Index

Publication Date:
31 May 2023
Pages:
243–249
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447344292.bm003
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Aviation is an integral element of advanced capitalism, and for many citizens and groups it is regarded as an essential ingredient of their everyday practices. But flying impacts negatively on local communities near airports, and the vast majority of the population who do not fly, not to mention the planet. Indeed, though citizens (and governments) regularly proclaim their intention to address climate change, and the environmental impacts of aviation, many still fly. Contesting Airport Expansion explores this dilemma by analysing the different ways that public authorities continue to sponsor the aviation industry in the face of hostile political opposition, and the growing scientific evidence of the negative impact of flying on carbon emissions and climate change. The book presents a genealogy of the problems and proposed solutions of UK airports policy since the 1940s, shedding light on the technologies of government used by the state to try and depoliticise the public opposition to airport expansion. It shows how strategies to depoliticise aviation and expand airports have often failed because their proponents were unable to constitute an effective political will in the face of the fundamental challenges of politics. The spectre of politics is evident in the growing social antagonisms and ideological struggles that punctuate the battle for policy hegemony in aviation. Challenging the dominant logics of airport expansion in the UK context, the book argues for a radical re-routing of airport and aviation policy along a path of degrowth, which can lay the grounds for a more sustainable future.

References to figures appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables. References to endnotes show page number, note number and (where appropriate) chapter number (204n1[c1]).

A

Adams, John 61
Adelman, Jeremy 31
Adonis, Lord 21, 195, 206n7
Air Passenger Duty (APD) 88, 130, 150, 159
air pollution 7, 93, 107–108, 109, 116–117, 186
Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) 155
Air Transport White Paper (ATWP) (2003) 67–68, 70, 73, 74
see also national public consultation (2002–2003)
Airbus 153
Aircraft Noise Index Study (1985) 49
Airport eXpansion Opposition (AXO) 190
Airports Commission (AC) 73–102
approach to climate change 96–99, 108, 109–110, 117, 163
chair, commissioners and advisers 75–76, 76, 80
economic narratives and justifications 88–91
establishment of 74
Final Report 74, 76, 78–80, 79
forecasting 82, 84–88, 86, 87, 162
Interim Report 76, 78
opposition strategies and campaigns 92–93, 101–102, 105
positioning and approach 81–84, 91–92
remit and terms of reference 74, 80–81
response to findings 90, 103–111, 195–196
strategy on noise pollution 93–96, 183, 184–185
work conducted 76–78, 77
Airports Council International (ACI) 145
Airports National Policy Statement (ANPS) 9, 11, 117–119
judicial review 118, 120–121, 122–128, 138–142, 186, 187
Airports White Paper (1985) 55
AirportWatch 70, 106
Aldrich, Daniel P. 12, 208n1(concl)
see also public goods and public bads
alternative hedonism 16, 153, 171, 199
Anderson, Lord 139
Anderson, Perry 39–40
Andrews, Alan 108
Apter, David 12
Armitt, Sir John 76, 206n7
Aviation Environment Federation (AEF) 52
aviation industry statistics and forecasts 5

B

Back Heathrow (campaign group) 92
Balls, Ed 197
Barasi, Leo 202
Barbone, Carole 55
Bennett, Jane 174
Berlin Brandenburg Airport 4, 193
Birmingham Airport 68
Blair, Tony 197
Blühdorn, Ingolfur 25, 184
Blunkett, Lord 146
Boyland, Alan 54
Brancker, J.W. 56
Brexit 111, 142–143, 195
Bristol Airport 51, 187, 190
British Airways (BA) 144, 145, 160, 161
Brown, Baroness, of Cambridge 123
Brown, Gordon 24, 196–197
Buchanan, Colin 58, 63, 64
Buller, Jim 24
Burdett, Ricky 76
‘business as usual’ discourse 153–162
business travel 7–8, 159–160, 161

C

Cameron, David 73, 107, 110, 192, 195–196
campaign groups 13–14, 14
Campaign to Protect Rural England 186
carbon emissions
amplifying tensions in aviation industry 3–4
approach of Airports Commission 96–99, 108, 109–110, 117, 163
approach taken in ANPS 117–118, 123–126
approach taken in ATWP 68
carbon costs of emissions 161
contribution of aviation to global warming 5–8, 204n4
emissions trading schemes (ETS) 117, 154, 156–158, 164, 200
government targets
Climate Change Act 121
under Johnson government 126, 148–149
under future trajectories
‘business as usual’ 153–159
demand management 163–164
post-growth aviation 168–169, 200–201
see also Paris Agreement
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) 117, 154, 156–158, 164, 200
Carnwath, Lord Justice 187
categories
Airports Commission 83, 89
forecasting 47
role of 180
Roskill Commission 62
Cerfontyne, Rachael 114
China 7, 157
Clegg, Nick 74
ClientEarth (campaign group) 107–108, 186
Climate Assembly UK 163
climate change see carbon emissions
Climate Change Act 2008 (CCA) 121–122, 123, 125, 129
Climate Change Committee (CCC)
Airports Commission deferral to 98
emissions targets 97, 117, 121, 123, 126–127, 140
role of 121–122
Sixth Carbon Budget 163
on sustainable fuels 155
Climate Crisis Advisory Group 147
Coalition government (2010–2015) 73–74, 191–192
Coles, Romand 174
Connolly, William 174, 175
Conservative government
under Boris Johnson (2019–2022)
contradictory pressures on aviation policy 131, 144–150
Jet Zero Consultation 149, 153
net zero emissions targets 126, 148–149, 207n7
stance on Heathrow third runway 127, 142, 149–150, 173–174, 188
under David Cameron (2015–2016) 104, 109–110, 192, 195–196
under Theresa May (2016–2019) 111–112, 114, 116–119, 125–126
see also Coalition government (2010–2015)
COP26 conference 147, 148, 149, 207n8
Corbyn, Jeremy 109, 196
cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 57–61
importance of value judgements 62
and logic of planning 62–63
loss of credibility 64
pioneered by DfT 135
use by Roskill Commission
criticisms 58–61, 63
findings 59
methodology 57–58
Council for the Independent Scrutiny of Heathrow Airport (CISHA) 204n6
COVID-19 pandemic 1, 5, 130, 131, 143–147, 161
Cox, Vivienne 76
Crosland, Anthony 56, 57
Crosland, Tim 123–124, 142
Cublington 58, 59, 64

D

Davies, Sir Howard 76, 80, 83–84, 101, 106–107, 115, 146, 205n2(c3)
see also Airports Commission (AC)
Dean, Baroness Brenda 21–22
Dean, Mitchell 37
Deben, Lord 122, 123
demand management 162–166
Department for Transport (DfT) 46, 84, 117, 197
depoliticisation 21–42
contemporary debates 22–27
mechanisms, strategies and tactics 27–36
decontesting the terms of discourse 30–31
deferring to expertise 29–30
fantasmatic images and narratives 33–36
logic of difference 32–33
production of empty signifiers 31–32
rationalities, technologies and techniques of government 39
struggles for policy hegemony 39–41
and technologies of government 182–185
Development Consent Orders (DCOs) 112–113

E

Edinburgh Airport 68
Electric EEL project 153
electric flights 155, 156, 203
emissions trading schemes (ETS) 117, 154, 156–158, 164, 200
employment in aviation sector 160–161
Environmental Justice (campaign group) 4
European Court of Human Rights 185, 187
European Union 7, 164
expert Commissions see Airports Commission (AC) ; Roskill Commission
Extinction Rebellion 126
Eyre, Graham, QC 54

F

Feldman, Elliot J. 12, 29, 181
Ferrovial 160
Fletcher, Natasha 92
Flinders, Matthew 24, 25–26
forecasting
Airports Commission methodology 82, 84–88, 86, 87, 162
art of 45–49
Department of Transport model 46, 84
logic of quantification 179–182
Maplin Review figures 47
during national public consultation/ATWP 45–46, 47, 67–68
Roskill Commission figures 47, 61
see also ‘predict and provide’ modelling
Foucault, Michel 19, 33, 36–37
Foulness (later Maplin) 58, 59, 63, 64
Fox, Dr Liam 145
framing and reframing 18, 30–33, 44, 53, 57, 80–81, 98, 100, 118, 137, 187, 197
discursive 19, 61–64, 81, 133–4
ideological 111
rhetorical 73
Free Ride Campaign 164
see also frequent flyer tax
Freedom to Fly (campaign group) 70, 145
French Citizens’ Convention for Climate Change 168, 169
frequent flyer tax 164, 165–166
frequent flyers 7–8, 158
Freud, Sigmund 34
Friends of the Earth (FoE) 48, 53, 116, 121, 124–125, 127, 139, 140
Future of Aviation consultation document (2000) 66, 67
Future Development of Air Transport in the UK consultation document (2002) 66–67

G

Gatwick Airport
Airports Commission conclusions 78–79, 87, 89–90
Gatwick’s rejection of 107
designation as second airport 132
impact of COVID-19 pandemic 130, 145, 146, 162
New Labour consultation process 66, 69–70
North Terminal 51
Northern Runway 162
public inquiries 51, 53, 70–71
Gatwick Area Conservation Committee (GACC) 102
Gazzard, Jeff 102
genealogy, as method 16–17
global warming see climate change
Goldsmith, Zac 92, 104–105, 114
government subsidy 159
governmentality 36–37
Govindia, Ravi 120, 206n17
Graham, Philip 75
Gramsci, Antonio 39–40
Grayling, Chris 112, 116–117, 117, 125–126, 207n26
green aviation see manifesto for green transformation of aviation
Greening, Justine 73–74, 101, 104, 114
Greenpeace 108, 186
Group for Action on Leeds Bradford Airport (GALBA) 190
Gunn, Lewis A. 39

H

Hajer, Maarten A. 40
Hall, Peter 56, 57–58
Hall, Stuart 39
Hammond, Philip 74, 104
Hands, Greg 118
Hay, Colin 23–27, 204n1(c1)
Heathrow Airport
carbon costs of emissions 161
chosen as lead civil airport 132, 208n1(concl)
effect of aircraft noise 7
fourth runway 80
losses during COVID-19 pandemic 130, 144
New Labour consultation process 66, 68
noise disturbance survey 1961 49
popularity with airlines 145
role of HCEB and CISHA 15, 204n6, 206n8
Terminal Five 51, 52, 54, 55, 65, 112, 136
Terminal Four 51, 54, 136
third runway
Brown government go-ahead for 73, 196–197
costs and impact of funding rules 160
impact of Brexit and COVID-19 130, 143, 146
judicial review 115, 119–128, 138–142, 185–187, 206–207n18–20
May government support for 111–112, 114, 116–119, 125–126
opposition to scheme 114–116
planning mechanisms employed 112–114
stance of Johnson government 127, 142, 149–150, 173–174, 188
work of Airports Commission
approach to climate change 96–99
envisaged economic benefits 89–91
Interim and Final Report 10–11, 78–80, 79
opposition strategies and campaigns 92–93, 101–102, 105
passenger forecasts 87
response to findings 90, 103–111
significance of global hub status 80–81
strategy on noise pollution 93–96
Heathrow Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise (HACAN) 92, 101–102, 105–106, 115, 183
Heathrow Community Engagement Board (HCEB) 15, 106, 113–114, 204n6, 206n8
Heidegger, Martin 37
Hicks, Celeste 9–10, 12
Hirschman, Albert 17, 30
Hogwood, Brian W. 39
Holland-Kaye, John 130
House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (EAC) 73, 109–110, 122
House of Commons Transport Committee (TC) 101, 115, 130
house prices see property values and compensation
hub capacity 80–81, 89
human rights 70, 185, 187
Hume, David 30–31
Huq, Rupa 150
hydrogen planes 156, 203

I

Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise (ICCAN) 15, 114, 116–117, 150
prior calls for 78, 96, 101, 122
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports 124, 140, 147, 162
Istanbul Grand Airport 4–5

J

Jet Zero Consultation (2021) 149, 153
Johnson, Boris 78, 84, 104, 114, 118, 126, 127, 131, 150, 188, 196
judicial review, as campaign strategy 9–10, 119–120, 185–189
see also under Airports National Policy Statement (ANPS) ; Heathrow Airport: third runway ; national public consultation (2002–2003)

K

Khan, Sadiq 120
King, Dame Julia 76
King, Sir David 147
Klein, Naomi 158
Krippner, Greta 25

L

Labour Party
approach to aviation
under Ed Miliband 197
under Jeremy Corbyn 109, 118, 196
and progressive alliances 174
see also New Labour governments
Lacan, Jacques 34
Laclau, Ernesto 27–28, 39
Latour, Bruno 174
Le Blond, Paul 8–9, 12
Leadsom, Andrea 124
Leeds Bradford Airport 51, 161, 190
Lees, James 108
Leq measures 49
Let Britain Fly (campaign group) 101–102
Lichfield, Nathaniel 62–63
Lindblom, Lord Justice 127
Little, Daniel 30, 204n2(c1)
Local Authorities Aircraft Noise Council 106
Lockwood, Matthew 121–122
logic of sufficiency 2, 16, 167, 175, 199
logics
depoliticization 24, 27–28, 31–32, 33, 183, 193
difference 28, 32–33, 99, 113, 183
equivalence 22, 28, 31–32, 180
judicial 56–57, 62
planning 62–63
political 67
politicisation 22, 23–24, 41, 44, 121
predict and provide 13, 19, 38, 39, 44, 50, 66, 70–71, 75, 84, 103, 119, 128, 132, 136, 138, 179
social 39, 43, 44, 66, 70, 71, 173, 179
sufficiency 2, 16, 167, 175, 199
London airports see Gatwick Airport ; Heathrow Airport ; Luton Airport ; Stansted Airport ; Third London Airport
Lukes, Steven 25
Luton Airport 51
Lynge, Aqqaluk 55

M

Mackie, Peter 90
Manchester Airport 11, 50, 51, 54, 64–65
Manchester Airports Group (MAG) 50–51, 76, 188
Manchester United 1
manifesto for green transformation of aviation
core demands 166–172
alternative hedonism and slow travel 171–172
bans on short-haul flights 168–169
divestment from airports 168
suppression of demand and disinvestment 167–168
transition support for aviation workers 169–171
general demands and measures 199–201
institutional and organisational action 172–176, 201–203
Maplin see Foulness (later Maplin)
Maplin Review 47
Marshall, Tim 185
Marx, Karl 33–34, 35, 181–182
Matthews, Colin 100–101
May, Theresa 104, 111, 114
McDonnell, John 109, 126, 177, 196
McLoughlin, Patrick 104, 110
Milch, Jerome 12, 29, 46, 48, 181
Miliband, Ed 147, 197
military flights 6
Miller, Peter 36–37
Mitchell, Timothy 3, 37–38, 160
Monbiot, George 148
Moran, Michael 17
Mouffe, Chantal 27–28, 39, 175, 204n1(c1)
Muirhead, Geoff 76, 76
Munich Airport 4

N

Nantes, proposed international airport 4, 172, 193
Narita Airport 12
National Infrastructure Commission (NIC) 206n7
National Policy Statements (NPS) 112–113
national public consultation (2002–2003) 64–70
actions of campaigners 69–70, 191
approach to climate change and noise pollution 68
consultation documents and forecasts 45–46, 47, 65–68
judicial review 69–70
outcome – Air Transport White Paper (2003) 67–68, 70, 74
technologies and techniques of consultation 68–69
New Deal for Transport White Paper (1998) 65–66
New Labour governments (1997–2010)
airport expansion plans post ATWP 31, 73, 196–197
introduction of 2008 Climate Change Act 121
introduction of 2008 Planning Act 112
national public consultation see main entry
Nietzsche, Friedrich 16
night flights 95, 185, 187
Noise and Number Index (NNI) contours 49, 60
noise pollution
aviation noise summit (2014) 101–102
effect of 7
independent noise commission 15, 78, 96, 101, 114, 116–117
NNI contours 49, 60
strategy of Airports Commission 93–96, 183, 184–185
strategy in ATWP 68
undervalued in CBA 58–59
see also air pollution
Norval, Aletta J. 175
numbers
Airports Commission 81–83
forecasting 45–48
‘real abstractions’ 35, 181
role of 179–182
statactivism 181, 185
Nuthampstead 58, 59

O

Offe, Claus 29, 104, 184
Ogunshakin, Nelson 21
Olney, Sarah 148, 207n6
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 86
Osborne, George 110, 127, 192, 195–196
Osborne, Iain 102
Oxford Economic Forecasting report 67

P

paradiastole 30–31
Paris Agreement 123–125, 140, 155
Paul, M.E. 49
Pearce, Brian 90
Perman, David 65
Plan B Earth (campaign group) 120–121, 123–124, 124–125, 127, 138–139, 140
Plane Stupid (campaign group) 107, 108, 115
Planning Act 2008 (PA) 112–113, 121, 122–123, 125, 127, 129, 138–139, 186
policy hegemony 39–41
political
discontinuities and delay 193–194
will 194–198
politicisation 11–15, 27–28, 41–42
politics
campaigning 189–193
Climate Change Act and Planning Act 121–123
primacy of 28–28
post-growth aviation see manifesto for green transformation of aviation
Poststructuralist Discourse Theory (PDT) 11
‘predict and provide’ modelling 43–50
Air Transport White Paper (ATWP) 70–71
Airports Commission rejection of 84, 85–86
Airports National Policy Statement (ANPS) 119
genealogy of 132–138, 133–4
logic of 38, 43, 44–45
New Labour distancing from 50, 66
practice of forecasting 45–49
protests and opposition 49–50
Roskill Commission as form of 61–62
premium class, carbon footprint 158
Prescott, John 196–197
Princen, Thomas 2, 15–16, 152, 167
private air travel 6, 158–159
problematisations of aviation policy 13, 13, 132–138, 133–4
property values and compensation 60, 95
public goods and public bads 12, 44–45, 204n1(c2), 208n1(concl)
public inquiries 50–56, 64–65

Q

Qantas Airways 1

R

radical democracy 2, 16, 175, 199, 202
Reclaim the Power (campaign group) 115, 206n13
rhetoric 36, 62, 81, 93, 94, 98, 104, 112, 118, 120, 128, 141, 147, 148–149, 186, 189, 195
appeals 66–67, 100, 204n6
‘balanced’ approaches 67, 74, 79, 182–183
‘economic boosterism’ and Airports Commission 88–91
empty signifiers 31–32
fantasy 33–36
forecasting 71
logics, mechanisms and operations 30–31, 33
numbers 62, 181
predict and provide 119
technological fixes 68, 148–149
tropes 18, 86, 93, 111, 141
verbal and visual 84
rhetorical
redescription 30, 178, 183
strategies 183–185
Riddington, Geoff 45
Riker, William 31–32, 183
Rome Viterbo Airport 4
Rose, Nikolas 36–37
Roskill, Eustace 56
Roskill Commission 56–64
appointment and workings 56–57
assumed need for third airport 61
findings 58, 59, 208n1(concl)
predicted passenger numbers 47, 61
recommendations rejected 63–64, 135
terms of reference 61–62, 64
undervaluation of environmental impacts 58–60
use of cost-benefit analysis 57–61
Ross, Brian 52
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 66
Rudd, Amber 124
Runways UK (advisory group) 21–22

S

Sauven, John 116
Sawa, Nagayo 12
Schmitt, Carl 25, 26, 204n1(c1)
Self, Peter 57, 60, 61, 62
Sharman, F. 54
Shipman, Tim 127, 207n27
Skinner, Quentin 31
Sloterdijk, Peter 33
Smith, Adam 30–31
Soper, Kate 2, 16, 171, 174, 176
Southampton Airport 161, 190
Spurrier, Neil 121
Stansted Airport
Airports Commission recommendations 78
approval for 56
carbon costs of emissions 161
failed application for statutory planning review against 188
New Labour consultation process 66, 68
public inquiries 50–51, 52, 54, 55–56
Stay Grounded (campaign group) 4
Stewart, John 105, 106, 115
Stop Bristol Airport Expansion (SBAEx) 190
Stop Heathrow Expansion (SHE) 92–93
Stop Stansted Expansion (SSE) 52, 54, 55, 69–70, 76
Sugg, Baroness Liz 119, 204n6
Sunak, Rishi 131, 150, 173
sustainable aviation fuel 6, 155–156, 203
Sustainable Aviation (industry group) 153–154

T

technologies of government 36–38, 182–185
Teddington Action Group 92, 106–107, 115, 206n12
Thames Estuary airport scheme 78, 84, 208n1(concl)
Third London Airport 46–47, 50
see also Roskill Commission
Thunberg, Greta 126
Thurleigh 58, 59
Triantafillou, Peter 37
Tyrie, Andrew 115, 206n11

U

United Airlines 155
United States 157
Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) 168

V

Valentine, Baroness 21, 100
Vandermeer, Roy, QC 54, 55

W

Walsh, Willie 114–115
Walters, Alan 60
Wark, Kirsty 21
Widdicombe, David 54
Wilson Committee 49, 60
Wingate, Stewart 107, 130, 146
Wolfe, David, QC 124
Wood, Matt 25–26

Y

Young, Mike 52

Z

Žižek, Slavoj 33–35

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