheries 83
Fitzpatrick, Ciara 9
flexible working 135–136, 214
foodbank use 206
food safety standards 73
foreign policy and radicalisation 176
forestry 99
four corners of the law 150
franchise 33, 37, 52, 105
foreign nationals 100
voting age 91, 100
frontline workers, surveillance by 181–182

G

Gandhi, M.K. 30
gender
gender neutral policies 120, 214–216
and legal academia 1
and social security 207
see also women
Genn, Hazel 125
Gillan case 203
Global South 33–34, 147
Glorious Revolution 36, 61
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) 154
Greater Manchester 93
Greek civilisation 16
Grimshaw, B. 185, 193, 195, 203
‘guilty minds’ 174

H

Hale, Lady 119, 217, 220
Halliday, S. 224
Hansard Society 89
Hattersley, Roy 190
Hayek, F.A. 19
Hazell, Robert 95
health issues 91, 93, 99, 135
hegemony and policework 187
Henry VIII powers 79, 82
hereditary criminals 26
hereditary power 39
heritage links 144
Hewart, Lord, The New Despotism 74–75
HJ (Iran) and HT (Cameroon) 229
Hoffmann, Lord 157, 159
homelessness 206
Home Office/Home Secretary
and asylum claims 226, 227, 228, 232, 235, 236
and the Begum case 145, 146, 147–148, 152, 153
and the CRE 196
Hope, Lord 48, 157
hospitality 88
‘hostile environment’ 201
household ‘bubbles’ 87
House of Commons 36, 44, 62, 64, 65, 73
House of Lords 38–39, 62, 64, 73, 155
position of the 44
reform of the 115
housing 188
Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) 49, 58, 149, 154, 164, 216
Hunting Act 2004 48
Hussain, Nasser 31, 33

I

identity, denial of 239
ideology 168, 174, 175–176
immigration 83, 99, 228
Immigration Act 1971 190, 191, 192
immigration controls 188–190, 190–191, 197
immigration law 188–193
immigration police 197, 198–199
impact assessments (IAs) 81, 84, 86, 89
implied repeal 36, 44, 47, 49, 51
inclusion strategy for the judiciary 120
independence campaign (Scotland) 102–104, 113–114
see also Scotland and devolution
India and colonialism 21, 22, 26
Ilbert Bill 1883 27
Indian independence 30
Indian Penal Code (IPC) (1860) 23
Indian Uprising 1857 32
indigenous populations 21, 26
individuals
individual and the state 5, 8, 223
individual freedom 57, 60, 177, 181
inequality 1, 5, 19, 165, 187
Institute of Race Relations 194, 202
institutional competence 157, 158
intergovernment relations 94, 100–102, 115
Internal Market Bill 112
international development aid 33
Ireland 163
and Home Rule 18, 40–41
ISIS 164
Islam 169, 172, 178, 182
Islamaphobia 166
Islamic practices in schools 180
Iyer, Shruti 9

J

Jackson v Attorney-General 48, 157
Jamaica 27, 32
Jefferson, J. 185, 193, 195, 203
Jennings, Ivor 43
Jewish people 166
job search 206, 210–211
Johnson, Boris 113
judiciary, the 119, 160
appointments to the 123–125, 127–128
countermajoritarian balancing role 150–151
importance of judicial diversity 120–123
increasing diversity 123–128, 128–136
and the interpretation of statutes 47–48
Judiciary Attitude Surveys 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138
and parliamentary sovereignty 60, 148–151
retention, training and career 132–138

K

Kenya 32, 163
Kerr, Lord 171, 218
Khalili, L. 163
Kolsky, Elizabeth 27

L

Labour government (Australia) 42
labour market 209, 215, 216
Labour Party 44, 114
Labour government 95, 96, 100, 190, 198, 213
Lancaster House speech 109, 110
Lang, Jack 42
law, the
‘activist lawyers’ 228–229
decolonising legal studies 2–3
and diversity 1, 138
judicial careers 125, 132–138
law procedure and form 19, 22–23
legal aid 78
legal careers 29, 127, 134
legal education 1, 223
legal rights 223
Scottish system 98–99
and social change 186
see also counterterrorism ; race and racism ; rule of law
Lawrence Inquiry 1999 193, 197–198
Laws, Lord Justice 19, 47
leave to enter (LTE) 147
Leeward Islands 27
Leggatt, Justice 220
lesbians, married 238–239
‘levelling up’ 93
Liberal Democrats 96, 97
liberalism 17, 57, 61
liberal-legalism 60
Liberty 202
Liversidge case 160
lockdowns 87
London Assembly 97
London bombings 2005 171
lone parents 214, 216, 220–221
and two-child limit 219
Loomba, Ania 2
low paid work 190, 213, 221

M

Madders, Justin 87–88
Magna Carta 16, 49
Malaya 23, 163
male breadwinner 207, 208, 214
Maley, W. 228
Malleson, Kate 122, 123, 127
Mansfield, Lord 24
Marshall, T.H. 207, 210–211
martial law 32
May, Theresa 109, 113
means-tested support 209
media, and refugees 228
mental health 234
Merchant Shipping Act 1988 47
merit 127, 129, 130–132
migration
migrant workers 188
migration cap 228
see also immigration
milk marketing schemes 153
Millbank, J. 230
Miller judgements 50, 110, 112
Ministerial Code 55
ministerial discretion 153–154
minority ethnic citizens 151, 160, 194, 202, 204
and Begum case 144–148
Monaghan, Kate 127
monarchy 36, 99, 124
reduction in power 57
the role of 62
see also Crown, the
morality 16, 17, 219
Morant Bay Uprising 32
Morison, J. 132
Mubenga, Jimmy 202
Muslims, British 166, 177–180, 180, 181–183
and socioeconomic disadvantage 183

N

Napier Barracks 78
National Insurance 208
Nationalist government (Australia) 42
nationality connections 143–144, 161
national security 144, 145, 169, 170
and the Begum case 152, 154–160
NATO forces 174
naturalisation 146
Nehru, Jawaharlal 30
neoliberalism 195
Nigeria 23
norms and attitudes 187
Norris, Alex 87
Northern Ireland 46, 49–50, 92, 107, 108, 113
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement 49, 97
and Brexit 51, 109
judiciary in 124, 132
and single benefit payments 212–213

O

occupational culture in the police 187, 193
see also police and policing
oppression 15, 25, 31, 32, 33, 165, 166

P

Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 153
Palestine 163
pandemic see see COVID-19
Parliament
and the courts 60, 68
and the Crown in history 61–62
and the executive 54, 58, 61–63
having the confidence of 62–63, 64
House of Commons 36, 44, 62, 64, 65, 73
House of Lords 38–39, 44, 62, 64, 73, 115, 155
Parliament Act 1911 38–39, 43
Parliament Act 1949 44, 48
parliamentary oversight 72, 89
parliamentary scrutiny 77, 84–86
prorogation of 66
relationship between the Houses 44
a strong Parliament 67–69
see also parliamentary sovereignty
parliamentary sovereignty 35–36, 160
and Brexit 112
and democracy 38–40, 46
and the Dominions 41–43
and the EEC 47
and the judiciary 46–52, 148–151
and the public 37–38
part-time work 135, 209, 213
passport checks/raids 192, 194
pensions 138, 209
people, the see see public, the
performance appraisals 133–134
plant protection 85
police and policing
and anti-discrimination law 164, 185, 191–193, 193–195, 195–199
and democracy 195–199
environmental theory of policing 187, 193, 203
and the immigration acts 190
immigration police 198–199
and neoliberalism 195–196
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 194–195, 202
Police and Magistrates’ Court Act 1994 195
policing and racism 187–188
Prevent strategy 177–183
political system 58
political values 46
politics and policework 187
poverty 104, 176, 205, 210
child poverty 219
Powell, Alex 9
Powell, Enoch 190, 193
Prabhat, Devyani 8
pre-emptive offences 164, 171–175
prescription drugs charges 91
Prevent strategy 177–183
prison 168
privatisation 202
privileges of ruling race 33
product safety 83, 84
profiling 167
ProLife Alliance case 157
property qualification 37
property rights 33
proportional representation 39
see also electoral system
public, the
British anti-immigrant sentiment 201
consultation 72, 77
consultation and Brexit 85
and COVID-19 87
and police accountability 195–199
public confidence 121–122
public safety 151
and Scottish devolution 115
view of migrants 188
view of police violence 202
publications, terrorist 171
public law 1
and the context 202–203
and policing 185
textbooks 4
public service reform 195, 197

Q

quotas 130

R

R (AB) v Secretary of State for Justice 159
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union 112
R (Public Law) v Lord Chancellor 77
R (SC, CB and 8 Children) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Others 154
race and racism 165, 183–184, 191, 193
and colonialism 3–4, 26, 27–30, 32
construct of legal rules 3–4
meaning of race 164–166
and policing 186, 187–188, 191–195, 195–199, 199–200
Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 164, 186, 197
Race Relations Act 1965 186, 190
Race Relations Act 1968 191
Race Relations Act 1976 166, 191, 192
racial stereotyping 192
racial superiority 25–26
racist violence 188
refusal to provide services 191
and social change 202–203
and social problems 189
racialisation 183
construct of legal rules 3–4
and counterterrorism 163, 164–167, 173–175
and Prevent strategy 177–180
and surveillance 181–183
radicalisation 164, 175–177
and the Prevent strategy 177–183
railways 84
Rainbow Migration 229
rape clause 218
Raz, Joseph 16, 19
Reed, Lord 152, 217, 219, 220
referendums 40, 42, 95, 97
and the constitution 39, 50, 52
joining the EEC 44
and Scottish independence 92, 102–104, 113
refugee status 225, 227–231, 232, 240
Refugee Convention 1951 227, 235, 240
Rehman case 155
Reid, Lord 153
religion 166, 168, 170
religious fanaticism 179
repatriation 201
Representation of the People Act 1884 37
Representation of the People Act 1918 37, 39
reproductive behaviour 218, 219, 220
reserved powers 99, 100
retail businesses 87
retirement 136–138
rights 19, 24, 57, 152, 157, 189, 227
citizenship rights 207
European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) 100, 200, 216
Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) 49, 58, 149, 154, 164, 216
and parliamentary sovereignty 148–151
of property 33
of refugees 228
right to a private and family life 150
and terrorism cases 158, 159, 168
women and social citizenship 211
right-wing extremism 182
riots 189, 191, 196
risk indicators 176
Roberts case 200
Robertson, George 91
Royal Prerogative 154
rule of law 121–122, 181
and the British Empire 20–25, 31–33
and colonial difference 25–31
history of 16–19
Lord Bingham’s principles 157
modern conceptions of 19–20
and racial difference 15–16

S

Salmond, Alex 103
sanctions 206, 213
Scarman, Lord 191, 196
Scotland and devolution 46, 91–92
and Brexit 108–115
independence after Brexit 113–115
independence campaign 102–104, 113–114
and intergovernment relations 100–102
and parliamentary sovereignty 92–95
Scotland Act 1998 50, 93, 98–100, 105
Scotland Act 2012 99
Scotland Act 2016 99, 102, 105
and the Scottish Parliament 97–100
and single benefit payments 212–213
Scott, Paul F. 6
Scottish Greens 109, 113
Scottish Labour 97
Scottish National Party (SNP) 96, 97, 98, 101, 113
and Brexit 109
victories for 92, 95, 102, 106
screening interviews 232–233, 235
search and question (borders) 168, 170
secondary legislation see see delegated legislation
second generation migrants 146
Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman (AP) 155
Security Services 164
seismic events see see delegated legislation
Sentas, V. 167, 179
separation of powers 149, 154
services, refusal to provide 191
Sewel Convention 102, 107
sexual diversity 224
see also asylum process and sexual diversity
sexual exploitation 148
shadowing 125
Sharma, Kanika 5
Sikhs 166
Sinclair, Alexandra 6
Singapore 23
single payments 212–213
skeleton bills 79
slavery 16, 24, 28–29, 32, 164, 165
Slave Code 27
Smith Commission 105–106
Smith v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis 200
social citizenship rights 207
social mobility and the judiciary 126
social security system see see benefits
solitary confinement 159
Somalia 23
South Africa 28, 42
South Asian diaspora 146
Special Immigration Appeal Commission (SIAC) 147–148, 151, 152, 153, 155–156
sport 99
statelessness 8, 144–145
Begum case
state schools in Birmingham 180
State Watch 202
Statutory Instruments (SIs) see see delegated legislation
statutory intent 160
stereotyping 9, 179, 188, 193, 194
Steyn, Lord 48
Stockdale v Hansard 36
‘stop and search’ 191, 194, 195, 201, 202, 203
and anti-discrimination law 204
structural theory and policing 187
Sturgeon, Nicola 110, 113
subjugation of peoples 20, 25
substantive interviews 235
Sudan 23
Sumption, Lord 127, 129, 130
Supreme Court 51, 218
appointments to the 124
and the Begum case 147, 151, 152, 155–156, 159
and benefit cap appeals 216
HS2 case 49
Miller judgement 110, 112
and racial profiling case 200
and second referendum 113–114
sexual diversity test 229–231
surveillance 167, 179, 181–183, 191
‘sus’ law 194, 201
symbolic violence 238
Syria 146, 151, 152

T

Tanzania 189
targeting terrorist suspects 174
taxation 91, 99
tax credits 153–154, 213
Templeman, Lord 66
terrorism 167
becoming a terrorist 175–177
Blair and terrorism 172
and the courts 157
definition of 167–171
‘general intent to engage’ in terrorism 173–174
pre-emptive offences 171–175
Prevention and Investigation Orders 168
the racialised ‘terrorist’ 182
Terrorism Act 2000 168
Terrorism Act 2006 171
terrorist ‘actions’ 168–169
Thatcher, Margaret 96
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council 47
Thomas, R. 231
Thompson, E.P. 30
Thornton, Baroness 86
Thornton, Margaret 130–131
tolerance 177
trade policy 83
trade unions 154
training for terrorists 171
Trethowan case 42
trial rights 151
in the Begum case 147
tribunal system 134
‘Trojan Horse affair’ 180
tropes 171, 179, 183, 188, 231, 236, 237
Truss, Liz 113
Tulloch, Hugh 18
two-child limit 154, 207, 218–221

U

Uganda 189
UK Border Force 198–199
UK Independence Party (UKIP) 108
ultra vires theory 28, 72, 150
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 100, 217
Universal Credit see see benefits
university tuition fees 91
unpaid labour 206
Urban Affairs Act 1923 28

V

values, British 172, 177
‘fundamental British values’ 180–181
violence 32, 167, 179, 224
administrative violence 223–227, 240
colonial punishments 27, 28–29
domestic violence 216
by Islamist extremism 172
justification for 175
symbolic violence 238
violent jihad 174
visa overstayers 192
vulnerable people 235

W

Wales 46, 92, 95, 108, 115
and Brexit 109–110, 112
Wales Act 2017 102, 107
Welsh Assembly 96
Welsh independence 114
Walker, C. 172
wealth extraction 25
weapons 167
welfare system 104
welfare conditionality 205, 213–215
welfare reform 205
Welfare Reform Act 2012 210, 212, 215
Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016 218
welfare state, development of 208
West Lothian Question 106
white superiority 165
‘will of the people’ 108
Wilson, Harold 193
Windrush 223
women 37–38, 206, 207, 211
and benefit cap 215–218
and benefits 208–210
and the judiciary 123, 126–127, 132, 138
and legal academia 1
in the Scottish Parliament 98
and single payments 212–213
and two-child limit 154, 218–221
and welfare conditionality 213–215
see also lone parents
work coaches 211, 214
working patterns 209
Working Tax Credit (WTC) 213
World Wars 41, 71, 74, 76, 188

Y

young people 182, 194