Contents

• List of Figures, Tables and Graphs v

• Notes on Contributors vi

1. 1Introduction

   Ragnhild A. Sollund and Martine S.B. Lie 1

2. 2Legal Versus Illegal Hunts: A Species Justice Perspective on Wolf and Bear Theriocides in Norway

   Martine S.B. Lie 17

3. 3The Implementation of CITES in Norway: A Longitudinal Approach to the Assessment of Enforcement from a Species Justice Perspective

   Ragnhild A. Sollund 36

4. 4Online Illegal Trade in Reptiles in the Netherlands

   Isabella Dominguez, Marjan Hindriks, Jordi Janssen and Daan van Uhm 52

5. 5Countering Wildlife Crimes in Italy: The Case of Bird Poaching

   Lorenzo Natali, Ciro Troiano, Sara Zoja and Anita Lavorgna 70

6. 6Analysis of Social and Legal Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Tackling the Illegal Killing of Wolves in Poland

   Piotr J. Chmielewski and Agnieszka Serlikowska 87

7. 7CITES in Spain: Blueprints and Challenges of Spanish Practice on CITES and Welfare of Trafficked Victims

   Teresa Fajardo 105

8. 8Paper Tigers and Local Perseverance: Wildlife Protection in Germany

   Christoph H. Stefes 125

9. 9The Norwegian Chain of Wildlife Treaty Effectiveness

   David R. Goyes 151

10. 10Rewilding in the UK: Harm or Justice?

    Tanya Wyatt 168

11. 11We Only See What We Know: Animal Conservation and Human Preservation

    Mark T. Palermo 185

12. 12Conclusion

    Ragnhild A. Sollund and Martine S.B. Lie 205

• Index 215

List of Figures, Tables and Graphs

Notes on Contributors

• Piotr J. Chmielewski holds a Master’s degree in environmental sciences. He is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Artes Liberales at the University of Warsaw. His PhD thesis, in the field of environmental sociology, is titled ‘The institutional context of the wolf (Canis lupus) conservation in Poland’. His research interests include human dimensions of wildlife and human–large carnivore coexistence. Additionally, he is a Chief Specialist in Green Deal Projects at the Polish National Centre for Research and Development.

• Isabella Dominguez has a background in psychology, criminology, international relations and cyber security. She has researched the organization of criminal networks involved in the illegal tortoise and freshwater turtle trade.

• Teresa Fajardo is Associate Professor at the University of Granada where she teaches Public International Law at the Faculty of Law, and International and European Environmental Law at the Science Faculty. Her research interests lie in the field of International and European environmental law, EU migration law and policy and Soft Law. She is a member of the Jean Monnet Chair on EU Environmental Law at the University of Barcelona. She has drawn up reports for the European Commission and the European Parliament on wildlife crime. Among her most recent publications are To Criminalise or Not To Criminalise IUU Fishing: The EU’s Choice (Marine Policy, 2022), and Biological Diversity and International Law: Challenges for the Post 2020 Scenario (Springer, 2021).

• David R. Goyes is a researcher at the University of Oslo. He holds a PhD in Criminology from the same university. He has contributed extensively to the study of global North–South relations, environmental conflicts and Indigenous issues. He is editor-in-chief of the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy and member of several editorial boards. Goyes has a long publication record, with titles in English, Portuguese and Spanish. His first sole-authored book was Southern Green Criminology (Emerald, 2019). He has also contributed chapters to numerous edited volumes and articles to special issues of scientific journals.

• Marjan Hindriks is a Senior Legal Adviser on Circular Economy and Waste for Rijkswaterstaat, the executive agency of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. She has Master’s degrees in International and European Law and in Criminal Investigation, both with a specialization in the environmental field. She enjoys using her skills and knowledge to try to improve our natural environment.

• Jordi Janssen is an ecologist working for Monitor Conservation Research Society, and studies the legal and illegal wildlife trade with a particular interest in reptiles and amphibians. Over the last decade he has written several book chapters and over 30 publications on this trade. In addition, he is a PhD candidate at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law enforcement (NSCR) and Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

• Anita Lavorgna is Associate Professor in the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the University of Bologna. After her PhD at the University of Trento, Lavorgna spent most of her academic career in the UK, where she was Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Southampton until 2022. Her research pivots around cybercrimes, digital social harms and environmental crimes, and is mostly based on interdisciplinary approaches.

• Martine S.B. Lie is a Doctoral Research Fellow in Criminology at the University of Oslo. In her PhD project she explores Norwegian large predator policies, including the implications of using the courts as an arena for the wolf conflict. The project is part of Criminal Justice, Wildlife Conservation and Animal Rights in the Anthropocene (CRIMEANTHROP) funded by the Research Council of Norway. Lie also has extensive experience from NGO work for the protection of animals. Among her publications are ‘Humane Theriocides: Traces of Compassion for Animals in the Norwegian Legal Discourse on Illegal Bear and Wolf Killings’ in Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental 12(1), 2021, and ‘“Stepdogs” of Society: The Impact of Breed Bans in Norway’ in Critical Criminology 25, 2017.

• Lorenzo Natali is Associate Professor of Criminology at the School of Law, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy. His research focuses on violent crime, symbolic and radical interactionism, green criminology and visual and sensory methodologies. He is the author of A Visual Approach for Green Criminology: Exploring the Social Perception of Environmental Harm (Palgrave, 2016), Cosmologías violentas: Itinerarios criminológicos (with Adolfo Ceretti; Marcial Pons, 2016) and Green Criminology: Prospettive Emergenti sui Crimini Ambientali (Giappichelli, 2015) and Introdução à Criminologia Verde: Perspectivas Críticas, Descoloniais e do Sul (with M. de Nardin Budó, D. Rodriguez Goyes, R. Sollund, and A. Brisman (eds); Tirant Brasil, 2022).

• Mark T. Palermo is a psychiatrist and neurologist, chair of the Law, Art and Behavior Foundation. He is a social artist focusing on combating the medicalization of society using art as metaphor. In his research he attempts to circumvent academic sectarianism, drawing upon universal cultural foundations such as those found in literature, religion and philosophy. Recent publications include ‘Scientism, Ethics and Evil: From Mens Rea to Cerebrum Reus’ in International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2022, 66(9), and ‘From Social Deviance to Art: Vandalism, Illicit Dumping, and the Transformation of Matter and Form’ in Social Sciences, 2020.

• Agnieszka Serlikowska is an attorney at law and public servant with a PhD in Law. In 2020–22, she was associated with the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz. Her doctoral degree was awarded by the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Warsaw, for the thesis ‘Fees and other charges imposed by competent authorities performing official food controls in European and national food and feed law’ (Wolters Kluwer Poland, 2020). In her research and teaching, she focuses on the study of administrative responsibility.

• Ragnhild A. Sollund is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oslo. She has published widely in the field of green criminology, particularly concerning wildlife crimes and harms, in addition to police racial profiling and migration. She is the author of: The Crimes of Wildlife Trafficking: Issues of Justice, Legality and Morality (Routledge, 2019) and Green Harms and Crimes: Critical Criminology in a Changing World (Palgrave, 2015). She has received the Energy Globe Award, Norway (2015) and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the DCCSJ of the American Society of Criminology (2021). From 2019 to 2023 she was in charge of the CRIMEANTHROP (Criminal Justice, Wildlife Conservation and Animal Rights in the Anthropocene) project, funded by the Research Council Norway. She was a partner to the EFFACE project funded by the European Union (2012–16).

• Christoph H. Stefes, PhD, is Professor for Political Science at the University of Colorado Denver. In his research and teaching, he focuses on the study of political regimes, corruption, and environmental and energy policies. Among his most recent publications are ‘Russia as a Norm Entrepreneur’ in Problems of Post-Communism (with B. Jose; Taylor and Francis, 2022); ‘Wildlife Protection in Germany: Sound Legislation and Deficient Implementation’ in Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental 12, 2021; ‘Opposing Energy Transitions’ in Review of Policy Research 37, 2020; and Fighting Environmental Crime in Europe and Beyond (with R. Sollund and A. R. Germani (eds); Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).

• Ciro Troiano is a criminologist, specializing in ‘Criminal Anthropology and Investigative Methodologies’. He is trained in legal psychology and forensic psychopathology and is in charge of the LAV’s Osservatorio Nazionale Zoomafia. Troiano is adjunct lecturer in ‘Criminology of Crimes Against Animals’, and has taught courses in ‘Techniques for combating zoomafia’ and ‘Criminology of animal rights’ at Police, Carabinieri and State Forestry Corps Academies. He edits the annual Zoomafia Report. Troiano is the author of numerous essays and articles. Among his latest texts: Preso dal nervoso gli ho sparato: Vittime e offender nel maltrattamento di animali (LAV, 2021); La Guardia Zoofila – manuale a quiz (Amazon, 2023).

• Daan van Uhm is Associate Professor of Criminology, specializing in Green Criminology, at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. He has conducted research on various forms of environmental crime, including illegal mining in Latin America, wildlife trafficking in South East Asia, deforestation in Central Africa, and the criminalization of ecocide.

• Tanya Wyatt is a former Professor of Criminology (Northumbria University in Newcastle, UK). Her specialism is crimes that affect the environment, including wildlife crime and trafficking and non-human animal abuse as well as the intersections with organized crime, corporate crime and corruption. Recent publications include Wildlife Trafficking: A Deconstruction of the Crime, Victims and Offenders (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022) and Is CITES Protecting Wildlife? An assessment of implementation and compliance (Earthscan, 2022).

• Sara Zoja has been a psychologist and later a Jungian psychoanalyst based in Milan (Italy) since 2012. She got her Associate’s and Master’s degrees in clinical psychology from the university of Maine (USA) and the Vita-Salute San Raffaele university (Italy). She received her diploma in analytical psychology from the C. G. Jung Institute in Zurich. She trained in forensic psychopathology and clinical criminology (at San Raffaele university in Milan) and in child psychotherapy (at Il Ruolo Terapeutico school in Parma). She is a member of IAAP. Her research interests focus on dream therapy and on the relationship between animals and the unconscious.