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Who decides what military capability the UK should procure and, more importantly, why? What is the relationship between the politicians who provide the strategic direction and the military officers who translate it into armed forces, trained and equipped for the challenges of today and tomorrow? This book exposes the myriad factors that influence this relationship, from fluctuating geopolitical tensions and the economic health of the nation to the criticality of defence reviews – including the most recent 2021 integrated review – and the often-unseen interrelations between the Ministry of Defence’s strategic headquarters in Whitehall and the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. Today, the military struggles to maintain a force structure capable of doing everything asked of it. That’s because consistently making good capability choices is difficult and those who make the decisions do not always get it right. Using first-hand accounts from some of the most senior officials who have served in the Ministry of Defence over the last decade, this book exposes the reasons why. In doing so, it answers the question, why does UK Defence have the military capability that it has?