Index

Author:
Luke Martell
Publication Date:
24 Feb 2023
Pages:
217–222
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529229691.bm003
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The book goes beyond analysis and critique of current society to look at alternative societies – in theory and practice, internationally, what they could be, and their real possibilities. It looks at a wide range of alternatives from communism to co-ops and participatory communities, a slower society with less work, eco-localism, digital alternatives, alternative education, communal alternatives to the family, food counterculture and freeganism, alternative social centres, alternatives to prison, social democracy and the welfare state, and decolonial and Global South alternatives. It covers Left-wing, Right-wing, Marxist, ecological, anti-racist and feminist perspectives. The book analyses particular themes that arise from these alternatives: utopianism, pluralist socialism, democratizing the economy, and alternative globalization. The book argues against dichotomies and polarizations that often characterize perspectives in this area and argues for a pluralist multilevel approach to alternatives – local, bottom-up, national, international, and global – and the combining of often counterposed alternatives – utopian and materialist, socialist and liberal, particular and general. The book is unique in the range and internationalism of alternatives it covers, and it advocates a distinctive pluralist and open approach. It argues for a pluralist democratic socialism. It is written in an accessible and readable way for students, experts, activists, and lay readers.

References in bold type refer to tables.

A

alienation 8, 12, 26, 71, 114, 115
Abbey, M. 149
Allen, K. 124
Amin, S. 159–160, 163
anarchism 86, 95
and alter/anti-globalization 156, 157, 173
in alternative communities 20, 22, 23, 75, 89
and alternative education 62, 88
and communes 67, 88
and coops and mutual aid 7, 52
and markets 122
critique of parecon 17
and prefiguration 105
and slow society 54
and socialism 114, 115, 118, 122
and tech 50
and work 26, 53
Azmanova, A. 147

B

Barcelona en Comú 19–20, 39, 49
Bartlett, T. 65
Bauman, Z. 75, 94, 97, 102
Beckett, A. 137, 139, 140, 141, 155
Bello, W. 159, 160
Berger, B. 67, 68–71
Berry, C. 140, 142, 143, 147, 149
big tech 34, 41–50, 42
see also surveillance
Blagg, H. 81–82
Blakeley, G. 148
Bloch, E. 83, 94, 104
Bobbio, N. 108, 114, 125
Bookchin, M. 39, 40
Brazil 18–19, 29, 49, 62, 86
Brie, M. 125
Brunton, F. 44
Brown, M. 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145

C

capitalism 6
and communism and socialism 8, 9, 10, 11, 86, 112, 114, 115–119, 123, 130, 180
and community wealth building 138, 140–141, 142
and co-ops 11, 13, 14
and COVID-19 148
crack capitalism 87, 162
and decolonial alternatives 84, 85
defence of 119–122
and the environment 36, 38, 39, 40, 127–128
and food alternatives 71, 73, 74
and gender inequality 126, 129, 133, 137
and globalization 156, 158
and liberalism 113
and parecon 17
and planning and markets 124, 125
and prison 77
and racism 99
and slow society 31, 34–35
and utopias 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103–104, 105, 106
and welfare state and social democracy 83, 97, 117
and work 25–26
see also alienation ; exploitation ; private ownership ; surveillance
Castells, M. 7, 12
Centre for Local Economic Strategies 137, 146
Chatterton, P. 74–76
Chiapas 22–25, 39, 64
Clark, D. 71–72
Clarke, N. 149
class
in capitalism and capitalist class 17, 25, 42, 48, 116, 145
class consciousness and politics 6, 17, 26, 84, 97, 118, 119, 180
and gender 126, 128–129, 133
and less work 28, 53
middle class 35, 53, 54, 68, 73, 89, 90, 117, 119
and socialism 8, 10, 16, 115–116, 117, 125, 126, 128, 129, 152
and utopia 102
working class 6, 26, 52, 90, 97, 117, 119, 125, 152
Cleveland, Ohio 14, 137, 141, 143–144, 146, 149
collective, social, and public ownership
and communism, socialism, and social democracy 3–4, 8, 9, 10, 26, 51, 52, 83, 97, 114–116, 117, 118, 123, 124, 131, 134, 152, 153, 154, 175, 179, 180, 181
and co-ops 12, 13, 14, 51, 52, 152
and the democratic economy and community wealth building, 3–4, 136–137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146–149, 150, 151, 152, 178, 180
and environmental problems 39, 40, 125, 128, 130, 132
and less work and UBI 30, 53
in Marinaleda 22
and slow society 31, 34, 54
and tech and media 41–42, 47, 48–50
and utopias 93, 107
see also democracy
colonialism 42, 72, 176
anti-colonialism 6, 25, 62
and communism 8
digital colonialism 42
and food 72
post-colonialism 60, 81, 175
pre-colonialism 80–82, 99
see also decolonial approaches
Common Wealth 147
communism 7–11, 22, 51, 52, 53, 87, 115, 119, 125, 152, 163, 173
and anti-racism 8, 99
attempts at communism 9–10, 96–97, 106, 116, 119–120
and communes 67, 88
communist consciousness 10–11, 106, 118
and co-ops 12
distribution and incentives 16
and feminism 8, 98, 114
and food 89
in Marinaleda 22
ownership and planning in communism 114, 116, 124
and prison abolitionism 80, 90
and utopianism 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102, 106, 108, 109
and work 26
see also collective ownership ; state
community wealth building 137–146, 147, 149–150, 152, 160
confederalism 20, 35–41, 54, 159
Cooperation Jackson 15–16, 20, 79
co-operatives (or co-ops) 7, 11–16, 17, 52, 87, 95, 144, 146, 147, 152, 161
and communes 66
and community wealth building 141, 145, 149–150
and co-option 103–104
and education 57–58
and food 73
and media 50
in municipalism 20, 22, 23, 40
and participation 140
and slow society 31, 34
an social centres 75
and socialism 14, 102, 114, 115, 118–119, 130, 137, 153, 154, 180
and social reproduction 84
and utopias 101
COVID-19
and education 65
and the family and communal living 70–71
and gender inequality 28–29
and less work 27, 28
and planning and public ownership 148
and state and global responses 40, 158–159, 160
see also mutual aid
Cumbers, A. 144, 147, 148

D

Davis, A. 77, 79
decolonial approaches 23, 83–86, 160, 179
and eco-localism 38, 54
Demireva, N. 169
democracy
and co-ops 12, 13–14, 104, 119
deliberative 39, 40
economic democracy 2, 4, 15, 16–18, 30, 40, 51, 114, 139–141, 143, 147–148, 151, 152–4, 180
and education 59, 60, 61, 65
global 157–160, 174
and media and tech 47, 48–50, 54
participatory democracy 13, 18–25, 39–40, 53, 118, 139–140
and slow 31, 32, 34, 76
and socialism 2, 3, 120–121
and utopianism 94
and work 26, 53
see also collective ownership ; confederalism ; planning ; participatory budgeting
Democracy Collaborative 137, 146
Dinerstein, A.C. 30, 83–85, 105
Dinesen P.T. 169

E

Eagleton, O. 180
education
in alternative communities 15, 19, 23–24, 39, 66, 68, 75
alternative education 57–65, 84, 88
in alternative justice 78–79, 81
free universities 57–58, 99
Freire and dialogical education 60–62
Illich and deschooling 62–65
political education 143
slow university 32–33
and social democracy 83
under state socialism 9
Summerhill school and A.S. Neill 58–60, 69, 95
and UBI 29
Edwards, F. 73–74
El-Enany, N. 176–177
Environment and climate change
and anti-globalization 156
bioregionalism 37, 54
climate change negotiations 158
degrowth 35, 38, 64, 125
eco-localism 2, 15, 35–41, 54, 66, 159
and food 31, 71–73, 127
global solutions 157–158, 160
and less work 26–27
permaculture 37–38
and precolonial society 99
and slow society 31, 32, 33
and socialism 4, 125, 127–128, 130, 132–3
state and nationalisation solutions 39–40, 48–49, 136–137, 137–138, 139, 144, 147, 148, 151, 158, 160–161
transition towns 38–39
see also capitalism
equality, inequality, and distribution 107
in alternative communities 15, 24, 68, 69, 76
and community wealth building 138, 145, 146
in co-ops 12, 23
and education 65
critique of egalitarianism 119–122
and the family 70
and food counterculture 73
and freedom and liberalism 107, 122
and less work 25, 26, 28–29
and open borders 166–167, 171
in parecon 16–18
in participatory budgeting 19
in predistribution, wealth and assets 30, 121, 136, 138, 139, 140
and slow society 35
and social ecology 39
and socialism, social democracy and communism 8, 9, 107, 114–115, 116, 118, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131
and the state and public ownership 40, 147, 148
and tech 41–42, 43
see also class, feminism and gender inequality, globalization, race and racism
exploitation 8, 12, 15, 26, 40, 68, 99, 114, 115, 126, 128, 156, 176

F

family, parenting, and children
and alternative education 58–59, 63, 65
and communes 65–71, 88
and feminism and socialism 98, 126, 129
and less work and slow society 25, 27, 31
and open borders 165, 170
Fatsa 20–21
Feffer, J. 159, 160
feminism and gender inequality
in alternative communities 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 39, 70–71
and alternative education 62
and COVID-19 28–29
and digital capitalism 42
and food alternatives 72, 74
and less work 25, 28–29
and prison abolitionism 77
and socialism 3, 4, 8, 112, 117, 126, 128–129, 130, 133, 133–134, 178
and tech 42
and utopias 6, 83–86, 98–99
see also patriarchy
Fifth International 162–163
Firestone, S. 98
food
and climate change 127
counterculture 71–74, 89
and eco-localism 36, 40, 86
freeganism 73–74
punk cuisine 71–73
slow food 27, 31, 33
Fraser, N. 98–99
freedom/liberty
and anti-racism 99
and communes 68
and digital alternatives
and Hayek 121–122, 131
and less work 26
and liberalism
and Nozick 121
and open borders 165–167, 171
and socialism 116, 122, 123, 125, 131–2
and utopia 93, 106, 107, 108
Fuchs, C. 49, 121, 180

G

Gabagambi, J.J. 81–82
Gilmore, R.W. 77, 78
Global South 2, 5, 179
and community wealth building 149–150
and concrete utopias 83–86
and democratisation 48
and eco-localism 7, 35–41, 54
and less work 28, 29, 30
and open borders
and restorative justice 80–82
South-South delinking and co-operation 28, 159–160
and utopias 99
see also decolonial approaches
globalization 4, 156–175
alter-globalization 36, 95, 156–157, 160, 161–162, 172, 173
anti-globalization 4, 23, 74–75, 76, 95, 156, 163, 172, 173
and environment 31, 158
international trade and development policy 150
political globalization 4, 157–163, 172, 174, 178–179, 180
and socialism 97
sub-global internationalism 4, 158–161, 164, 172, 174, 178–179, 180, 181
see also open borders
Goodfellow, M. 176–177
Goodwin, B. 94, 96, 102, 104, 107, 109
Gorz, A. 26
Gradin, S. 1, 14, 39, 102, 103, 105, 110
Greenberg, E.S. 13, 103
Gribble, D. 60
Guinan, J. 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149

H

Hanna, T. 137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148
Hayek, F. 106, 108, 119–122, 123, 131
Heath, A. 169
Hind, D. 49–50
Hobbs, C. 147, 148
Hogg, D.J. 30
Holloway, J. 87, 98, 104, 162
Honoré, C. 31, 33, 34
housing
and communes 68, 71
and concrete utopias 84, 86
in Cooperation Jackson 15
co-ops 12, 161
in Marinaleda 22
and open borders 171
and social democracy 83
and UBI 29
Howard, T. 137, 139, 144, 146
Hudis, P. 51, 101, 115, 124

I

Illich, I. 27, 58, 62–65
incentives
under capitalism/markets 48, 118, 120, 122, 127, 128
under socialism/communism 8–9, 10, 16, 17, 120, 122, 123, 125, 131–2
India 5, 29, 36, 37, 46, 60, 66, 84, 86
indigenous communities 22, 23, 24, 37, 54, 64, 80, 81–82, 85, 156
information and knowledge
and socialism, planning and needs 9, 10, 20, 36–37, 54, 84–85, 118, 120–125, 131–2, 150
and surveillance capitalism 42–46, 48–49
see also education
intentional communities and communes 34, 65–71, 88

J

Jameson, F. 96, 102
Judt, T. 83

K

Kanter, R.M. 66–68
Karatasli, S.S. 163
Kelley, R. 99
Kigoma 149–150
Kothari, A. 2, 5, 36, 37, 38, 51, 85, 86

L

Levitas, R. 94, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 109
liberalism
see freedom, socialism, utopianism, open borders
localism, 2, 4, 33, 89, 145–146, 147, 162, 174
see also environment and climate change
Luxemburg, R. 117, 180

M

Malm, A. 40
Mannheim, K. 96, 102, 107
Marinaleda 21, 22, 95, 96, 124
markets
under capitalism 97, 120–122, 136, 148, 167
and co-ops 14, 103, 119, 147
and education 57, 63, 64
and the environment 127–128
and less work and slow 27, 34
non-market alternatives 15, 17, 41, 50, 90, 101, 159, 161
and socialism 8, 9, 98, 114, 118, 122, 123–125, 130, 131–2, 152–3
Marx, K. and Marxism
and capitalism 25, 117, 118
and communism 7–11, 86, 115–116, 123, 124, 125, 163
and concrete utopias 85
and co-ops 14
and feminism 77, 84
and utopianism 3, 4, 6–7, 93, 97, 100–105, 108, 109, 178
and work 25–26
alienation, exploitation, communism
McManus, M. 125
media
alternative 143
and anti-immigration 171
democratic 48–50
slow media 35
social media 25, 32, 41, 45
under state socialism 9
see also surveillance capitalism
Meidner Plan 117
Mercer, D. 73–74
migration
see open borders
Miliband, R. 124
Mill, J.S. 11, 87, 94, 119, 120, 131
Mills, T. 49–50
Monticelli, L. 1, 66, 103, 104
More, T. 94
municipalism and local government 14, 18–25, 49, 53, 137, 139, 144, 147, 154, 160
see also community wealth building
Murphy, C. 148–149, 156
mutual aid 7, 71, 86

N

Nalla, M.K. 82
New Economics Foundation 25, 27, 143
Newman, G.R. 82
New Socialist 139, 142, 143, 145, 147
Nissenbaum, H. 44
Nozick, R. 96, 119–122, 131

O

Öcalan, A. 39
O’Neill, M. 2, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 148
open borders 4, 150, 172, 175, 179, 180
economic and social arguments for 164, 167–169
philosophical and principled arguments for 164–167
possibility and support for 170–171

P

parecon 16–18, 53, 55
Parker, M. 2, 148
participatory budgeting 18–19, 79, 141
patriarchy 8, 24, 71, 72, 98, 126, 128, 129, 133, 134
see also feminism and gender inequality
planning
central planning 8, 9, 10, 17, 83, 114, 116, 118, 120–123, 136, 143, 152, 175
democratic planning 17, 18, 36, 41, 53, 121, 124–125, 128, 130, 132, 148
parecon
Pleyers, G. 95, 100, 103, 134, 156, 162
pluralism
and Mill, J.S. 11
pluralism in levels and approaches 75–76, 85, 103, 141–143, 146, 147, 151, 162, 163
pluralism in utopia 93, 96, 107–109, 110, 179
pluralist tech 47
see also socialism
post-development 36, 38–39, 54, 83–84, 86
decolonial approaches, Global South
prefiguration 1, 87, 95, 118, 173
combined with political approaches 4, 40, 103, 104–105, 110, 151, 161, 162, 163, 179, 180, 181
and communes 66, 68, 88
and community wealth building 144
and food counterculture 89
and Global South 84–85
and social centres 75, 89
and tech 48
in transition towns 38–39
Preston 14, 20, 137, 138–139, 141, 143–144, 145, 146, 149
see also community wealth building
Prisons, police, and abolitionism 24, 77–82, 90
privacy
see surveillance capitalism
private ownership 8, 9, 10, 11, 34, 41, 42, 50, 66, 74, 75, 83, 95, 107, 136, 138, 139, 148
and the environment 40, 127–128
and social democracy and socialism 22, 52, 90, 97, 115, 116, 118, 122–125, 130, 131–2, 140, 151, 153
see also Nozick, R.
public ownership
see collective ownership

R

race and racism 8, 15–16, 42, 62, 77, 79, 80, 99, 126, 129, 171, 176
Raekstad, P. 1, 11, 39, 102, 103, 105, 110
reformism 11, 50, 52, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 97, 117–118, 140, 153, 161, 180
revolution 52, 105, 119, 140, 153
and alternatives 69, 75, 76, 95, 101, 161
critique of 11, 60, 118
and Marinaleda 7
revolutionary reformism 117, 140, 153
to state socialist societies 10, 11
and utopianism 101, 102, 104, 105
and working class 10, 26, 115
see also communism
Rojava 18, 20, 36, 39–41, 64, 124

S

Sadowski, J. 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49
Sánchez Gordillo, J.M. 22, 96
Sargisson, L. 94, 98, 101, 106, 109
Schugurensky, D. 62, 65
slow society 27, 31–35, 54, 71–72, 74, 76
social centres, alternative 73, 74–76, 86, 89
social democracy 86, 90, 96, 97, 117–119, 123, 130, 140, 151, 180
global 136, 153, 157–158, 172, 174
socialism 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 87, 112–134, 151, 178–179
in alternative communities 20
and co-ops 14, 102, 118–119
criticisms of 113, 119–121, 129–130, 131–3, 134
and decolonialism 84
definition of 34, 51, 114
and the democratic economy 139–141, 148, 151, 153–4
democratic socialism 48, 50, 86, 97–98, 117, 181
digital socialism 41, 121
and ecology 112, 125–126, 127–128, 130, 132–3
as Eurocentric 83–85
and feminism 112, 126, 128–129, 130, 133
and globalization 174–5, 180
and liberalism and neoliberalism 3, 4, 11, 22, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 119–126, 130, 131–2, 134, 142
and markets 122–125
pluralist socialism 1, 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 85, 86, 105, 107, 118, 119–125, 128, 130, 131–3, 138, 151, 154, 162, 178, 179–180, 181
and private ownership 122–125
and social democracy 82–83, 90
and utopia 6–7, 93, 96–98, 100, 104
and work 26
see also collective ownership, communism, pluralism, reformism, revolution
Sönmez, F. 20–21
State
abolition of 8, 10, 52, 115–116
role for 18, 20, 40, 47, 76, 79, 82, 85, 87, 90, 97, 98, 114, 117, 119, 122, 125, 127, 128, 141, 144, 147, 148, 150, 153–4, 160, 162, 163, 174–5, 178, 179, 181.
under state socialism 9, 10, 116, 123
Sturgis, P. 169
Sunkara, B. 108, 124, 134, 180
Sutton, S.A. 14
surveillance
and migration 166
and prison abolitionism 78
under state socialism 9
surveillance capitalism and alternatives 9, 41–50, 54

T

Tarnoff, B. 42, 44, 48, 49, 121, 125
Taylor, K. 94, 96, 102, 104, 107, 109
technology
and communism and planning 10, 116, 121–122
and the environment 125, 127
and feminism 98
and globalization 157
anti-technology 67, 68
information technology 19, 25, 32, 121–122
and less work and slow society 25, 26, 31, 32, 35, 116
see also big tech ; surveillance
Thompson, M. 20, 30, 138
totalitarianism 106–110, 120, 123
trade 22, 23, 27, 31, 36, 149, 150, 156, 158, 159
trade unions 6, 26, 30, 90, 103, 141, 143, 150, 151, 153–4, 160, 167, 180

U

Universal Basic Income 29, 30–31, 53
utopianism 3, 6–7, 11, 87
and alter-globalization 162
and capitalism 103–104
and change 94–96, 100–110
and communes 66
and communism 7–8, 94–95
anti-racist utopias 99
concrete utopias and the Global South 83–86
definition and types 94–96
and feminism 98–99
left utopias 96–98
and less work 30
and liberalism and freedom 93, 106–110, 179
and Marinaleda 22, 96
and Marxism/materialism 4, 93, 100–105, 178
and pluralism 93, 106–110, 179, 181
and social centres 75
as totalitarian 93, 106–109

V

Van Ness, D.W. 80–81
Véliz, C. 9, 41, 42–43, 44–45, 48

W

Walia, H. 176–177
We Own It 140, 147
welfare state
and coops 7
and migration 167, 168
and social centres 75
and social democracy 83, 90, 97, 118, 123, 125
and social reproduction 84
and UBI 29, 30
work and less work 53
and communism 116
and co-ops 7, 12
and division of labour 16–17
and gender equality 28–29, 98–99, 126
and the Global South 28
less work 17, 25–31
and migration 167–168, 169
and remuneration and incentives 16, 17
and slow society 31, 33, 34, 35, 74
and social reproduction 7, 83–86
see also alienation ; exploitation
Wright, E.O. 98, 105

Z

Zapatistas
see Chiapas

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