Index

Author:
Timothy Kuhn
Publication Date:
26 Jun 2024
Pages:
242–249
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529214307.bm002
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‘Purpose’ has become a battleground for contemporary corporations. Indeed, a common refrain among scholars and practitioners alike is that the key problem facing the firm is the development and pursuit of a purpose – a singular purpose – compelling to its multiple audiences. Yet the forces of late capitalism push firms toward forms of wanting that oversimplify purpose and interfere with what those firms need to become to meet their multiple aims. This book argues that understanding corporations’ pursuit of purpose requires that we see them not as stable entities, but as complex communication practices continually bound up in struggles over meaning and action. Corporations’ wanting is, therefore, an ongoing site of contestation. Drawing on a unique combination of Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO) and Deleuzian new materialist thinking, the book articulates a Communicative Theory of the Firm, a distinctive explanatory account that departs sharply from economics and strategic management approaches. The Communicative Theory of the Firm articulates a novel stance on how corporate purposes result from ‘authoritative texts’ that encode the promises of value and claims to property that are central to firms’ existence and operations. Through three detailed empirical case studies that take up communicative practices of boundarying, branding, and binding, the book shows how the authoritative text, as analytical device, provides insight into how firms’ efforts to order themselves via a unitary purpose paradoxically disorders both their practices and future possibilities. Ironically, however, this disorder can foster new forms of imagination for both firms and analysts’ engagement with them.

Note: References to figures appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (83n13).

A

Abbott, Andrew 115–116
actor-network theory 69, 92
addiction (attachment) 80, 109, 125, 205
advocacy 206–208
affect capture 28–30, 34, 109, 120, 137
agency 3–4, 62, 63, 77, 90, 104–105, 113, 200
and flat ontology 69
hybrid 66–68, 78
narrative coherence 105
re-imagining 55–56
agency costs 45–46
agency problem 45–46
agency theory 45–46
agent attention 46
agential cuts 121, 124, 130, 143, 203, 204
Ahrne, G. 82n3
Alchian, A. A. 44–45
algorithms 31, 32, 80, 87, 88, 112–113, 204
alliance-building 75, 205–206
Anglo American Mining Company 13–16, 17, 52, 205
corporate social responsibility initiatives 13
Empowerment Deals initiative 14–15
HIV/AIDS initiatives 13–14
anti-branding 36
arborescent assemblages 77, 99, 171, 172
Armstrong, Brian 194–196, 197, 198, 199
Arrow, K. 46–47
artificial intelligence (AI) 31, 40, 66
Arvidsson, A. 38
Ashcraft, K. 36, 54, 55, 59, 61, 65, 102
assemblages (agencement) 83n13, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 104, 119, 121, 211
arborescent 77, 99, 171, 172
attachments 78–81
and claims to property 96, 98–99, 101
excess 63, 115–117, 136, 140, 142, 146, 169, 187, 199, 200
existence of 77–78
nodes 89, 113, 200
as practices 74–75, 78, 81–82
and promises of value 93, 94, 95
rhizomatic 77, 99, 105, 116, 144, 169, 172, 174, 181, 186–187, 190, 199, 200, 202–203, 205
strata 83n14
territorialization via coding and connection 75–76, 90
virtuality 73, 80, 99, 115, 116, 199, 200, 202, 203, 208
assembly line 24
asset ambiguity 149
asset lock-in 97
atomization 186–187, 190, 191
attachments 18, 78–81, 87, 90, 106, 109, 111–114, 119, 125, 143, 171, 200, 205, 207
and authority 94, 95
B Corps 174–186
and branding 34, 79–80, 160, 162, 164
and claims to property 101, 183
and competitive advantage 111
and corporate purpose 15, 16
formation of 79–80
see also binding
attention-based view of the firm (ABV) 50–51, 52
Augustine, Saint 67
authoritative texts 22, 101–106, 113, 116, 117, 118n7, 120, 143–144, 163, 171, 191, 192, 197, 198–199, 200, 201, 204, 211
and advocacy 207, 208
B Corps 173–174, 180, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190
binding 109
boundarying 106, 108, 121
branding 108–109, 156, 164, 168
content of 144
contributors to/consequences of 107
and corporate purpose 105–106
customer service 123–136, 143
depiction of organizational whole 104–105
sociomaterial nature of 104
of startups 150–151, 168
and struggles over meaning 105, 124, 135
authority 3, 13, 17–18, 41, 56, 81–82, 89, 91–92, 113, 116, 120, 203, 205, 211
claims to property 96–101, 106, 108, 109, 127, 128, 131, 135, 137, 143, 146, 147, 163, 174, 183, 186, 189–192, 197, 199, 200, 201
communicative conception of 92, 121
customer service 126, 127, 128, 131, 135, 137
distributed 149
location of 143
machines, firms as 18, 87, 90, 91, 101, 113, 119–120, 143, 147, 186, 200, 201
multiplicity in 192
and power, distinction between 91
as a practice 92
promises of value 93–95, 106, 108, 109, 125, 126, 127, 131, 135, 137, 143, 146, 147, 155, 156, 160, 163, 165, 168, 174, 180, 185, 186, 189–192, 197, 200, 201
taxonomic 136
autopoiesis 60

B

B Lab™ 172, 173, 185, 186, 192n4
call to audience 176, 177
theory of change 174–175, 175, 186, 188, 189
Barad, K. 75, 108, 121, 203
Barnard, C. I. 17, 91
Barney, J. 53
Bayart, J.-F. 14
Beckert, J. 94
behavioural theory of the firm 47, 50
Bencherki, N. 68, 92, 96, 100, 105–106
Benefit Corporations (B Corps™) 98, 206
ambition of 172
arborescent character of 172, 174
certification 172, 173, 179, 184, 185, 187, 188
claims to property 183, 186, 189, 190, 191
collective atomization 190, 191
community 177–178, 180, 188
contractors and suppliers 178–179, 188
decision-making 189
disruption of arborescence 189–191
enrollment of participants 177, 178, 188
evangelical orientation of 174, 178, 187
events 173
legal structure of 187–188
narrativizing materiality 180–186
participating in purpose 174–180
as platforms 171–174, 186–187
promises of value 180, 185, 189, 190, 191
reliance on legal codes 172
and SVM 188–189
three pillars of 180–181
uniqueness of 179
values 179, 187–188
Bennett, Jane 62, 70, 144
Berle, A. 45, 98
Berlin, Isaiah 5–6
Bernays, Edward 33
Best, S. 83n12
binding 109, 171, 192, 200, 201
and advocacy 208
B Corps  see Benefit Corporations (B Corps™)
Coinbase 198
and emotional connections 30
Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement 194, 195
black-boxing of firms 46, 51–52
Boltanski, Luc 26, 27, 147, 148, 165
boundaries 19, 40–41, 52, 81, 91, 106, 108, 192, 196, 201, 206
and branding 108
and corporate social responsibility 14, 15
creation of 64–65, 68
and dynamic capabilities 50
boundarying 106, 108, 116, 121, 144–145, 200, 201, 204
and advocacy 208
Coinbase 198
customer service 122, 124, 126, 128, 130–131, 134–135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144
Bourdieu, P. 27
Bourgoin, A. 92, 100
brand communities 36–37
branding 15, 26, 33–38, 71, 108–109, 137, 146, 150, 168–169, 200, 201
activist 168
and advocacy 208
and attachments 34, 79–80, 160, 162, 164
and B Corps 185, 190
Coinbase 196, 198
concept of brand 38
entrepreneurship accelerators 153–165, 168, 169
ethical aspects of 169
and excess 146, 169
of firms 34–35
and gravity 95, 160
personal 35–36
Shein 88
site 36–37
of startups 162
Breunig, Elizabeth 7
British East India Company (BEIC) 10–12, 16, 17, 23n9, 23n10, 52, 96, 97
and British imperialism 11
financial structure of 12
opium trade 11
brittle performative capability 143, 144, 200
Brooks, David 114
Brunsson, N. 82n3
bureaucracy 45, 46, 129
Business Model Canvas (Strategyzer AG) 155, 157, 158

C

Callon, Michel 79–80, 81, 109, 178, 183
capital accumulation 17, 25, 27, 29, 40, 43, 78, 86, 89, 93, 98, 99, 111, 200, 201
and attachments 80
and branding 37, 38
and emodities 30
and intermediaries 33
and meaning 26
capitalism 12, 21, 24, 27, 76, 78, 200
consumer 29
emotional 28, 29
and existence of firms 86–87
late 4, 26
shifts/transformations 26, 39, 41, 47, 210
surveillance 99
see also communicative capitalism
Carnegie School 47, 50
Catholic church 6–7
centralization 44, 45, 77, 90
Chandler, Alfred D. 23n6, 50
Chiapello, E. 26, 27
Chicago school 112, 170
Chief Experience Officers (CXOs) 30
City Partners 103
civic order of worth 148, 167
Clark, D. N. 53
climate change 205
Clive, Robert 11
Coase, Ronald 44
co-creation 37, 189
coding 75–76, 77, 97, 99, 109, 111, 200
Coinbase 194–197
communication practices 198
and CTF 197–198, 199
purpose of 197
collective atomization 190, 191, 200
Collins, J. 5–6
colonization 11–12
see also British East India Company (BEIC)
communication 25–26, 40, 58–59, 65–66, 83n11, 85, 210–211
as an emotional skill 29
and attention-based view of the firm 50–51, 52
coding in 76
customer service interactions 62
as a practice 54–55, 59, 61–62
representational conception of 54, 59
communication as constitutive of organization (CCO) 54–55, 59–65, 78, 81, 85, 86, 102, 114, 210
ambiguity of the word ‘organization’ 64–65
focus on communicative practices 61–62
interplay of order and disorder 63–64, 85, 114
meaning-making 62–63
communicative capitalism 21, 38–39, 47, 51, 80, 81, 119, 142, 146, 199, 200, 210
affect capture 28–30, 34
ascendancy of 25–27
branding 33–38
circulation of communicative practices 39
conceptual considerations 40–41, 53
and existence of firms 87, 89, 113
fluidity of organizations 40–41, 53, 56
nonhuman actors 40, 53, 54, 55, 62
platformization 30–33
practice as a unit of analysis 40, 53, 70
see also theories of firm
communicative theory of the firm (CTF) 21, 57, 85, 121, 142–145, 186, 187, 198–200, 206, 207
authoritative texts 101–106, 107
authority 91–101
binding 109
boundarying 106, 108
branding 108–109, 164, 168
and Coinbase 197–198, 199
corporate wanting 112–117
existence of firms 86–90
operation of firms 90–110
performance measurement/assessment 110–112, 210
profitability 110–112
competence/capability approaches (theory of firm) 47–48, 210
attention-based view 50–51, 52
critique of 51–53
dynamic capabilities 49–50, 52, 119, 120
resource-based view 48–49, 51–52, 53, 143
complete organizations 82n4
connections 33, 52, 66, 78, 86, 94
alliance-building 205–206
and attachments 79, 81
with brands 37
emotional 28, 30
and projectification 26–27
and rhizomatic assemblages 77
territorialization via 75–76
and value 95
constitutive conception of communication see communication as constitutive of organization (CCO)
consumer capitalism 29
consumption 25, 27, 29–30, 33, 36, 39
contracting/contracts 44–45, 46, 47, 99
conversation-text dialectic 102–103
Cooper, R. 114
Cooren, F. 61, 62, 63, 67, 70, 71
co-production (attachment) 79–80, 109, 178, 183, 207
corporate advocacy 206–208
corporate citizenship 13, 15, 16
corporate form 96–99
corporate law 46, 97, 98, 99, 187
corporate personhood 75, 112
corporate purpose 1–2, 4–5, 9–10, 97, 117, 171, 200, 201–202, 203, 209
as an ordering device 4
and attachments 15, 113–114
and authority 17–18
and competence/capability approaches 51
and control over corporate identity/trajectory 3, 5, 17, 105, 202
and corporate wanting 8–9, 15
duty-based stance 2
and existence of corporations 3, 7
goal-based stance 2
as a guide to profitable practice 2–3
hedgehog and the fox story analogy 5–6
interests of stakeholders 1–2
as a managerial problem 9
as a moral action 2–3
multiplicity of 5–18, 41, 52, 53, 93, 105–106, 191, 199, 200, 201, 209, 210
and reification 3–4
shifting trajectory of 56
unitary framing of 4
see also theories of firm
corporate self-narrative 105, 185
corporate social responsibility (CSR) 13, 47, 170, 171
Anglo American Mining Company 13–15
Hershey chocolate company 75–76
corporate thirdness 97
corporate wanting 8–9, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22–23n5, 41, 111–117, 165, 166, 171, 180, 185, 187–188, 191, 192, 200, 201, 210, 211
corporate wellness programs 30
correspondence model of truth 41–42
Costolo, Dick 196
cross subsidization 31
Cruz, J. 40
culture machines 113
customer service 119–120
accountability 134–135, 136, 137, 142
ambiguity 126–127
authoring of authoritative text 123–136
boundarying 122, 124, 126, 128, 130–131, 134–135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144
caring for employees 131–136
claims to property 127, 128, 131, 135, 137, 143
customer journey map 127–128, 134, 137
decline in 129–131, 133, 139
dis/organizational consequences of authoritative text 136–142, 143
disruption of IROPs 139–141, 142
dynamic capability 120, 126, 127, 142–143
employee surveillance 135, 136
experiential performances 120
implications for communicative theory of the firm 142–145
lenient orientation toward poor-performing employees 133–134
on-the-job experience 130
performative competencies 120
pressure on front-line supervisors 137–139, 141
promise of value 125, 126, 127, 131, 135, 137, 143
soft skills 124–128, 142, 143
struggle over meaning 135
training process 129–130, 137, 138

D

Danone 188, 193n7
data exhaust 99, 101, 154
Davis, G. F. 18, 23n8, 47
Dawson, V. 92, 108
de Laet, M. 69
Dean, Jodi 38, 39
decidability 22, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 111, 117, 128, 141, 143, 155, 161, 163, 183, 187, 189, 191, 192, 206
DeLanda, M. 78
Deleuze, Gilles 21, 39, 71, 72–73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82n10, 83, 83n12, 83n13, 83n14, 90, 202, 208
democracy 38–39
Demsetz, H. 44–45
desires 79, 88, 89, 199, 203, 204
and addiction 80
and branding 33, 34, 38
and social movements 206–207
deterritorialization 75, 105, 187, 191, 202
advocacy 206–208
and digital undertow 203–204
dwelling in natural realm 204–206
DeWitt, T. 18
difference 72–73, 76
digital undertow 203–204
digitalization 203–204
dis/organization 56–57, 63–64, 114–115, 116, 174, 181, 191, 198, 200, 202
dis/organizational consequences 5, 106, 136–142, 143, 168, 199, 200, 201
distributed cognition 50
domestic order of worth 148
Dorsey, Jack 196
Dove 79–80
Dutch East India Company 10
dynamic capabilities 49–50, 52, 119, 120, 126, 127, 142–143

E

economic capital 27, 32, 97, 111, 197
Elizabeth, Queen 10
emodities 30
emotional capital 28
emotional capitalism 28, 29
emotional intelligence 28–29
emotional labour 28, 42n1
emotions 28, 40
and consumption 29, 30
emotional connections 28, 30
and objects, relationship between 29–30
employees 2
and branding 34
caring for 131–136
and emodities 30
encounter in service sector 28
morale of 137–138
performance of 126, 127, 128, 129, 137
surveillance of 24–25, 135, 136
employment contracts 45
entrepreneurship accelerators 150–151
funding valorization 161–164, 165
hindered heterarchy 168, 169
investors 161, 164, 166
limited-duration experience 150
mentorship valorization 158–161
orders of worth 166–168, 169
promises of value 155, 156, 160, 163, 165, 168
technological coolness valorization 154–158, 165
value creation 166, 167
environmental, social, and governance (ESG) 2, 22n4, 170, 188
excess 63, 115–117, 136, 140, 142, 146, 169, 187, 199, 200
existence of firms 1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 17, 44, 47, 71, 86–90, 113, 201
and capitalism 86–87, 89
and morality 13
Shein 87–90
see also theories of firm
experience economy 30

F

Faber, Emmanuel 188
fame order of worth 148
Finn, E. 113, 204
flat ontology 69–70, 76
Floyd, George 181, 194
fluidity of organizations 40–41, 53, 56
Flyverbom, M. 94
Follett, M. P. 17, 91
Ford, Henry 24–25
Ford Motor Company 24–25
Fordism 24, 25, 90
Foss, N. 47
Foucault, M. 23n9
free labour 37, 99
Freeman, R. E. 51
French, Peter 104–105
Friedman, Milton 2
funding for startups 161–164, 165, 166

G

gamification 80, 87–88
Garsten, C. 94
Gehman, J. 77
George, G. 2, 3, 4, 6, 23n10
Gerlitz, C. 79–80
Gherardi, S. 74
Giddens, Anthony 60
gig economy 32
Gilbert, Jay Coen 172
governance approaches (theory of firm) 44, 53, 210
agency theory 45–46
critique of 46–47
transaction cost economics 44–45, 54
Grandori, A. 97
gravity, and promises of value 94–95, 160
green order of worth 148
Grossman, S. J. 45
Guattari, Félix 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83n12, 83n13, 83n14, 90, 202

H

Hacking, I. 23n7
Hart, O. D. 45
Heller, M. A. 100
Hernes, T. 136
Hershey chocolate company 75–76
heterarchy(ies) 149, 168, 169, 200
Heugens, P. 47, 51
Hewlett Packard 29
HIV/AIDS 13–14
Hochschild, A. R. 28
Houlahan, Bart 172
humanism 55
Husted, E. 193n9
hybridity 66–68, 78

I

identity
and alliance-building 205
of assemblage 74, 75, 79
and branding 35–36, 108
and difference 72
firm, control over 3, 5, 17, 105, 202
and firms 87
Illouz, Eva 28–30
immaterial labour 26
individualism 25, 55
industrial order of worth 148, 166, 167
information processing 50
inspired order of worth 148, 167
intermediaries 30, 33, 86
IROPs (IRregular OPerations) 139–141, 142

J

Jarzabkowski, P. 102, 105
Jensen, M. C. 47
John Company see British East India Company (BEIC)

K

Kassoy, Andrew 172
Kellner, D. 83n12
Kim, S. 47
King, William 82n8
knowledge-based theory of the firm 48–49
Koschmann, M. 103, 104, 205
Kurie, P. 75

L

Land, C. 37
Lane, V. R. 95
Latour, Bruno 67, 69
Law, J. 8, 71
Levin, Yuval 34–35
Limited Liability Company (LLC) 98, 118n6
Linder, S. 47
listening (attachment) 79, 109
logic(s) of practice 78, 99–101, 102, 104, 111, 147, 174, 180, 204
Luhmann, Niklas 60
Luyckx, J. 96

M

machines 76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 90, 91
Magnuson, W. 23n9
managerial economics 18
market(s) 3, 13, 26, 50, 86
creation of 79
and firms, distinction between 44–45
information flow in 44
order of worth 148, 166
Marquis, C. 193n6
Martin, J. 72
Marx, Karl 24, 68
materialization 70–71
May, T. 73
Mayer, C. 209
McDonnell, M.-H. 207
McFall, L. 81
McPhee, R. D. 60, 82n2
meaning(s) 30, 78, 82n6, 83n11
and branding 34, 35–36
and capital accumulation 26
and constitutive conception of communication 54, 59, 62–63, 65
and entrepreneurship accelerators 151
excess of 63, 140, 169
indeterminacy of 26, 63, 114–115
and nonhuman actors 66–67
and platformization 33
struggles over 20–21, 56, 100, 105, 115, 124, 135, 150, 164, 191
Means, G. 45, 98
Mease, J. J. 76, 78
Meckling, W. 47
mentorship, for startups 158–161, 165
Miller, D. 51
Mocsary, G. A. 22n2
Mol, A. 7, 69
Montréal School 102, 104
Mooallem, J. 82n8
Moor, L. 25
Moore, J. 45
Morrison, A. D. 9–10
Mota, R. 9–10
multidivisional firms 23n6
multiplicity of corporate purpose 5–9, 10, 41, 43, 52, 53, 56, 93, 105–106, 111, 167, 191, 199, 200, 201, 209, 210
Anglo American Mining Company 13–16, 17
British East India Company 10–12, 16, 17
lessons of cases and question of authority 16–18
Mumby, D. K. 20, 26, 27, 36

N

narrative coherence 105
Nathues, E. 62
neoliberalism 25, 26
neuromarketing 30
new materialism(s) 18, 65, 68, 78, 82n9, 85, 86, 121, 165, 198, 210
materialization 70–71
ontological break 68–70
Nilsson, E. 14
nonhuman actors/elements 40, 53, 54, 55, 62, 66–67, 126, 136, 180, 199
non-stock corporations 118n6
Nyberg, D. 205

O

Ocasio, William 50
ontological multiplicity 7–8, 16–17, 41, 47, 68–69, 80, 91, 105, 115, 116, 147, 191, 199, 200, 201, 209, 210
opium trade 11
orders of worth 146, 147–150, 148, 161, 166–168, 169
organization studies (OS) 18, 19, 40, 43, 58, 70, 94, 208–209
organizational attention 50–51, 52
organizational change 49
organizational culture 72, 79
organizationality 64, 193n9
Orlikowski, W. 203, 204
Ovid 73

P

Parsons, Talcott 22n5
partial organizations 82n4
Peitersen, N. 38
Pellizzioni, L. 68–69
Penrose, Edith 48
personal branding 35–36
persons of colour 82n8, 194, 196
Peters, J. D. 82n5
Peters, T. 36
Plassey, Battle of (1757) 11–12
platformization 30–33, 90, 192
platforms 30–31, 32, 87, 171–174, 180, 186–187, 188
political stance of firms 34–35
power 20, 39, 47, 76
and authority, distinction between 91
corporate 168
and corporate social responsibility 13
principal-agent model 45–46, 98
private limited company 98
profitability (competitive advantage) 48, 49, 51, 110–112, 119, 122, 134, 139, 142, 144, 201, 210
projectification 26–27
promises of value 106, 125, 126, 127, 131, 135, 137, 143, 174, 192, 200, 201
and binding 109, 180, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191
and boundarying 108, 121
and branding 146, 155, 156, 160, 163, 165, 168
Coinbase 197
gravity 94–95, 160
and orders of worth 147
prophecy 93–94, 155, 165, 183
property, claims to 108, 127, 128, 131, 135, 137, 143, 174, 192, 200, 201
and authoritative texts 103
and binding 109, 183, 186, 189, 190, 191
and boundarying 106, 121
and branding 146, 163
Coinbase 197, 199
corporate form 96–99
logic(s) of practice 99–101
and orders of worth 147
and possessive relations 100
principal-agent model 98
property rights approach (theory of firm) 45
prophecy 93–94, 155, 165, 183, 197
prosumption 36–37, 40, 65, 88
public relations professionals 35

R

race 82n8
racial equity/justice 181–183, 184, 188
Rajak, Dinah 13, 14, 15
Regnér, P. 53
reification 3–4, 40
Rekret, Paul 82n9
renewable competitive advantage 144
representational conception of communication 54, 59
reputation systems 31–32
resource-based view of the firm (RBV) 48–49, 51–52, 53, 143
responsible competitiveness 13, 15
rhizomatic assemblages/thinking 77, 116, 202–203
Ries, E. 155
risk sharing (agency costs) 46
Rose, N. 23n7
routines 49, 52, 53, 124

S

Salzman, J. 100
Sandler, S. 62
scapegoating 130, 144
Schatzki, T. 56
Schoeneborn, D. 60
Scott, S. 95, 203, 204
self-care regimens 30
Sennett, R. 93
service sector 28
Shamsie, J. 51
shared ownership 183
shareholder value maximization (SVM) 1, 12, 22n3, 98, 170, 171, 187, 188–189, 192n1, 192n2, 203
shareholders 6, 51, 97
Anglo American Mining Company 14
British East India Company 10–11, 12
claims of 46
returns 111
Shein 87–90
branding 88
coordination of suppliers 87
data operation 87–88
Sheingals 88–89
Simon, Herbert 3
Smith, W. R. 103
social capital 26, 27, 28, 39, 197
social issues, positions of firms on 34–35
see also Coinbase
social media 38, 64, 88, 89
algorithms 80
and brand communities 37
and personal branding 36
sociomateriality 21, 70, 74, 78, 85, 104, 142, 158, 165, 198, 200, 204, 210
soft skills 124–128, 142, 143
Spee, A. P. 102, 105
Srnicek, N. 30
stakeholders 1–2, 3, 4, 9, 46, 51, 80, 95, 116, 171, 189
see also Benefit Corporations (B Corps™)
Stark, David 147, 149, 151, 168
statements of purpose 17, 105–106
strategic management 18, 51
strategic managers 5, 17, 48, 52, 56, 105, 116, 117, 120, 128, 191
strategic plan 71, 94, 102–103
strategy as practice 53
structuration theory 60
surveillance capitalism 99
symbolic capital 27, 197
symbolic labour 26
systems theory 106

T

taxonomic authority 136
Taylor, Frederick Winslow 90
Taylor, J. R. 60, 64, 82n2, 92, 104
Taylor, S. 37
territorialization 90, 106, 186, 187
arborescent assemblages 77
and authoritative texts 105
B Corps 187
and branding 168
via coding and connection 75–76
see also boundarying ; deterritorialization
texts  see authoritative texts
theories of firm 10, 18–21, 43–44, 199–200, 202, 210
agency theory 45–46
attention-based view 50–51, 52
behavioural 47, 50
competence/capability approaches 47–53, 119, 120, 210
criteria for an alternative theory 53–57
dynamic capabilities 49–50, 52
governance approaches 44–47, 53, 210
knowledge-based 48–49
property rights approach 45
resource-based view 48–49, 51–52, 53, 143
transaction cost economics 44–45, 54
see also communicative theory of the firm (CTF)
Thévenot, Laurent 147, 148, 165
transaction cost economics (TCE) 44–45, 54
trans-national corporations 13–16
Turco, C. J. 64

U

uncertainty 94, 149

V

value 13, 25, 33, 93
consumption 36
creation, and startups 166
production 27, 30, 34, 36, 38, 81, 120, 143, 153, 200
promises of  see promises of value
shareholder value maximization 1, 12, 22n3, 98, 170, 171, 187, 188–189, 192n1, 192n2, 203
values 2, 4, 6, 48
B Corps 179, 187–188
customer service 130, 131, 132–136
of stakeholders 3
Vásquez, C. 114–115
ventriloquism 62–63, 65
Victoria, Queen 12
virtuality 73, 80, 99, 115, 116, 199, 200, 202, 203, 208

W

Weber, M. 91
Werner, A. 98
Wheeler, W. 67
Williamson, Oliver 45, 46
Winter, S. G. 49
Wise, J. M. 66
woke washing 35
Wright, C. 205

Z

Zaug, P. 60, 82n2
Zhang, R. 28
Zimbabwe Bush Pump Type B 69
Zuboff, S. 99

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