Index

Publication Date:
01 Jul 2024
Pages:
185–192
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529212129.bm002
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Karl Marx famously argued that the historical emergence of the working class as a collective actor resulted from acts of resistance against the continuous extension of the working day, which occurred in the context of the Industrial Revolution and was driven by capitalist competition. In an age where parts of the world experience sustained processes of deindustrialization, this raises the question of what happens to working classes when the factory gates are shut for good. It is possible to address this issue by resorting to strike research and focusing on the service and public sectors. Accordingly, the research question addressed in this book is this: What are the class effects of non-industrial strikes – or how far do they contribute to working-class formation? The author addresses it by taking three steps. First, he shows that the existing global labour studies literature insufficiently engages with class theory; second, he addresses this shortcoming by conceptualizing class and class formation from a critical-realist and materialist angle; and third, he conducts an incorporated comparison of non-industrial strike action around the globe in the age of the Great Crisis by (a) mapping 387 strikes in the service and public sectors from 56 countries and autonomous territories and (b) by zooming in on the railway strikes in Germany, the junior doctors’ strikes in Britain and the general strikes against austerity and the feminist general strikes in Spain.

References to tables appear in bold type. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (231n3).

A

academics  see intellectuals ; organic academics
academic workers 68, 70–71, 70n9, 72, 74
action  see collective action ; strikes
actual, the 98, 100
adsorption 70, 70n9, 144–146
agency  see class agency ; labour agency
AIDS 62–63
AKSU (Arbeitskreis Strategic Unionism) 64, 65
alienation 28, 30, 41, 48–49, 70n9, 104, 105, 112
Althusser, Louis 100, 101n1, 114, 120n7, 124–126, 129, 131, 132
antagonisms 105–106, 107
see also class antagonism
anti-reductionism 91n4, 92, 162
Apartheid 57–58, 59, 60–61, 62–63, 65–66, 68, 97n7
apparatuses of capitalist state 61, 69, 114, 114, 116, 120, 121, 122, 152, 155, 160
Arbeitskreis Strategic Unionism (AKSU) 64, 65
Aristotle 38
Arruzza, Cinzia 1
associational power 31, 35, 75, 76, 80
see also powerfootball 125n1
see also reformist conception
assumptions
capitalism 93, 110–111, 127, 129–130
class formation process 137–139
materialism 91n4, 94–95
social world 24–25, 88–89, 97–98
Asturias 15
Austria 4–5, 7, 65n7, 151, 160

B

Barker, Colin 69
Battle of Saltley Gate 8
Becker, Howard S. 22, 22n2
Bezuidenhout, Andries 24
bias 23–24, 26, 49, 94
Blaikie, Norman 52, 60, 67
Blair government (Britain) 27
bodily needs 38, 39, 40, 41–42
Boltanski, Luc 36, 37
boycotts 2, 156
Brexit 150
Brinkmann, Ulrich 36, 37, 66–67, 77–78
Britain
governments 6, 10n9, 27, 129–130
junior doctors’ strike 9–10, 15
see also Major government (Britain), Thatcher government (Britain)
Brookes, Marissa 22
Buckel, Sonja 118
Buhlungu, Sakhela 57, 59, 62
Bukharin, Nikolai 126, 127–131, 133–134, 135–136, 137, 138, 139, 139–140
Burawoy, Michael 34, 60
Bureau of Labor Statistics (US) 1

C

capital
circuits of 117
as class location 102–104
labour and 5–6, 23n3, 81–82, 83, 93, 99, 105–109
relocation of 3, 11
Capital (Marx) 28, 30n8, 41, 47, 95, 96, 101, 111, 117, 142, 149
capitalism
apparatuses of the state 61, 69, 114, 114, 116, 120, 121, 122, 152, 155, 160
class domination  see class domination
class structure 101–102, 110, 112, 128–129, 135, 138, 139, 141–142
global crisis of 14–15
industrial production and 3, 11
informational 11–12
injustice of 27–32, 27n6, 30n8–9
knowledge production in 47–48, 51–52, 55, 57
labour–capital relationship 5–6, 23n3, 81–82, 83, 93, 99, 105–109
mode of production  see capitalist mode of production
power relations in 28–30
unions, nature of in 81–83
capitalist mode of production
about 95–97, 97n7, 101, 106, 118–119
class antagonism  see class antagonism
class domination  see class domination
and capitalist social formations 99–100, 110–111, 112
workers’ position in 29–30, 30n9, 80, 82, 108n4
workers’ wages in 40, 41
capitalist relations of production
about 5, 93, 99, 101–102
class and 101n1, 102–104, 105–106, 107–108, 108n3–4, 119, 121
knowledge production and 47, 49, 52, 53
state, and the 111, 113, 115
working-class formation and 134, 137, 139, 140, 142
car industry  see manufacturing
Castells, Manuel 11, 12
categoric imperative 39–40, 42–43
causation 98–99
Changing Patterns of Industrial Conflict (Ross and Hartman) 3
Chiapello, Eve 36, 37
civil society networks 145, 152, 157, 160
class
about 87–89
middle class 3, 89, 90–91, 129, 135
as segmentation approach 88–90, 92, 119–123, 121, 122, 161
working class  see working class
class agency 13, 110, 112, 136, 137–138, 139, 140, 143, 152–153
class analyst’s dilemma 48, 50–51, 53, 60–61, 62, 67, 68–69
class antagonism
about 104, 108, 108n3, 109, 109–110, 112
class struggles and 119, 120, 131–132
unions and 155–156
class consciousness 126, 127, 130, 135–137, 139, 140
class domination
about 104, 105
capitalism and 29–32, 33, 40, 41–42
contribution of the neoliberal worldview to 51–52
and hierarchies 22, 89, 90, 116, 118, 141, 143, 163
knowledge production and 48–49, 52–53, 54–55, 87
segmentation of 119–123
as stable 111, 113
Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (Poulantzas) 13
class feeling 136–137, 139, 140
see also class consciousness
class formation
about 110, 112, 141–142
factors that impede 115–116, 117–118, 119
inclusive strikes and 6, 12–13
research on 12–13
see also working-class formation
class identity 90–91, 93, 95, 119
classism 90
class locations 102–104, 144–146
class partition
about 143, 158–159
class formation and 110, 137, 138, 139
exclusive solidarity and 6, 12–13, 137n5, 154, 158–159
class structure 101–102, 110, 112, 128–129, 135, 138, 139, 141–142
class struggle
about 110–111, 112, 139
by-products of 135, 136
capitalist social formations as 141
conjunctures and 131–132, 135, 136–137, 152, 155, 161
emergence of 124–126, 127–128, 129–130, 133–134, 142–143
institutionalization of 148–152, 152
segmentation of 119–123, 121, 122
class theory
assumptions of 93, 110–111, 127, 129–130
global labour studies and 42
Marxist 92–93, 94–95, 99, 101, 101n1
climate emergency 33n11
climate strikes 157n6
Cohen, Sheila 10n9
collective action
forms of 2, 3
one-day strikes 4–5, 6, 70
see also protest ; strikes
collective bargaining 3, 34, 77–77, 79, 149–150, 149n1, 152, 153–154
see also strikes
collective humanism 32
comparisons 14, 15, 17, 153–154
competition 7, 11, 40–41, 107, 117–118, 142, 143, 149, 153–154
conceptions, working-class formation 124–125, 125–126, 139
conjunctures
about 96–97
actual, as the 98
class struggle and 131–132, 135, 136–137, 152, 155, 161
working-class formation and 138, 139, 139–140, 142–144
consciousness  see class consciousness
Cook, Maria Lorena 22
Corbyn, Jeremy 9
COVID-19 pandemic 151
Cox, Laurence 69
critical realism 94–95, 97–100, 101n1, 104, 106, 110–111, 119, 141–142
Critique of Political Economy (Marx) 95
cultural class struggles 121, 121, 122, 148–149, 151, 152, 152, 161
see also class struggle
cultural symbolism 105
culture 120, 120n7
cuts 2, 4–5, 6, 9–10, 12, 61

D

data  see strike data
deep, the 98, 100, 142
deindustrialization 11, 12, 15
despotism 28, 29–30, 34, 35, 40, 41, 70n9, 104, 105, 112
detached observer 52
determinism 128, 131, 133–134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140
developmental needs 38, 39, 40, 41–42
Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Stalin) 91n4
dilemma  see class analyst’s dilemma
division of tasks 108, 109, 112, 113, 145
divisions among workers 6
doctors  see junior doctors’ strike (England 2016)
domination  see class domination
Donovan Commission 10n9
Dörre, Klaus 37, 65, 76
Durban moment (South Africa) 57–58

E

economic apparatus 113, 114
see also apparatuses of capitalist state
economic class struggles 120–121, 121, 122, 122, 148–149, 150, 152, 152, 161
see also class struggle
effect of homogenization 116, 159
effect of isolation 115, 151, 159
18th Brumaire (Marx) 138
empathetic observer 67
empirical, the 98, 105–106
Engels, Friedrich 21, 101n1, 118, 138
England 4, 8, 9–10, 15, 96, 96n5, 117, 142, 149
enlightenment politics 55
epistemic relativity 94, 101n1
Esser, Josef 13, 79–80, 81, 81n3, 82n4
European Trade Union Institute 1
evolutionism 128, 139
exclusive solidarity 6, 12–13, 137n5, 154, 158–159
Exiting the Factory 11
exploitation 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 90, 104, 105, 112, 121, 124, 126

F

fair comparison 153–154
feeling  see class feeling
feminist general strikes (Spain) 4, 15, 147, 157n6
see also strikes
First Great Transformation 32, 33–34
Forces of Labor (Silver) 24
Ford  see Halewood plant
formation  see class formation ; working- class formation

G

Gall, Gregor 10n9
GDBA (German transport union) 76
general strikes 4, 15, 99–100, 132, 133, 135, 147, 156, 157n6
see also strikes
Germany
labour intellectuals, work by 65–68
organized labour in 64
pilot strikes (2014, 2015) 159n8
railway strikes (2015) 13, 15, 76, 156
steelworkers’ strike (1987) 15
unions 76, 77–78, 154n4
see also Schröder government (Germany)
Gibson-Graham, J.K. 90
Global Labour Journal 21, 56n2
global labour studies
about 21–22, 21n1
bias 23–24, 26, 49, 94
knowledge production, pro-worker 46–50, 53–56, 58–63, 65–68
pro-worker stance of 22–24, 26, 27, 32–33, 34, 37, 42
role of 42–44
Global Labour University  see GLU (Global Labour University)
GLU (Global Labour University) 21, 50, 59, 71–72, 73
Goes, Thomas 119
Gouldner, Alvin 22–23
grades  see social grades
Gramsci, Antonio 51–56, 57, 58, 59–60, 66, 68–69, 91n4
The Great Transformation (Polanyi) 26, 27
Grounding Globalization (Webster, Bezuidenhout, and Lambert) 24, 33–34, 36n13, 57n3, 58

H

Halewood plant 8–10, 15
Hall, Stuart 101n1
Hansen, Norbert 76
Hartman, Paul T. 3–4
Hartz commission 78, 81
Hegel, G.W.F. 140
hegemonic despotism 34
hierarchies
of classes 22, 89, 90, 116, 118, 141, 143, 163
of knowledge 48, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 61–62, 67
in labour movements 56
social 90, 141
Historical Materialism (Bukharin) 126
HIV 62–63
Hobsbawm, Eric 132
homogenization effect 116, 159
Hume, David 25
Hyman, Richard 8–9, 14, 14n12, 15, 153–154

I

ideational reductionism 90–91, 92, 94, 104
ideational resources 30, 60, 62, 63, 104, 112, 118–119, 143, 146, 148, 163
identity  see class identity
ideological apparatus 61, 69, 113, 114
see also apparatuses of capitalist state
ideology 120, 121
incorporated comparison 14, 17
India 61, 151
industries  see manufacturing ; mining industry
i newspaper 9
injustice 26–28, 27n6, 30–32, 30n8–9, 31–32, 33, 34–35, 37
see also alienation ; despotism ; exploitation ; misery ; subjugation
insecurity 34–35, 36, 40
institutionalization of class struggles 148–150, 152
see also class struggle
institutional power 35, 75, 76, 77, 78–79
see also power
intellectual activists  see organic intellectuals
intellectuals
academic workers 68, 70–71, 70n9, 72, 74
organic 51–56, 59–60, 62, 65, 66, 68–69
strategic-professional academics 65–68
traditional 52–53, 54, 55
see also knowledge production ; pro-worker stance ; research
isolation effect 115, 151, 159

J

Jehovah’s Witnesses fallacy 129, 138, 139
Jena PRA 64, 67, 68, 77–79, 80
Jessop, Bob 111
junior doctors’ strike (Britain) 9–10, 15
see also strikes
justice 26–28, 27n6, 30–32, 30n8, 33, 34–35

K

Kemper, Andreas 90
knowledge, order of  see order of knowledge
knowledge hierarchies 48, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 61–62, 67
knowledge production 45–50, 52–56, 57, 63n5, 67, 87
see also intellectuals ; research
knowledge transfer 50–51, 62, 68

L

labor intellectuals  see organic intellectuals
labour
capital and 5–6, 23n3, 81–82, 83, 93, 99, 105–109
as class location 102–104
internationalism 21, 35, 46
organized 2, 129–130
see also workers ; working class
labour agency 22
labour contracts 103, 104, 106, 107
labour movements
about 7
double relation of representation in 55–56
hierarchies in 56
knowledge production and 46–50
labour power 74–75, 74n2
see also power
labour relations 3–4
labour unrest 3, 11
Lambert, Rob 24
language
accessibility and 61
barriers 65n7
of class 90–92, 100
normatively loaded 25
La Sortie de l’Usine Lumière à Lyon 11
legislation 27, 79, 154n4
Lindner, Urs 38, 39, 95
living wage 26, 27
Ludwig, Carmen 74
Luxemburg, Rosa
on class 13
on class consciousness 130
on class struggles 126, 131–138, 146, 148, 152
on working-class formation 138, 139, 139–140

M

Madrid 15
Major government (Britain) 10n9
Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx and Engels) 21, 118
manufacturing 8–9, 8n6, 11–12, 54, 64, 96n5
Marx, Karl
Capital 28, 30n8, 41, 47, 95, 96, 101, 111, 117, 142, 149
on capitalism 27n6, 28–31, 30n8–9, 37, 40, 95–96
categoric imperative 39–40, 42–43
on class formation 11, 12, 127n3, 140
class theory 92–93, 94–95, 99, 101, 101n1
on competition 142
on freedom of workers 103, 110n5, 138
on knowledge 45
on labour contracts 106–108, 109
Manifesto of the Communist Party 21, 118
on needs 38–39, 38n14, 41
on production 47, 49, 95–96, 111, 113
on subjugation of workers 29, 31, 48
The Mass Strike (Luxemburg) 13, 126, 131
Mass Strikes and Social Movements in India and Brazil (Nowak) 51
material 93–94
materialism 92, 94–95, 101n1, 162
materialist class theory 127, 129, 141, 143, 163
material reductionism 90, 91, 91n4, 92–93, 94
McCallum, Jamie 22
McCartin, Joseph 79
McMichael, Philip 14, 17
middle class 3, 89, 90–91, 129, 135
migrant labour 62–63, 97n7, 108n4
militant minority 54
minimum wage 27, 156
mining industry 6, 8, 13, 15, 62–63
misery 28, 29, 32
mob football 125n1
see also revolutionary conception
modes of production  see capitalist mode of production
Modi government (India) 61, 151
Moody, Kim 54, 132
most-different comparison 15
movements  see labour movements
Müller-Jentsch, Walter 81n3
mutation model 77–78, 80

N

Nachtwey, Oliver 77–78
National Health Service 9, 10
National Readership Survey (NRS) 88, 88
National Union of Mineworkers  see NUM (National Union of Mineworkers)
needs 38–39, 40, 41–42
neoliberalism 51–52
neoliberalization
critiques of 32–33, 37
effects of 2, 17, 32–35, 33n11, 64
of higher education 61–62, 67–68, 69–70
Newsletter of International Labour Studies 21n1
New York City 79
Nowak, Jörg 4, 22, 51, 55–56
NRS (National Readership Survey) 88, 88
NUM (National Union of Mineworkers) 6, 62, 63

O

official action 8, 10, 10n9
one-day strikes 4–5, 6, 70
ontological realism 94
ontology of critical realism 98, 100, 119, 141, 152
order of knowledge 108, 109, 112, 113, 116, 121, 145
organic academics 56, 60–61, 62, 68, 74
organic intellectuals 51, 53–56, 59–60, 62, 65, 66, 68–69
see also intellectuals
organized labour 2, 45, 64–66, 129–130
see also unions
Osterloh, Bernd 43n18
ownership, regime of  see regime of ownership

P

pandemic, COVID-19 151
Panitch, Leo 12
partition  see class partition
pensions 4–5, 6, 12, 70
Pieber, Michael 4–6, 7
Pillay, Devan 51
pilots 159n8
Polanyi, Karl 26–27, 27n6, 28, 32–33, 34, 35
political-administrative apparatus 113, 114, 160
see also apparatuses of capitalist state
political class struggles 121, 121, 122, 148–149, 150–151, 152, 152, 161
see also class struggle
political parties 152, 157n7, 159–161, 159n9, 161n10
Political Strikes in the European Crisis (Gallas, Nowak, and Wilde) 4
Postone, Moishe 151–152
Poulantzas, Nicos
on capitalist social formations 96–97, 96n6, 137n4, 141–142, 143–144
on classes 13, 89–90, 92, 105, 110
on class struggles 119–120, 121, 122, 126
on knowledge production 47–48, 57
on the state 82, 111, 113–118, 114
power
about 31
capitalism and 28–30
mutation model of workers’ 77–78, 80
power resources approach  see PRA (power resources approach)
of workers 5, 7, 31, 35, 74–75, 74n2, 76, 77, 78–79, 80
power blocs 116–119, 141, 142, 144, 146
power resources approach  see PRA (power resources approach)
PRA (power resources approach)
about 74
categories of, workers’ power sources 31, 35, 74–75, 76, 77, 78–79, 80
Jena PRA (Germany) 64, 67, 68, 77–79, 80
limitations of 16, 75
precarity 69–70, 69n8
Priest, Jan 52, 60, 67
Prison Notebooks (Gramsci) 51, 91n4
production
knowledge  see knowledge production
modes of  see capitalist mode of production
protest
boycotts 2, 156
collective practices of 2
strikes as means of 157, 157n6
see also collective action
pro-worker stance
about 45, 65
of global labour studies 22–24, 26, 27, 32–33, 34, 37, 42
injustice and 27, 34, 36, 37, 42
intellectual, models of the  see academic workers ; organic academics ; organic intellectuals ; strategic-professional academics
knowledge production with a 46–50, 53–56, 58–63, 65–68
as normative position 23n4, 24–26, 32–33
public sector
bans in, strike 79
cuts to, strikes against 4–5, 6, 9–10, 12
strike waves in 9, 15, 146–147
workers, payment of 157n5

Q

qualified ethical naturalism 16, 24, 38, 39–40, 42

R

railway strikes (Germany) 13, 15, 76, 156
Rand Rebellion (South Africa) 12–13
RC44 (Research Committee on Labour Struggles of the International Sociological Association) 21, 56n2
realism
critical realism 94–95, 97–100, 101n1, 104, 106, 110–111, 119, 141–142
ontological 94
reductionism 87, 90–91, 91n4, 92–93, 94, 100, 104, 162–163
Red Vienna 160
reformist conception 124–125
regime of ownership 108, 109, 112, 113, 145
relations of production  see capitalist relations of production
relativity 94, 101n1
representation, double relation of 55–56
repressive apparatus 113, 114, 155, 160
see also apparatuses of capitalist state
research
global labour studies  see global labour studies
knowledge production 45–50, 52–56, 57, 63n5, 67
pro-worker stance  see pro-worker stance
strike, evolution of 8
unofficial strikes 10n9
workers power, on 80–83
see also intellectuals
Research Committee on Labour Struggles of the International Sociological Association (RC44) 21, 56n2
Resnick, Stephen A. 90
revolutionary conception 125–126
revolutions 131–136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 146–147
rights
capitalism and 115
collective 27
to live 26, 27, 28n7, 32
The Rise of the Network Society (Castells) 11
Ross, Arthur M. 3–4
Russian Revolution 130, 131–132, 133, 134–135, 140, 146

S

Sayer, Andrew 25, 38–39, 40
Schmalz, Stefan 37, 41, 74–75, 74n2, 76, 82n4
Schröder government (Germany) 64, 78
Schulze-Cleven, Tobias 23n4
Second Great Transformation 32, 33, 34
sectors  see manufacturing ; mining industry ; public sector ; service sector
segmentation 88–90, 92, 119–123, 121, 122, 161
service sector 15, 77
Silver, Beverly
capital, on shifting of 3, 11
on class formation 110, 137
Forces of Labor 24
on justice 26–28, 27n6, 30n9
on needs of workers 41
on organization of workers 46–47
on power of workers 30–32, 31n10, 35–37, 40
Smiley, Erica 79
Sneiderman, Marilyn 79
social critique 36–37, 66, 68
social formations
actual, as the 98, 99–100
capitalist 79–80, 108n3–4, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 131–132, 135, 141, 163
conjunctures and 96–97, 96n6, 142–144, 145, 146, 152
social grades 88, 88–89
social insecurity 36
socialism 128, 136, 137, 138, 139
social movement unionism 58, 65
social needs 38, 39, 40, 41–42
societal power 35, 75
see also power
Society, Work & Politics Institute  see SWOP (Society, Work & Politics Institute)
Sociology of Work Programme  see SWOP (Society, Work & Politics Institute)
solidarity
about 5
exclusive 6, 12–13, 137n5, 154, 158–159
inclusive solidarity 12, 134, 135, 145, 153, 154, 158
strikes as 7
transnational 21
South Africa
Durban moment 57–58
labour intellectuals, work by 58–63, 65, 68
modes of production in 97n7
Rand Rebellion (1922) 12–13
Spain 4, 15, 147, 157n6
see also feminist general strikes (Spain)
Speenhamland system 26, 27
Stalin, Josef 91n4
stance  see pro-worker stance
statistics  see strike data
strategic-professional academics 65–68
Strategic Unionism (Brinkmann) 36
strike action  see collective action ; strikes
strike data
about 3
incidence, strike 1, 8–9
unofficial strikes 10n9
strikes
about 5, 7
cycles of 3–4
exclusive solidarity 6, 12–13, 137n5, 154, 158–159
feminist general strikes 4, 15, 147, 157n6
inclusive solidarity 12, 134, 135, 145, 153, 154, 158
general strikes 4, 15, 99–100, 132, 133, 135, 147, 156, 157n6
Germany 13, 15, 76, 156, 159n8
impact of 4–5
junior doctors’ strike (England 2016) 9–10, 15
material effects of 92
one-day 4–5, 6, 70
protest, as means of 157, 157n6
significance of 2–7
unions and 156–159
wages, over 122
wildcat strikes 10, 10n9, 57–58, 150, 157n6
see also collective bargaining ; strike waves ; unions
Strikes (Hyman) 8
strike waves 7, 9, 10, 15, 128, 135, 159n8, 163
structural power 31, 35, 74–75, 76, 77, 80
see also power
structure  see class structure
struggle  see class struggle
subjugation 29, 31, 34, 38, 41, 48, 49, 146
Sweden 30
SWOP (Society, Work & Politics Institute) 58, 59, 62, 63, 68

T

tasks, division of  see division of tasks
technological-economic development 128, 129, 133, 134–135, 138, 139
teleological development 128, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
terms  see language
Thatcher government (Britain) 6, 10n9, 27, 129–130
theory  see class theory ; materialist class theory
Thompson, E.P. 141
trade unions  see unions
traditional intellectuals 52–53, 54, 55
truth 63, 63n5, 120
Turner, Richard 61n4

U

unfreedom 31, 33, 34–35, 37, 40, 41
unionism, social movement 58, 65
Union of German Train Drivers 76
unions
about 43, 81n3, 82n4
attacks on by capital 129–130
capitalism, nature of in 81–83
challenges with 75–76
division of workers 6
double role of 155–156, 162
feminization 9, 9n8, 15, 147, 157n6
knowledge production with 50, 54, 55, 58, 65–67, 68
law, trade union 79
leaders of 43n18, 154, 158
legislation against 27, 79
perceptions of 5
recognition of 152–156
research on, workers’ power 80–81
social critique and 36–37
strikes and 156–159
see also collective action
unjust  see injustice
unofficial action 10, 10n9
unrest  see labour unrest
Urban, Hans-Jürgen 65–67

V

vaccinations 151
value freedom 24–26
vanguardist development 128–129, 130, 139
Vernell, Sean 6, 7

W

wages
in capitalist systems 40, 41
living 26, 27
minimum 27, 156
stagnation 2
strikes over 122
walk-outs 6, 8, 56, 158
Waterman, Peter 21n1
waves  see strike waves
Weber, Max 25
Webster, David 61n4
Webster, Edward
about 61n4, 65
Grounding Globalization 24, 33–34, 36n13, 58
on labour intellectuals 57–60, 62–65, 68, 74
on neoliberalism 32–35, 33n11, 37, 40, 41
on partisanship 23n4
on power of workers 35–36
Whitehall 9, 10
wildcat strikes 10, 10n9, 57–58, 150, 157n6
see also strikes
Wilde, Florian 4
Wolff, Richard D. 90
Wolpe, Harold 97n7
women
strikers 9, 15, 147, 157n6
union membership 9, 9n8
Wood, Ellen Meiksins 96n5
workers
about 70n9, 88–89, 102n2
class domination  see class domination
divisions between 6
freedom of 103, 108n4, 110n5
labour agency of 22
miners 6, 8, 13, 15, 62–63
mutation model of power 77–78, 80
needs of 38, 39, 40, 41–42
power of 5, 7, 31, 35, 74–75, 74n2, 76, 77, 78–79, 80
strike pay 158
subjugation of 29, 31, 34, 38, 41, 48, 49, 146
support for  see pro-worker stance
working class
about 1, 40, 144
class domination of  see class domination
as class identity 91
decline of 11–12
formation  see working-class formation
see also class formation
working-class formation
class locations in 144–146
class struggles and 131–140
conceptions of 124–125, 125–126, 139
three-stage model of 127–131
see also class formation
Wright, Erik Olin 31, 35, 68, 70

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