Index

Author:
Andrew R. Curtis
Publication Date:
23 Nov 2022
Pages:
225–234
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529229929.bm003
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Who decides what military capability the UK should procure and, more importantly, why? What is the relationship between the politicians who provide the strategic direction and the military officers who translate it into armed forces, trained and equipped for the challenges of today and tomorrow? This book exposes the myriad factors that influence this relationship, from fluctuating geopolitical tensions and the economic health of the nation to the criticality of defence reviews – including the most recent 2021 integrated review – and the often-unseen interrelations between the Ministry of Defence’s strategic headquarters in Whitehall and the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. Today, the military struggles to maintain a force structure capable of doing everything asked of it. That’s because consistently making good capability choices is difficult and those who make the decisions do not always get it right. Using first-hand accounts from some of the most senior officials who have served in the Ministry of Defence over the last decade, this book exposes the reasons why. In doing so, it answers the question, why does UK Defence have the military capability that it has?

A

academic scrutiny 53, 86, 97, 98, 106, 111, 130, 133, 138, 142
accommodation 115–116, 183
accountability 19, 28, 33, 145, 155–156, 161, 186
accounts 19
acquisition cycle 5
acquisition management 32, 36
acquisition process 105
acquisition system handbook 36
Act of Union (1707) 5
adaptable posture 81
administration expenditure 28
affordability 39, 72, 82, 84, 87, 124, 130–153, 186–187
Afghanistan 14, 75, 103–104, 114–115, 173
AI strategy 57
aircraft carriers 59, 137, 173
aircraft fleet 43, 59, 66, 137, 158, 178
aircraft servicing 32
‘altruistic intelligent joinery’ 156
amphibious capability 118
annual pay increments 117
annual reports to parliament 19, 61–62, 107
annual statements 19, 25, 38
anonymization 8
Antill, P. 31
Anton, S. 112
arm’s length bodies 28
assumptions 17, 47, 52, 60, 85–86, 87, 91, 95, 183
Asteris, M. 38, 93, 133, 146
Atlantic supply routes 71
austerity 120, 142, 150, 151, 186
Australia, position of 158
autonomous vehicles 179

B

Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization) 71
balanced scorecard 19
Baylis, J. 18, 68, 69, 113, 130, 132
Behaviours across Defence 34
Bell, S. 46
Berlin Wall, fall of 25, 61, 72, 75, 93, 113, 137
bias in decision-making 172
bilateral security arrangements 56
Black, J. 18
Blagden, D. 20
Blair, T. 14, 15
Blitz, J. 84
border strategy 57
Bradford, J. 158
Bradley, O. 162
Bramall, E. 21, 25, 99
Brands, H. 40
Braybrooke, D. 18
Brexit 14, 43, 53, 54, 125–126, 146, 149, 183
British Army
armoured corps 158
capability operating models 36
SDSR 2015 86–88
share of defence budget 160
warfighting capacity 86–87
see also single services
Broadbent, E. 100
Brooke-Holland, L. 109, 110, 143, 150
Brown, G. 39, 45, 176
Brussels Treaty 72, 114
budget see defence budget
bureaucracy 30, 172

C

Cabinet Office 105, 106, 126, 177
CADMID cycle 30, 31, 33
Cameron, D. 14, 52, 54, 84, 106, 117, 142, 153, 186
cancellation 5, 42
Capabilities Group 101
capability planning 33, 165–172
capability-based versus threat-based policy 73, 79
capital expenditure 28
capstone doctrine publications 40
carrier strike group 59
Carter, N. 62, 149, 178
Carver, M. 70, 101, 135
Cary, M. 100, 135
case studies 173
Caudle, S. 49
Cavanagh, M. 140
Central Treaty Organization (Baghdad Pact) 71
Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College London 56, 111
Chalmers, M. 54, 70, 100, 104, 107, 108, 116, 131–132, 139–140, 141, 142, 153, 188
Channel supply routes 71
Charmaz, K. 8–9
Chichester, M. 70, 116, 130, 132
Chief of Defence Logistics 31
Chief of Defence Materiel (CDM) 32
Chief of Defence Procurement 30
Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) 82, 100, 101, 138, 140, 154, 161–162, 163, 174, 176
chiefs of staff 23–24, 28, 34, 154, 187
Chilcot Report 29, 174–175
China 62
Churchill, W. 13–14, 43, 68
civilian personnel 28
Clarke, M. 63, 64, 105, 183
classified defence plans 20, 24, 86, 94, 184
Clegg, N. 117
climate change 38, 62
Coker, C. 93
Cold War 7, 9, 183
clarity of objects 61
defence roles 68–72
economic constraints on defence budgets 131
effect on strategic direction 13–14, 22–23
national security concepts 45
roles, missions and tasks 93
strategy in 38
collective security 55, 67, 77, 89, 93
colonies, defence of 69, 76, 78, 90
command and control 81
committee structures 174
communication lines 15
communications 82
complex interventions 81
complexity 7, 61–62, 99, 180, 181
Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) 49, 51, 109, 124, 141
concurrency 76–77, 78, 81, 86
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund 129
Conservative governments
defence reviews in Early Expeditionary period 102
defence spending 19, 22, 138, 145
Johnson’s ordering of defence review 26
SDSR 2015 106–108
strong on defence 22–23
Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition
expeditionary approach 14
Levene Report 34
manifesto commitments to defence reviews 104
National Security Council (NSC) 104
political aspects of defence reviews 116
quinquennial defence and security review process 26
risk management approaches 181
SDSR 2010 80–81
constructivist grounded theory 8–9
consultants, use of 32
consultative approach 102, 107, 110
content analysis 8
contingent overseas commitments 78
Cornish, P. 5, 9, 18, 20, 23, 49, 51, 55–56, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 129, 152, 185
cost drivers of military capability 27
cost savings 22–23, 131–133, 143, 146–147
see also cuts to defence spending ; efficiency drives
cost-benefit approach to policy making decisions 18
cost-plus contracts 30
costs growth 137
COVID-19 3, 26, 62, 64, 73, 110, 113–114, 186
crisis response 91
Critical Level 100–101
critical mass 84
cross-cutting capabilities 53, 79, 166, 167, 177
Crossman, R. 100
cross-Whitehall teams 110, 129
Crum-Ewing, H. 138
customers, identification of 31
cuts to defence spending
1966 review 70
1981 review 101
defence reviews 22, 25, 69, 70, 101, 104, 117, 120, 122–123, 124, 135
Defence Support Review 32
Early Expeditionary period 75
and economic decline 130
Front Line First: The Defence Cost Study 74
Labour Party 116
Modernising Defence Programme (MDP) 109
Nott review 135
politics of 25, 27, 186
post-Cold War 39
Sandys review 69
SDSR 2010 104, 120, 122–123
SDSR 2015 117, 120, 122–123, 124
see also affordability
cyber security 48, 57, 58, 62, 108

D

Darby, P. 69, 100, 116, 131, 158
data quality 176
data security 110
de Gaulle, C. 114
De Spiegeleire, S. 49
de Waal, J. 142
Defence, definition of 1
Defence Academy symposium 2016 4
Defence and Security Industry Strategy (MoD 2021) 31
Defence Board 34, 154, 163, 165, 174
defence budget
affordability 39, 72, 82, 84, 87, 124, 130–153, 186–187
defence inflation 137
definition 66
expenditure breakdown 28, 69
general trends 93
intergenerational cost escalation 137
overspend 25, 30, 71
spending by service 160
spending compared to other nations 84, 135
spending in relation to GDP 3–4, 69, 70–72, 74, 93, 134, 136–137, 139–142, 186
uplifts in spending 111
see also cost savings ; cuts to defence spending
Defence Business Services organization 34
Defence Capability Assessment Register (DCAR) 167
Defence Command Papers (DCP)
as data source 8
efficiency drives 147
Healey review 70
IR 2021 26, 27, 90–91, 96, 111, 115, 150, 179, 184
Nott review 21, 71, 101
Sandys review 67
SDR 1998 24
SDSR 2015 52
see also Options for Change
defence contracts, competition for 30
Defence Costs Study 23, 74, 75, 102, 112, 133, 138, 139, 146
defence decision-makers
decision-making methods 18, 172–179
definition and key personnel 2
service chiefs 161
defence delivery group 174
defence engagement activities 86
Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) 29, 31, 32, 35, 155, 174
Defence in a Competitive Age (2021) 27, 92
Defence Industrial Strategy 33
defence industry
capacity to react quickly 59
involvement with SPI 31
Mason review 100
NSS 53
as part of national security 30
partnership with 31
upgrades to existing equipment 170
defence inflation 137
Defence Infrastructure Organisation 34
Defence Lines of Development (DLOD) 12–13, 32–33, 66–67, 95, 170
Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) 29, 31
Defence Logistics Transformation Programme 29, 32
Defence Nuclear Organization 159
Defence Operating Model (DOM) 34–35, 82, 87, 143, 154, 162–163, 178
defence output, defining 66–67
see also output targets
defence plans 19–20
defence policy
definition and purposes of 17–18
deterrence 38, 61, 68–69, 119
external events 5–7
implicit assumptions and beliefs 17
promulgation of policy 19
defence process and procedures 165–172, 178
Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) 29, 31
Defence Reform Programme (DRP) 13, 28–29, 30–36, 91, 154, 155, 166, 171
Defence Reform study 105
Defence Reform Unit 34
defence reviews
contested term 20
cycles of 184–185
defence decision-makers in recent reviews 120–127
definition and purposes of 20–21, 23–24, 98, 121, 127–128
deterrence as policy 69
external events/shocks 25, 112–116
focus on affordability 39
impact of economy on 133–144
and military capability choices 127–129
as negotiation 129
no definitive list of 20–21
and NSS 53
output targets 67
policy change 121–122
political aspects of 116–120
process of 97–98, 99–112, 121
quinquennial defence and security review process 26
as research source 8–9, 10
service chiefs 161
ten unwritten rules 97–98, 110
time taken to complete 103, 104, 126
transparency 111
triggers for 25–26
‘why’ of defence review decision-making 97–129
see also Defence Command Papers (DCP) ; specific reviews
Defence Strategic Direction 86
Defence Strategic Guidance 49
Defence Strategy Group (DSG) 123, 176–177
Defence Support Network Transformation Programme 29
Defence Support Review 29, 32
Defence Technology Strategy 33
delegated model 154–157, 159, 161, 163, 165–167, 172–174, 177
Delivering Security in a Changing World (2003) 24, 47, 78
Department for Education 51
Departmental Expenditure Limit 4
deterrence, policy of 38, 61, 68–69, 119
Devanny, J. 56, 95, 105, 111
Development Concepts and Doctrine Centre 169
Dillon, G.M. 17, 20
Dillon, M. 18, 19
diplomacy 33, 40, 43, 75, 76
discretionary activity 73
discretionary orders 174
disinvestment 42
divisional warfighting 86–87, 146
Dockrill, M. 22, 70, 113
doctrine of the international community 14–15
Dodd, T. 21, 100, 102, 135
Dorman, A. 5, 9, 10, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 39, 49, 51, 69, 70, 71, 73, 97, 98, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 129, 135, 138, 142, 143, 146, 152, 185
Downer, A. 56
Downey, W. 30
Downs, A. 172
Dreadnought 159, 188
Drew, A. 101
Dunn, D. 73
Dunn, M. 33

E

economic decline 70, 93, 113, 130, 131, 133–144
economic strategy 42, 70, 75
Edmunds, T. 168–169
efficiency drives 27–28, 108–109, 132, 146–149, 151–152, 186–187
election manifestos 4, 103, 107, 110, 119
electronic warfare 167–168
Ellis, A. 110, 111
enablers 33, 66, 82, 87, 119, 167
endurance 76–77
English Electric Lightning 66
environmental concerns 38
environmental specific capacity 166, 167
equipment
cost driver of military capability 27
decline in spending on 138
Defence Lines of Development (DLOD) 66–67
Equipment Plan 2016 and 2017 143
expenditure breakdown 28
intergenerational cost escalation 137
modification of existing equipment 3
open competitive procurement 30
phased projects 30
preference for ships/vehicles over enabling technology 118–119, 167
procurement 27 see also specific types of equipment
and the single services 157
ten-year equipment programme 85
through-life 27
Equipment Capability Customer (ECC) 31, 33, 155
Eurofighter Typhoons 119, 132, 160
European Economic Community, joining 114
European mainland 71, 93
evacuation operations 81
expectation management 112
expeditionary operations 14, 47, 78, 81, 91, 184
expenditure breakdown 28, 69
export trade 134
extant force laydown maintenance 137
external events 5–7, 25, 112–116, 183
extremely high-readiness HQ 81

F

F-35 Lighting II aircraft 59, 60
Falklands Conflict (1982) 3, 72, 161
Fallon, M. 108
fighter jets 66
financial management 125, 145, 165, 171, 186
see also affordability
first sea lord 158–159, 161
first/second customer concept 30, 31
Five Powers Agreement 71
flexibility in capability 38, 59–60, 73, 74, 143, 145, 159, 168
Foot, M. 116
force for good, UK as 14, 73, 78
Foreign and Commonwealth Office 102
foreign exchange rates 143, 149
foreign policy 50, 63, 75, 98, 110, 121, 183
forward and depth approach 32
four-phase policy development process 97, 185
Fox, L. 34, 43, 116–117
Foxley-Norris, C. 135
France 114
Freedman, L. 21, 23, 43, 72–73, 127, 138
freedom, defence of 70
Front Line First: The Defence Costs Study (Rifkind, 1994) 23, 74, 112, 138
Fry, R. 50
full scale/very large scale deployments 77
full spectrum capability 84
full-time trained strength baseline 66
Fusion Doctrine 55, 108
Future Force 2020 (FF20) 82–85, 87, 95
futures work 169

G

Gaddis, J.L. 40, 56
Garden, T. 9, 161
Gearson, J. 56, 95, 111
general elections
1974 132
2010 103–104
2015 106
2019 107, 110
geopolitical risks 45, 58, 61, 64, 73, 111
Global Britain 14, 55
Global Britain in a Competitive Age see Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (2021 IR)
global financial crisis 2008 7, 48, 113, 114
global influence 50, 52, 54, 70, 72, 73, 85, 134
Global Strategic Trends 47
global strategy papers 23, 24, 69, 161
governance 172
government policy changes
economic strategy 42, 70, 75
foreign policy 50, 63, 75, 98, 110, 121, 183
international development strategy 57, 98
output targets 67
promulgation of policy 19–20
roles, missions and tasks 67
strategic direction 13–27
strategy-to-capability gap 3
from threat assessment to risk assessment 46
see also defence policy
grand strategy 40–44, 45, 62–63, 69
Grant, M.L. 54
Gray, C.S. 41, 48, 57
Gray Report (Bernard Gray) 3, 29, 32
Green Papers 79, 80
Greenwood, D. 100, 131–133, 135, 140, 142, 145, 150–151, 152, 186
grey-suit men 176
grounded theory 8
groupthink 175

H

Hammond, P. 187
Hampshire, E. 128, 143
Harris, J. 105
Harrois, T. 23
Hartley, K. 66, 137, 140
Harvey, N. 84
headcount revisions 27
Healey, D. 114, 187
Healey review
academic scrutiny 10
Cold War defence roles 70
impact of economy on 134, 136
output targets 70
policy change 121
political aspects of 116
process of 100
strategic direction 21, 22, 24, 38
Heclo, H. 17, 18
Henshaw, M. 32, 33
high readiness force 82, 83
history of military capability 5
Hobbes, T. 3, 45, 70
holders-of-the-pen 176
homeland defence 71, 90
Hoon, G. 78
horizon-scanning 49–50, 169
Houghton, N. 84
House of Commons Defence Committee (HCDC) 26, 50, 82, 84, 94–95, 107, 109, 111, 113, 118, 140, 169, 173, 174, 184
House of Commons Public Accounts Committee (HC PAC) 63, 143, 175
housing 115–116, 183
How Defence Works, Version 6 34–35, 178
Howard, M. 44

I

incrementalism 18–19, 31, 73
independent reviews 32
infrastructure 28, 66–67, 71
in-service support 32
Institute of Directors 162
instruments of national power 40
insurance, defence as 67
Integrated Force 2030 (IF30) 91, 92, 95–96, 165, 181, 184, 187–188
Integrated Operating Concept (IOpC) 2025 1, 90–91, 95, 178
Integrated Project Team (IPT) 30–31
Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (2021 IR)
affordability 150
and COVID-19 114
as data source 9
decision-making processes 177, 181
as a defence review 26
external events/shocks 115
full-time trained strength baseline 66
Integrated Force 2030 (IF30) 95
like-for-like approach 178
and military capability choices 127
National Security Strategy (NSS) 55–58
objectives 89
output targets 184
process of 110–112
risk methodologies 64
timeline 29
intelligence 82
intensification of security threats 62
intergenerational cost escalation 137
internal studies 32, 33
International Affairs 10
international cooperation 57
international defence engagement strategy 53
international development strategy 57, 98
international system 56
internet, availability of plans on 19
inter-service rivalry 20, 51, 155–156, 157, 185
intervention operations 14
interview methods 8
Iraq 14, 75, 174
irrelevance 168

J

Jackson, W. 21, 25, 99, 115, 132, 151, 188
John, B. 160
Johnson, B. 26, 55, 64, 98, 110, 185, 186
Joint Chiefs of Staff 51, 101
Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy (JCNSS) 26, 49–50, 51, 52, 53–54, 62, 63–64, 106, 181
joint doctrine 127
Joint Doctrine Publication 0-01 40
joint enablers 82
Joint Force 2025 (JF25) 87, 88, 95, 108, 148, 159, 165, 169
Joint Force Development 169
Joint Force Headquarters 81
Joint Forces Command (JFC) 34, 105, 160, 165
Joint Security Fund (JSF) 141
‘jointery by design’ 156
journal articles 10

K

keeping options open 18
Kennedy, P. 133
King, A. 86
King, T. 21, 23, 25, 73–74, 137
Kirkpatrick, D. 30, 138
Knighton, R. 41, 172
Kosovo 14

L

Labour governments
defence reviews 21, 22, 24–25, 70
defence spending 131, 132, 138, 145
Early Expeditionary period 73
efficiency drives 146–147
‘force for good’ approach 14
National Security Strategy (NSS) 39, 45, 49
nuclear deterrent 188
political aspects of defence reviews 116
public information 79
Smart Procurement Initiative (SPI) 12
SPI (Smart Procurement Initiative) 30–31
white papers 19
large scale deployments 77, 78, 80
Layton, P. 40
Leach, H. 161
lead command model 157, 159
lead times 5, 76–77, 169
Letwin, O. 63, 84, 181
Levene, P. 30, 33–34, 156, 165, 187
Liberal Democrats 104
see also Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition
Libya 81
like-for-like approach 170, 178
Lindblom, C. 18
literature review 10
lobbying 118, 129
Lockheed Martin Lightning II 66
logistics 75, 82
long-term versus short-term planning 44, 82
Louth, J. 17, 107, 142–143
Lovegrove, S. 15
lower readiness forces 82, 83
Lunn, J. 53
Luttwak, E. 40

M

Macmillan, A. 68
Macmillan, H. 25, 99–100, 113
Major, J. 19
major projects review board 34
manifesto commitments to defence reviews 4, 103, 107, 110, 119
maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) 43
maritime patrols 22, 43, 59, 71, 146
maritime security 48
married quarters 115–116
Mason review
academic scrutiny 10
affordability 130, 134
extant force laydown maintenance 137
impact of economy on 136
political aspects of 116
process of 100
public perception 115
roles, missions and tasks 66, 70–71, 93
strategic direction 22, 24, 25, 38
May, T. 15, 107
Mayhew, C. 70
McInnes, C. 102–103, 119
McIntosh, M. 71
media attention 15, 111, 114, 183
medical support 82
medium scale operations 77, 78, 80, 81, 86
medium-term planning 56
mentoring 86
Milevski, L. 40, 41
military capability, definition 13, 27–36
Military Covenant Task Force 105
Mills, C. 19, 21, 70, 72
minimum force levels 71
Minister of Defence 19, 25, 99, 134
Ministry of Defence (MoD)
core functions 33–34
decision-making methods 176
and the defence industry 30
defence plans 19–20
in defence review process 122, 124–125, 127, 128
and the DRP 28
expenditure 27, 28
formation of 154
head office model 34, 164, 170–172
review of structure and management 33, 35
structure of 19
Ministry of Justice 51
missions (Early Expeditionary Period) 72–79
model for translating strategic direction into military capability 4–7, 58, 181, 182
Modernising Defence Programme (MDP) 15, 26–27, 29, 54, 87–88, 108–109, 141, 151–152
Moore, D. 31
Mottram, R. 102, 113
multi-domain integration 91
multi-role brigade 82
multi-use capabilities 157–158

N

National Audit Office (NAO) 1, 3, 32, 143, 153, 186, 187
national data strategy 57
national resilience strategy 57
National Risk Assessment (NRS) 46–47
National Risk Register (NRR) 46, 47, 48, 50
National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies 50
National Security Advisor (NSA) 104, 108
National Security Capability Review (NSCR) 15, 26, 29, 53, 54–55, 107–108, 141
national security concepts 12, 14–15, 38, 45–58, 85, 103
National Security Council (NSC) 50, 57, 84, 104, 105, 110, 176
National Security Risk Assessment (NSRA) 49–50, 51, 53, 81
National Security Strategy (NSS)
annual reports to parliament 107
Conservative election promise 104
effect on military capability decisions 61–65
government’s inherent responsibilities 3
inaugural 45–58, 103
Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy ( JCNSS) 26, 49–50, 51, 52, 53–54, 62, 63–64, 106, 181
Labour government 39, 45, 49
quinquennial defence and security review process 79, 105, 106
risk assessment 39, 42
and SDSRs 20, 26, 27, 39, 52, 53, 79, 81, 108
vision 4
national space strategy 57
national strategy 40–41, 181
see also grand strategy
nationalism 62
NATO 54, 56, 63, 71, 72, 76, 77–78, 93, 100, 140, 142, 186
Naval Discipline Act 5
Navias, M. 130
Newton, P. 63
Nimrod 3, 43
non-decision making 175–176
non-elected senior officials 15
non-enduring operations 80–81
North Atlantic Alliance (NAA) 114
Northern Ireland 76, 115
notice periods for deployment 76–77
Nott review
defence reviews 101
defence spending 25, 71–72, 135
grand strategy 21, 22, 38
impact of economy on 135, 137
prioritization 72
process of 101, 127
service chiefs 161
timeline 24
nuclear deterrent 7, 69, 71, 72, 104, 119, 188

O

obsolescence 170
Odierno, R. 142
on-hold, decision-making put 54–55
Operation Herrick 114
Operation Veritas 114
optimism bias 145, 146
Options for Change 21–24, 73–74, 102, 112, 113, 115, 121, 133, 137–139, 183
Osborne, G. 117–118, 142
outcome delivery plans 19, 20
output targets
affordability 151
defining outputs 66–68, 69
Front Line First: The Defence Cost Study 75
Healey review 70
Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (2021 IR) 89–90
roles, missions and tasks 91–96
SDR 1998 183–184
SDSR 2015 86, 173–174
and the single services 165
overbudget/over-time projects 3, 30
overseas territories 69, 76, 78, 90
overspend 25, 30, 71

P

P-8A Poseidon aircraft 3
participant recruitment 8
partnership arrangements 31, 50, 60–61, 63
party manifestos 4, 103, 107, 110, 119
path dependency 168–169, 178, 187
Patrikarakos, D. 183
peacekeeping 28, 74, 78
peacetime operational needs 73–74, 76
Peach, S. 15, 34
Penn, W. 5
pensions 28
Pepys, S. 5
persistent engagement 91
personnel
cost driver of military capability 27
cuts to 105
Defence Lines of Development (DLOD) 66–67
expenditure breakdown 28
housing 115–116
Joint Force 2025 (JF25) 87
phased projects 30
Phillips, M. 51, 53, 106
“phoney war” 106
piracy 86
planning horizons 44, 47, 48–49, 50, 56, 71, 143
Polaris submarines 7, 188
policy announcements 15
policy baselines 102
policy development process 97, 185
political aspects of defence reviews 116–120
politicians
ability to give strategic direction 15–16
affordability judgements 151
alignment of military and political goals 58–61
alignment with military 42–44
criticism of predecessors 52
and decision-making 176
lack of military experience 138
preference for ships/vehicles over enabling technology 118–119
relationship with the military 43–44, 101
role in defence reviews 101, 112, 120–129, 185
strategic direction 42–43
populism 62
Porter, P. 63, 94
Powell, R. 25, 99, 101
pre-approval of finance before projects 145
prevention of war 45, 46, 61
PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC) 4
prioritization 42, 50, 55, 57, 64, 72, 140
procurement 3, 5, 59, 86, 138, 145, 168–169, 183
Procurement Executive (PE) 13, 31
Programme for Government 104
project management cycles 30
project planning cycles 31
promulgation of policy 19–20
protected territories 69
protection of citizens 3–4
public endorsement of armed forces 4
public information 20, 94, 184
public inquiries 174–175
public money, rules for managing 144
public perceptions 115
public submissions of evidence 110, 129
public versus secret documents 20
Pym, F. 71

Q

qualitiative research methods 8
Queen Elizabeth Class aircraft carriers 59, 173
quick reaction aircraft 79
Quinlan, M. 97, 98, 135
quinquennial defence and security review process 26, 44, 79–91, 94, 185

R

Ramscar, H. 183
rapid adjustments to capability 59
Rasmussen, M.V. 46
readiness 76–77
rearmament (1930s) 130–131
recruitment 166
recuperation periods 76–77, 82, 86
Rees, W. 134
Reeve, R. 149
requirement creep 155
research methodology 7–9
researcher positionality 9
reserve forces 105
resilience strategy 57, 79, 110
resource gap 42
reverse engineering 126
Richards, J. 38, 45
Ricketts, P. 56, 64
Rifkind, M. 23, 74, 138
ring-fencing 119
risk assessment/management 46–58, 63–64, 81–82, 127, 169, 181, 185
Robertson, G. 73, 127
roles, missions and tasks 66–96
Royal Air Force (RAF)
capability operating models 36
in defence review process 124, 125
fleet 66
history of 158
scales of effort 80
SDSR 2015 86–88
share of defence budget 160
see also single services
Royal Fleet Auxiliary 170
Royal Marines 118
Royal Navy (RN)
aircraft carriers 59
capability operating models 36
cuts to share of 72
in defence review process 124
legacy decisions 5
protecting own capability 158–159
scales of effort 80
SDSR 2015 86–88, 120
share of defence budget 160
see also single services
RUSI Journal, The 26, 110, 121
Russia 7, 15, 38, 62, 142

S

Sabin, P. 73, 74, 138
Sanders, P. 187
Sandys review
academic scrutiny 10
external events 113
grand strategy 38
impact of economy on 134, 136
process of 99–100, 101, 127
roles, missions and tasks 66, 67, 69
and the single services 158
strategic direction 21–22, 23, 24
Sawyers, J. 56
scales of effort 76–77, 78, 80
Scarnell, E. 53
science and technology 105, 110
SDR 1998
academic scrutiny 97
acquisition management 28, 29
concerns about data quality 176
consultative approach 102–103
cost savings 138, 139
defence spending 23
efficiency drives 146
expeditionary approach 14
‘force for good’ approach 73
output targets 93, 183–184
ring-fencing 119
roles, missions and tasks 75–76, 78, 79
scales of effort 77
service chiefs 9, 161
Smart Procurement Initiative (SPI) 12, 30
timeline 24
SDR 2002 24, 29, 139
SDSR 2010
alignment of military and political goals 43
concerns about data quality 176
Conservative manifesto commitment 104
cost savings 138–139, 140
cuts 120, 122–123, 142, 171
Defence Reform Programme (DRP) 13
external events/shocks 114–115
Future Force 2020 87, 95
impact of economy on 141
lack of detail 173
Nimrod and Poseidon changes 3
and NSS 49, 50–52
nuclear deterrent 104
overall aims of 20
political aspects of defence reviews 116, 119, 151
process of 33, 79–81
procurement 29
quinquennial defence and security review process 26, 79–91, 98, 105–106
role of defence decision-makers 120–127
service chiefs 161
shift to capability-led 105
and the single services 158
timeline 27
SDSR 2015
alignment of military and political goals 43
annual reports on 61–62, 107
Brexit 54
British Army 86–88
concerns about data quality 176
cuts 120, 122–123, 124
efficiency drives 147–149, 152, 187
financial management 125–126
Future Force 2020 82–85
human health risks 64
impact of economy on 140–144
Joint Force 2025 (JF25) 87, 88, 95
lack of detail 173
‘make Britain prosperous’ 42
missions 85–86
and the NSCR 108
and NSS 26, 39, 52, 53
output targets 94
overall aims of 20
political aspects of defence reviews 117, 151
procurement 29
quinquennial defence and security review process 106–108
role of defence decision-makers 120–127
service chiefs 161
timeline 27
second customer concept 31
secretaries of state 21, 127, 154, 176, 187
Security for the Next Generation (HM Government, 2009) 45–46
seed corn capabilities 169
Self, R. 21, 61, 100, 102, 113
Senior Responsible Owners (SROs) 33
September 11 78
service chiefs 9, 161–165
see also chiefs of staff
set-piece oral and written inputs 15
shocks 112–116
short-termism 44, 185
Sierra Leone 14
‘Sinews of Peace’ speech 14
single services 154–179, 187
Slessor, J. 130–131
small scale deployments 77, 78, 80
smart acquisition 12, 30–31, 155, 170
‘smart muddling through’ 18
Smart Procurement Initiative (SPI) 12–13, 27, 28, 29, 30–31
Smith, R. 133
Soviet Union 38, 69, 72, 73, 113
see also Cold War
space strategy 57, 58
specialist missions 86
spending by service 160
spending compared to other nations 84, 135
spending in relation to GDP 3–4, 69, 70–72, 74, 93, 134, 136–137, 139–142, 186
spending reviews 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 124, 150, 153
stabilization operation 80–81
standing commitments 78, 79
Statement of Defence 19
statement on the defence estimates 19, 20, 25, 38
Stirrup, J. 84, 140
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 135–136, 139, 141
stopping/cancelling programmes as strategic decision 42
Strachan, H. 38, 41, 50, 105
Strategic Command conference 2021 187
strategic direction 13–27
strategic shocks 112–116
strategy, definition of 41, 57
Strategy for Defence 82
Street, T. 106, 107, 149
strike brigades 125
submarine capability 22, 137, 159, 188
Suez Crisis 7, 25, 54, 93, 113, 131, 183
sunk costs 5
supply route protection 71
support services 71
support-chain leverage 32
survivability 60

T

tanks 119, 121, 137, 155, 158
targets 67, 69, 70, 75, 134
tasks 75
Taylor, C. 12, 20–21, 30, 34
Taylor, T. 17, 54, 109, 149, 177
teminological issues 40–41
Temper, G. 101
ten unwritten rules 97–98, 110, 152
ten-year equipment programme 85
terminological change 85
terrorism 78, 86
Thatcher, M. 22, 93, 146, 161
Thomson, C.P. 20
threat assessment 46–48, 59–61, 73, 89, 185
‘Three Month Exercise’ 105
Through Life Capability Management (TLCM) 29, 32–33, 155
through-life support 30–31, 32
time lags 76–77
time-lags 3, 5, 58–59
Tornado force 60–61, 132
total war 45
trade unions 115
trade-offs 16, 31, 117
training 16, 86, 166
transformation initiatives 31–32
translating strategic direction to military capability: model 4–7, 58, 181, 182
Treasury 100, 104
tribalism 51
Trident 72, 188
TSR-2 3

U

undeliverable goals 42
United Nations (UN) 54, 59
United States 63, 86, 113, 142, 145, 162
unmanned aircraft 158
US Army War College 113
Uttley, M. 10, 19, 142, 169

V

very large scale deployments 77

W

Wales Summit Declaration 140, 142
Walker, N. 19, 21, 70
Wallace, B. 111, 128
warfighting capacity 86–87, 91, 94, 144
war-gaming 16
Warsaw Pact 72
wedging 151
West Germany 71, 72
Wheeldon, H. 109
white papers 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 78, 85, 105
Who does UK National Strategy? (HC PAC, 2010) 63
whole-of-government approach 53, 63, 108
wicked problems 180
Wildavsky, A. 17, 18
Wilkinson, B. 142
Wilkinson, J. 70, 116, 130, 132
Williamson, G. 108
Wilson, H. 70, 100, 114
work strands 108–109, 110–111

Y

Younger, G. 25
Yue, Y. 32, 33

Z

Zhou Enlai 113

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