References to footnotes show both the page number and the note number (231n3)

A

abolition movements 176
absolute equality 135
African American Islamic polygyny 153
African American Muslim communities 11, 17n9
African American Muslims 12
Ahmed, Leila 149
Ahmed, Sara 31, 44
Akhtar, R.C. 179
Akhter v Khan [2018] EWFC 54 71
American Civil War 176
A-M v A-M 69
Anghie, A. 26, 77
Anglican Christian community 61
Anglican Christian dominance 68
Anglican Christian ideal of marriage 64
Anglican Christianity 47, 63
Anglican Christian marriages 61
Anglican clergyman 61, 62
Anglican dominance 68
Anglican marriage 64
formalities 62
Anglo-Saxon King Ethelred II 11
anti-Catholic legislation 66
anti-colonialist approach 192
anti-discrimination doctrine 146
anti-polygamy campaigns 39
anti-recognition sentiment 175
antisemitism 34
Arab culture 119
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights 99
Asad, T. 108
authentic Jews 34
Azad v Entry Clearance Officer, Dhaka 2000 WL 1918688 97

B

Bailey, M. 13, 14
Balibar, E. 109
Bangladeshi Muslim polygamous marriage 95
Baralong community 87
Baralong marriage 81, 2
‘barbarian’ natives 36
Baroness Cox’s Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill 3
Bartholomew, S.W. 56, 57
Basit, T.N. 112
Battle of Uhud 134
Beaman, L.G. 38, 139
Bedouin-Arab community 134
Bedouin-Arab structure of polygyny 140
Benton, L. 28
Bethell, Christopher 81, 86
Bhabha, H.K. 16, 37, 41, 49, 173
Bibi v Chief Adjudication Officer [1998] 1 FLR 375 95
Bibi v UK (Dec) 29 June 1992 98
Biblical marriage 52
Bigamia 56
bigamy 5, 6, 54n4, 55–63, 65–66, 72, 78, 99, 184, 192
Bolognani, M. 120
Bonnett, A. 33
Bourdieu, Pierre 144
British Asian culture 115
British colonial administration of India 29
British imperial identity 27
British imperial law 28
Brooks, A. 139
Bryce, J. 35
Busbridge, R. 169

C

Calder, G. 14
Campbell, A. 42, 154, 155
Canadian Mormon communities 11
Capp, B. 57
Carey, D. 24
Casey Review 3
Catholic ceremonies 63
Catholicism 51, 123
Chatterjee, N. 55
Cheang Thye Phin 83, 84
Chief Adjudication Officer v Bath [2000] 1 FLR 8 71
Children Act 1989 183
Chinese law 29, 83–85
Chinese secondary marriage 84
‘Christendom’ 33
Christian belief 50
Christian canon law 59
Christian ceremonies 70
Christian communities 52
Christian dominance 47, 53
Christian ethics 11
Christian ideal of monogamous marriage 183
Christian imperialism 81
and orientalism 82
Christianity 36
Christian marriage 81, 85, 86
Christian monogamous orthodoxy 42
Christian monogamy 39, 51, 52, 57, 89, 90
in English marriage law 72
Christian religious practice 68
Chung, H.K. 113
civil ceremonies 68
‘civilised international society’ 27
civil law 79
civil marriage 67, 179
ceremonies 47
civil partnerships 2
clandestine marriages 62, 63
Clandestine Marriages Act 1753 47, 60
coercive polygamy 190
‘coexistent cultures and temporalities’ 37
cohabitation 2
Cohen, M. 113
colonial ideals of domesticity 8
colonial-inspired cultural racism 12
colonialism 25, 29, 31, 32
colonialist authoritative superiority 30
colonialist mentality 32
coloniality 7, 8, 31
colonial rule 8, 29
‘colonial saviour’ narrative 27
colonial situations 31
colonial violence and disruption 41
colonisation 9, 35, 36
violence of 29
colonised societies 41
‘common’ abuse 49
common law bigamy offence 60
Commonwealth model of marriage 58
concubinage 84
The Conflict of Laws (Dicey) 82, 83
conflict of laws or cultures 75–78
Connell, R. 41
consecutive polygamy 53
contextualised disruptive approach 77
Cooper, D. 14, 133, 139, 148
Cornell, D. 150
Coulthard, G.S. 173, 177, 178
Council of Trent 54
‘counter-discursive practice’ 31
counter-extremism 3
Counter Extremism Unit 3
cousin marriages 163
criminalisation of polygamy 55
critical postcolonial approaches 30
critical postcolonial feminism 20, 23
disruptive (hi)stories and voices 40–44
and feminism 24–27
orientalism and imperialism 33–40
polygamy and history 28–33
critical postcolonial feminist approaches 186
critical race feminism 18
critical race feminist-based methodology 18
‘cult of domesticity’ 26
‘cultural carriers’ 122
cultural community 104, 105
cultural difference framework 104, 105
‘cultural essentialism’ 109
cultural imperialism 35, 109
‘culturally diverse’ 109
culturally hegemonic practices 37
culture
Arab 119
British Asian 115
European 77
Indian 109, 110
Nigerian 115
religion and ( see religion and culture )
Curtin, P. 35

D

Dalrymple v Dalrymple (1811) 62
D’Arcy-Brown, L. 58
Das, V. 43
data collection process 44
de Beauvoir, Simone 34
decision-making processes 42
decolonisation process 36–38
De Cruz, P. 51
Denike, M. 39
de Sousa Santos, B. 41
Dicey, A.V.
The Conflict of Laws 82, 83
rules 82, 89
disruptive politics of recognition 16, 177–182
‘divine dispensation’ 52
Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 58
Dodgson v Haswell 64
Domestic Abuse Act 2021 184
domestic polygamy 16, 92, 100
domestic violence 161, 166, 182
Donaldson, L.E. 108
Dubuisson, D. 108
A Dying Colonialism (Fanon) 37

E

ECO New Delhi v SG [2012] UKUT 00265 (IAC) 97
Egyptian Islamist movement 155
English case law 146
English Civil Wars 55
English Commonwealth 59
English domestic conceptions of marriage 7
English law 2–5, 7–9, 11, 12, 15–17, 19, 30, 32, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79, 83, 87, 89, 92, 104, 161n1, 163, 164, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188, 190
and marriage 80
on marriage 161
and policy 1, 4–6
polygamous marriages in 8, 23, 31, 183
English legal divorce 79
English legal framework 16
on polygamous marriages 2
English legal imagination 92
English marriage 21, 87
law 50, 72, 182n8
regulation 51, 61
English matrimonial law 47
English private international law 90
epistemic violence 41
equality 14, 157
‘equality as sameness’ approach 133, 146
‘equality of power’ framework 133
Ertman, M.M. 9
ethnic groups 7
Eurocentric dominance 37
Eurocentric ideals 104
European Christianity 108
European colonial domination 31
European Convention on Human Rights 93n5, 98, 99
European culture 77
European laws 29
European/non-European divide 8

F

‘failure of femininity’ 143
faith-based community 170
Fanon, F. 16, 34, 40, 41, 174, 177
A Dying Colonialism 37
‘feminist historical project’ 28
Festa, L. 24
forced marriages 5, 5n5
Ford, L. 28
foreign law 8
formal equality 147
approach 148
framework 147
formal gender equality 133
formal legal recognition 175
formal territorial colonialism 29
Foucault, M. 139
Franke, K. 175, 176
Fraser, N. 168
Fryer, P. 36, 82

G

gendered inequalities 146
gender equality 43, 130–133, 149–151, 156, 157
framework 43
and Islam 150–154
polygamy and 146–149
polygamy as harmful and unequal 135–146
polygyny in Islam 133–135
problematic 149
gender-equal society 43
gender inequality 13, 43, 132
gender violence 49
Gereis v Yagoub 70
Gill, R. 66
Gnanapala, W. 3
Granzow, K. 47–49
Grosfoguel, R. 31
Guzman, A.T. 76

H

Haggis, J. 28
Hall, C. 113
harm and equality in marriage, disrupting 13–15
Hegel, Georg 34
Herman, D. 17, 73
Herring, J. 175–177
Hindu and Sikh communities 70
Hindu law 29
Hines, S. 175
Holy Roman Empire 54
‘honour’-based crimes 145
‘honour’-based criminal behaviour 145
‘honour’-based violence 144
hooks, bell 146
hybridity 37
Hyde, John 4
Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee 4

I

ideal monogamous marriage 95
Imam Din v National Assistance Board [1967] 2 WLR 257 93
immigrant marriages and families 96
immigration legal framework 96
immigration rules 96
imperialism 8, 23, 26, 35, 37–40, 45
inauthentic Jew 34
Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 94
in-depth semi-structured interviews 18
‘Indian culture’ 109, 110
informal imperialism and practices 29
informal marriages 163, 183
informal religious arbitration forums 2
In Re Bethell Bethell v Hildyard (1887) 38 Ch D 220 81
Institut de Droit International 75
integration policy 3
international law 26, 75
Islamic legal status 180
Islamic Nikah 192
Islamic polygynous marriages 164
Islamic polygyny 19, 131–133, 135, 147
Islamic teachings 117

J

Jacobson, J. 104, 114
Jenks, C. 107
Jewish community 8
Jewish law 64, 64n5
Jewish marriages 64, 65, 67
Joffe, L.F. 9
Johnson, R. 81
Jones, E. 95
Jones, R. 3
Judicial language 74
Juweriyah 151, 152, 166

K

Kaganas, F. 12, 30, 97, 135
Kang’ara, S.W. 89
Kaufman, A. 13, 14
Kaye, H. 36
Khan, S. 121
Khan v UK 99
Khoo Hooi Leong 83, 84
King, U. 123
Knop, K. 77
Kolsky, E. 49
Koskenniemi, M. 75
Kwok, P. 108, 113

L

Law Commission 5, 6, 15, 72, 90, 94
law reform 5
Lee, W.A. 48
legal marital recognition 182
legal marriage 180
recognition 175
legal recognition for marriage 175, 177
legal regulation of marriage 8
Lemmings, D. 61
Lewis, R. 25
Lilith, R. 28
Locke, J. 47
Of the Conduct of the Understanding 48
Lord Penzance 4–9, 79–81, 182n8
Lord Strickland 88

M

Mahmood, S. 14, 155
Majeed, D. 12, 17n9, 42, 153
Malay communities 42
Malik, M. 99, 183
Mama, A. 32n2
Marasinghe, M.L. 90
marginalised community 177
marginalised groups 22
marital legal recognition 162
Marriage Act 46, 47, 64n5, 67, 69, 69n9, 72, 163
Marriage and Registration Act 1856 68
marriage equality mission 162
marriage equality movements 166, 171, 190
marriage insurance policy 180
marriage law 11, 51, 63
marriage recognition 177, 190
dark side of 175–177
disrupting 15–16
social-related functions of 170
marriages
Anglican Christian 61
Anglican Christian ideal of 64
Baralong 82
Biblical 52
Chinese secondary 84
Christian 81, 85, 86
civil 47, 67, 179
clandestine 62, 63
cousin 163
English ( see English marriage )
forced 5
ideal monogamous 95
informal 163, 183
Islamic polygynous 164
Jewish 64, 65, 67
legal 175, 180
legal recognition for 175, 177
legal regulation of 8
monogamous 21, 30, 39, 42, 53, 74, 89, 140, 189
polygamous ( see polygamous marriages )
precontract 62
Quaker 64, 65, 67
religious 181
religious-only 20, 69, 70, 72, 167
same-sex 2, 5, 10, 165
state-recognised 183
Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 46n1, 69, 90, 91, 97
Matrimonial Proceedings (Polygamous Marriages) Act 1972 90
Matthew Olajide Bamgbose v John Bankole Daniel 1952 85
McClintock, A. 26, 59
McDermott, R. 13
Mellor, J. 120
Mills, A. 75
Mills, S. 25
‘Mogul monarchy’ 35
Mommsen, W. 35, 36, 82
monogamous household 58
monogamous marriages 21, 30, 39, 42, 53, 74, 89, 140, 189
monogamy 53, 98, 134, 157
Monroe, K.R. 13
Moo KB 683 57
Mormon Christian communities 9, 186
Mormonism 9
Mormon polygamy and religion 42
Mormon polygynous community 154
Murray, C. 12, 30, 97, 135
Muslim communities 134
Muslim-majority countries 9
Muslim marriages 3, 163, 170, 175, 182
Muslim Nikah 46, 68

N

Nabi (Ghulam) v Heaton (Inspector of Taxes) [1981] 1 WLR 1052 94
Nair, Rukmini Bhaya 48
Narayan, U. 109
Nash, P.S. 163
National Health Service 95
national monogamous identity 39
native communities 8
Native Nigerian law 85
Nigerian culture 115
non-Anglican communities 67
non-Christian marriages 21, 47, 64, 87, 90, 92
non-Christian monogamous marriages 74, 89, 188
non-Christian monogamy 89
non-Christian plural marriage 83, 84
non-Christian religions 88
non-English marriages 87
non-Eurocentric perspective 37
non-European legal systems 73
non-legally binding ceremonies 3, 69n9
non-legally binding marriages 184
non-legally binding religious marriages 183
non-marriages 70, 72, 188
status 71
non-monogamous marriage 96
non-normative marriages 63, 184
‘non-qualifying ceremonies’ 183, 188
normative sexual monogamy 39

O

Offences Against the Person Act 6, 56, 59, 78, 182
Of the Conduct of the Understanding (Locke) 48
orientalism 23, 35, 37–40, 45
Orientalism (Said) 33, 37, 41
orientalist hierarchies of marriage 11–13
‘our plural society’ 91

P

Pakistani law 93
Parekh, B. 43, 140
patriarchal marginalisation 105
patriarchy 137
Pearsall, S.M.S. 38, 41
people-centred research on polygamy 3
per verba de praesenti 62
polyandry 132n1, 147, 148
polygamous communities 12
and societies 9
polygamous households 65
polygamous marriages 4, 5, 15, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 37, 38, 40–41, 43–46, 48, 50–52, 54–56, 77–80, 85–88, 91–96, 98–100, 120, 132, 142, 143, 145, 156, 161, 164, 165, 177, 184, 187, 188, 191
attitudes to legal recognition for 163–167
in English law 8, 23, 31, 183
in English law and policy 4–6
regulation 23
polygamous widow 96
polygamy 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 30, 42, 43, 53, 54n4, 65–66, 73, 110, 127, 132, 139–140, 143, 146, 147, 191
coloniality of responses to 7–11
crops 39
denigrating polygamous marriages and wives 78–86
differentiating 93–100
mutating non-Christian marriage 86–93
private international law 75–78
in the UK 6
polygamy in England 46
Christian dominance over marriage law 50–54
civil marriage and non-marriage 67–71
law 47–50
standardised marriage and standardised arguments 54–67
polygamy-permitting jurisdiction 87
polygyny 100, 141, 153, 154
Pope Gregory I 4
Pope Gregory II 51
postcolonial feminism 24, 25, 28
postcolonial feminist scholars 37
postcolonial feminist theory 25
postcolonialism 25, 32
post-coloniality 31
postcolonial theory 24, 25, 37
potential polygamy 87, 89, 92
precontract marriage 62
principles of inequality 14, 149
private international law 12, 75–79
Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions Act) 1995 92
Probert, R. 30, 55, 58, 61, 67, 161n1
Prophet Muhammad 134
Protestant Reformation 54
‘pseudo-scientific mythology of race’ 82
‘public good’ justification 100
public recognition 169
public resources, protecting 93–100

Q

Quaker community 64
Quaker marriages 64, 65, 67
Quaker movement 64
Quijano, A. 31
Qur’anic ruling 134

R

race 110
racial Anglo-Saxonism 39
racialisation 48
racialised groups 7, 31
racialised relationship 30
racist policy 36
Reg 14(1) of the National Health Service (Superannuation) Regulations 1980 95
Reid, K. 99
religion and culture 101–104
collapsing 113–121
complicating dichotomy and orientalising perceptions 121–128
disrupting 11–13
importance of 105–112
‘religion and ethnic distinctiveness’ 110
religion-based offence 60
religio-cultural identities 11, 104, 105, 107, 113–115, 124, 128, 129, 189
religion–culture clash 118
‘religion-ethnic culture distinction’ 114
religious-based polygamy 133
religious beliefs 12
religious ceremonies 70, 170
religious group 72
religious marriages 181
religious-only marriages 20, 69, 70, 72, 167
religious-only polygyny 3
religious principles 118
resurgence 178
resurgent politics 178
Riles, A. 78
Rivers, J. 50
Roman Catholic Church 54
Roman Catholic rule 51
Roman law 75
Ruskola, T. 29
R v Department of Health Ex p Misra [1996] 1 FLR 128 95
R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal Ex p Begum 96
R v Millis (1843–44) 10 Cl & F 534; 8 ER 844 63
Rye v Fuliambe (1602) 57

S

Said, E. 34, 35, 80
Orientalism 33, 37, 41
same-sex marriages 2, 5, 10, 165
same-sex relationships 140
Sandberg, R. 183
Sartre, J.-P. 34
‘scientific evidence’ 82
Scottish Law Commission 5
secularism 164, 165n3
semi-structured interviews 131
sex discrimination 99
Shah, P. 3
Shahnaz v Rizwan 85
‘shari‘a law’ 3
Siddiqui Report 3
simultaneous polygamy 53
Sinclair, I.M. 77
The Sinha Peerage Claim 87
‘slippery slope’ arguments 10
Snow, S. 95
social and cultural majority community 104
social class and economic inequality 168
social constructions of identity and institutions 25
social justice movements 167
social stereotyping 148
societal institutions 93
Spivak, G.C. 27, 173
state-recognised marriages 183
state recognition 190
Statute Law Revision Act 1892 79
statutory common law offence 59
Štýbnarová, N. 80
Sweet, J. 39

T

Taras, R. 114
Taylor, C. 167, 168
Thelwell v Yelverton (1864) 66
Thornton, A.P. 36
traditional postcolonial theory 25
‘transform gender hierarchies’ 119

V

Vasallo, B. 10
Victorian middle-class household 26
Vigevena and Silveira v Alvarez (1794) 65
violence against women 13, 132
Vogel, U. 66

W

Warner, M. 175
Watt, Muir 76
weddings law 6
Western feminism 44
Western idealised standards of monogamy 99
Western paradigmatic model 34
White British identity 112
White colonialist privilege 6
White Euro-American monogamy 9
White liberal feminist approach 146
White supremacy 36
Wing, A.K. 3
Witte, J., Jr. 3, 186
‘woman as victim’ paradigm 17

Y

Yeğenoğlu, M. 32
Young, I.M. 35, 172

Z

Zeenat Bibi v Secretary of State for the Home Department 96