References to figures and photographs appear in italic type; those in bold type refer to tables. References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (231n3).

10 Reasons for Deleting Your Social Media Account (Lanier) 80–81

A

Action Coalition for Media Education (ACME), US 75–76
active lurkers 95–132n19
Adichi, C.N. 10
adult education 85–86
affinity Facebook groups 58–59
receptive reading 60–64
AFK (away from the keyboard) 86–87
‘Aint That Special’ meme 57–58
algorithms 81, 89
Algorithms of Oppression (Noble) 81
Alliance Facebook Group 59
online rooms 60
receptive reading 60–64
Alliance for a Media Literate America (AMLA), US 75–76
AlShebli, B.A. 96
animal lurkers 11–12
anti-Semitism 70
Argentina 82
arts funding 50, 121n23
Asia 82
asset mapping  see community mapping
Association for Internet Researchers (AoIR) 98
audience 25–26, 37
Auld, S. 78
Australia Media Literacy Alliance (AMLA) 84–85
authors 26–27, 29
income 128n61
see also creators

B

Bakhtin, M. 27
Barnes & Noble 78, 127n42
Barthes, R. 29–30
Barton, M. 40
Behind the Screen (Roberts) 71
Bible. O.T. Jeremiah 11
Biden, J. 55
Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure 39
Black Indigenous People of Colour (BIPOC) 79, 81, 85–86, 127n53
Black Lives Matter 46, 47
Bolter, J. 27
‘Bookworm, The’ (Schleicher) 24
boyd, d. 5, 6, 74, 87, 103, 134n1
Breitbart 100
Brock, A. 81
Bulger, M. 77
bullying 7, 54
‘Burning chrome’ (Gibson) 14
Butler, L. 78

C

Can the Subaltern Speak? (Spivak) 79
Canada 84
see also Toronto
canonization 26
Caufield, M. 89
chronic health conditions 64
clickers 33
Clinton, H. 58–59
close reading 37
colonizing effects of literacy 77–80
communities
offline 107–108
online 17, 28
see also Facebook
community-based media literacy workshops 85–86
community mapping 32, 96
CompuServe 14, 15
computer access 4
computer use 36
consent 97–99
Conspiracy Keanu meme 39–40
context collapse 2, 112n4
COVID-19 47, 48, 49
COVID-19 policies 74
COVID-19 vaccines 72–73
creators 79–80
see also authors ; influencers
CrowdTangle 99–101
cybersex 15–16
cyberspace 14

D

data collection 92–96
Davison, P. 77
De Studio Militari (Upton) 11–12
‘death of the author, The’ (Barthes) 29–30
delurking 1, 7, 19, 22, 112n1
democracy 6
Der Bücherwurm (Schleicher) 24
desisting 7, 22
Dewey, J. 53
dialogism 27
Dickens, C. 14
digital literacy 25, 37
‘Don’t mind me’ meme 20
Douglass, F. 78
Duffy, B.E. 79

E

economic value of lurkers 108–109
Edinburgh Review 12–13
education  see adult education ; media education ; media literacy education ; schools
Effect Aesthetic Continuum 35–36, 35
Effect Aesthetic Continuum of New Literacies 38
elections
school boards 69, 70
US presidency 6, 45, 50, 58–59, 71, 78
Ellison, N. 33, 95
English language 79, 82, 90, 94
Ering, E. 93
ethics  see research ethics
European Union 85
Exposure of the Various Impositions Daily Practised by Vagrants of Every Description (anon.) 12
eye-tracking research 93–95

F

Facebook 30
affinity groups 58–59
receptive reading 60–64
Communities Summit 70
CrowdTangle 99–101
embedded narrative 22–23
Graph Search 101
Happy Birthday wishes 2, 112n2
health groups 64–66
sensemaking 66–68
literacy events 40
lurking 18
moderators 8, 57, 58, 70–71
affinity groups 59, 60, 61–64
health groups 66, 67–68
neighbourhood groups 68–70
neighbourhood groups 3–4, 40–42
community mapping 43–44
moderators 68–70
participatory restraint 47–50
protective curation 50–53
receptive reading 44–47
reflexive entertainment 53–55
popcorn memes 21
Sipley’s experience of 1–3, 109–111
users 109
deceased 104, 135n8
value of lurkers to 104
see also Meta ; Zuckerberg, M.
Federal Fair Housing Act (1968), US 41
Fox News 100
free-riders 16–18
Fries, P. 28
Fullwood, C. 64–65

G

gay community 16
see also LGBTQIA+
Germany 85
GI Bill, US 41
Giddens, A. 53
Ginsberg, R.B. 55
Glitch Feminism (Russell) 87
Goodman, K. 28, 73
Goodman, Y. 73–74
Graph Search 101
graphophonic cues 74
Gulia, M. 17

H

Hamilton, D. 40
Hammond Gerrido, L. 67
Harris, K. 55
hate speech 70
Hayes, G. 31–33
Hayles, N.K. 37
health Facebook groups 64–66
sensemaking 66–68
Heaney, S. 11
Heath, S.B. 40
Henry VII 11
‘Hey lurkers’ meme 91–92
Hibbs, R. 29
‘high quality listening’ 5
HIV infection 16
Hobbs, R. 29, 75, 77
Hollow Junction Facebook group 41–42, 45
horror novels 10
household income 42, 120n11
Huey, E.B. 94
hyperattention 37
hyperreading 37

I

‘I am 100%’ meme 72–73
Iceland 79
identity formation 66
India 82
infant mortality 79
influencers 79, 127n53
informed consent 97–99
Instagram 4, 30, 71, 100, 105
International Literacy Association (ILA) 28, 37, 78–79
internet 14–15, 96–97
see also online communities
internet access 4
internet studies 30
internet trolls 18–19
interviews 96
Itō, M. 5

J

Jackson, M. 20–22
Japan 79, 82
Javal, L.É. 93
Jenkins, H. 5, 25, 31
Jeremiah (Old Testament) 11
Journal of Media Literacy Education (JMLE) 75, 83
Judd, C.H. 94

K

Katz, J. 4
Kellner, D. 75
Knight Foundation 99, 133n31
Knobel, M. 36
Kollock, P. 16–17, 19

L

Labour and the London Poor (Mahew) 13
Lacan, J. 22
Lamare, M. 93
language 79, 82, 90, 94–95
Lanier, J. 80–81
Lankshear, C. 36
lateral reading 46
Latin America 82
levelled reading 73, 124n10
LGBTQIA+ 16, 66
LIEB CAST podcast 51
Light Collective 67–68
Lindsey, R. 14
LinkedIn 4, 67, 111
literacy
colonizing effects of 77–80
definition 28–29
digital 25, 37
metaphoric application 28–30, 75–77
print-based 7, 26–27
transactional 34–36
see also lurker literacies ; media literacy ; media literacy education; reading
literacy events 40
literacy laws 78
literacy practices 40
while lurking 44
see also lurker literacies
literacy rates 26, 27–28, 79
literacy studies 25, 28, 34, 77
see also New Literacy Studies
lulz 19
lurker literacies 5–9, 37–38, 42–44, 55–56
participatory restraint 8, 47–50, 90
protective curation 8, 50–53, 90
receptive reading 8, 44–47, 60–64, 89
reflexive entertainment 7, 19–23, 53–55, 89
sensemaking 8, 65–66, 66–68, 89
Lurker Survey (Nonnecke at al.) 18, 42–43
Lurker, The (Sith) 10
lurkers 33
active 95–132n19
value of 103–109
to businesses 108–109
to communities 107–108
to platforms 104–107
lurking
affinity Facebook groups 62
attempts to destigmatize 23
connotations of term 7, 10, 24–25, 28
in 19th-century England 12–14
in 21st century 17–18
impact on research 97–98
in late 20th century 14–17
in medieval literature 10–12
health Facebook groups 64–65, 66–67
mediated 67
neighbourhood Facebook groups 70
as privilege 80–81, 86
reasons for 18
research on 3–5, 30–36
data collection 92–96
implication of excluding lurkers 99–102
research ethics 96–99
see also New York City Facebook groups
Sipley’s personal experience of 1–3
see also delurking ; internet trolls ; lurker literacies ; participation ; reading
Lurking (McNeil) 96–97

M

McGrath, C. 15–16
McNeil, J. 96–97
Mahew, H. 13–14
Major League Baseball (MLB), US 109
Malaysia 82
market research 51
Masterman, L. 29
Mastodon 107
‘Me at 3am’ meme 24–25
meaning-making 35–36, 37
media education 29
media literacy 8–9, 29, 74–75
colonizing effects of literacy 77–80
lurking as privilege 80–81
metaphoric literacy 75–77
media literacy education 76
challenges 81–82
emphasis on youth 83–87
inclusive standards 88–90
public participation 87–88
Media Smarts 84
media studies 25, 30
mediated lurking 67
medieval literature 10–12
memes 7
‘Aint That Special’ 57–58
Conspiracy Keanu 39–40
‘Hey lurkers’ 91–92
‘I am 100%’ 72–73
‘Me at 3am’ 24–25
popcorn memes 19, 20–22
‘Don’t mind me’ 20
‘Shit, the comments already started?’ 20
‘Vote Joe and the Hoe’ 55, 121n30
Meta 22, 71, 101, 104
see also Facebook ; Zuckerberg, M.
metaphoric literacy 75–77
Metaverse 86
Mexico 82
Mihailidis, P. 76–77
mirror stage (Lacan) 22
miscue analysis 73–74
retrospective miscue analysis (RMA) 96
miscues 73
misogyny 55
moderators 8, 57, 58, 70–71
affinity Facebook groups 59, 60, 61–64
health Facebook groups 66, 67–68
neighbourhood Facebook groups 68–70
Morris, M. 17
Musk, E. 105
myth of Web 2.0 non-participation 32
Mythologies (Barthes) 29

N

National Association of Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), US 75, 76, 83, 87
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), US 121n23
neighbourhood Facebook groups 3–4, 40–42
community mapping 43–44
moderators 68–70
participatory restraint 47–50
protective curation 50–53
receptive reading 44–47
reflexive entertainment 53–55
New Literacies, Transactional Theory of 36–38
New Literacy Studies 36–37
New London Group 36–37
New York City 85–86
New York City Facebook groups 3–4, 40–42
community mapping 43–44
participatory restraint 47–48
protective curation 50–53
receptive reading 44–47
reflexive entertainment 53–55
New Zealand 84
Noble, S.U. 81
non-violent action 63–64
Nonnecke, R.B. 17–18, 42–43

O

Occupy Wall Street Movement 99
Ocean Ridge Facebook group 41
participatory restraint 47, 49–50
against moderators 69–70
protective curation 50, 51, 52–53
receptive reading 45, 46
offline communication 47, 53, 69, 98
offline communities 107–108
offline relationships 8, 48–50
Ogan, C. 17
online communities 17, 28
see also Facebook
oppression  see colonizing effects of literacy
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 26, 73

P

Pantsuit Nation Facebook group 59
Parler app 6, 104, 114n23
participation 25–26, 27–28, 30–34, 117n7
Alliance Facebook Group 62
media literacy 87–88
media literacy standards 89
myth of Web 2.0 non-participation 32
passive  see lurking
Transactional Theory of New Literacies 37
transactional theory of reading 34–36
participatory culture 5, 25
participatory restraint 8, 47–50, 90
partridge analogy 11–12
pay-to-play 80
Peirce, C.S. 34
Peru 82
perverts 16
Pew Research Centre 64, 109
Phillips, W. 19
Platform Capitalism (Srnicek) 104
Platform Society, The (van Dijck et al) 104
platforms 104–107
see also specific platforms
politics 2, 6, 45–47, 49–50
Poor Laws (1834) 12, 13
popcorn memes 19, 20–22
Potter, W.J. 75, 76
Preece, J. 18
print-based literacy 7, 26–27
colonizing effects of 77–80
transactional theory of reading 34–36
Promises, Challenges, and Futures of Media Literacy (Bulger and Davison) 77
promotion economy 108–109
Propensity for Online Community Contribution Scale 64–65
protective curation 8, 50–53, 90
public participation 87–88
publicity metrics 6, 20–21, 48, 49, 51

R

racial segregation 40–41
racism 50, 55
see also Alliance Facebook Group ; anti-Semitism ; Black Indigenous People of Colour (BIPOC) ; Black Lives Matter ; colonizing effects of literacy ; hate speech ; slavery
radio 107
Ray, O. 21
readers 25–26, 27, 29–30
reading 5
aesthetics of 78, 127n41
close reading 37
and eye movement 94
hyperreading 37
lateral 46
levelled 73, 124n10
‘Me at 3am’ meme 24–25
as metaphor 28–30
miscue analysis 73–74
miscues 73
receptive 8, 44–47, 60–64, 89
as sociocultural practice 40
surface reading 37
transactional theory of 34–36
see also literacy ; literacy studies; lurking ; metaphoric literacy ; New Literacy Studies
Reading Recovery 124n10
receptive reading 8, 44–47, 60–64, 89
reflection 53
reflexive entertainment 7, 19–23, 53–55, 89
reflexive thinking 53
refusal as media literacy 85–87, 89
Reliquiæ Antiquæ 11
research ethics 96–99
research interviews 96
retrospective miscue analysis (RMA) 96
Rheingold, H. 28
Richard II 11
‘Richard the Redeles’ (anon.) 11
Richards, I.A. 37
Roberts, S.T. 71
Rogers, R. 48
Roose, K. 100
Rosenblatt, L.M. 30, 34–36, 37
Ross, M. 16
Russell, L. 87
Russia 82

S

S/Z (Barthes) 30
Saussure, F. de 34
school board elections 69, 70
schools 40–41, 47–48, 51
media literacy education 83–84, 85
Scott, T. 101
segregation 40–41
semantic cues 74
sensemaking 65–66, 66–68, 89
sexual exploration 16
Shapiro, B. 100
Share, J. 75
‘Shit, the comments already started?’ meme 20
Siad, L.M. 85–86
SIFT method 89
signs 34
Sikkens, E. 98
Singapore 82
situated literacies 5
Slashdot 4
slavery 78
Smith, M. 16–17, 19
Social Dilemma, The 45
social media
dialogic nature of composition 27
embedded narrative 22–23
influence on elections 6
pay-to-play 80
see also Facebook ; Instagram ; LinkedIn ; Parler app ; TikTok ; Twitter
social media ecosystems 30–31
social media refusal 85–87, 89
social media use conceptual categories 33
Sosnowski, J. 37
South Africa 82
Spivak, G. 79
Spreadable Media (Jenkins) 31
Srnicek, N. 104
Stark-Watzinger, B. 85
‘state of media literacy, The’ (Potter) 75
sub-Saharan Africa 82
Substack 108
‘success theatre’ 48
surface reading 37
surveys 95–96
syntactic cues 74

T

Takashi, M. 95–132n19
television 29, 107
Tempest, The (Shakespeare) 79
Tett, G. 74
Thailand 82
Thriller (Jackson) 20–22
TikTok 4, 31, 67, 71, 101
Toronto 85–86
transactional literacy 34–36
Transactional Theory of New Literacies 36–38
trolls 18–19
Trump, D. 46, 49, 58, 100, 121n23
Twitch 107–108
Twitter 4, 31, 71, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 111
see also X
Twitter Blue 106

U

United Kingdom 85
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 26–27, 79
US
author income 128n61
Federal Fair Housing Act (1968) 41
GI Bill 41
household income 42, 120n11
literacy laws 78
Major League Baseball (MLB) 109
media literacy education 83–84, 87–88
presidential election 6, 45, 50, 58–59, 71, 78
storming of Capitol 6, 114n23
vacations 72, 124n3
users 96–97, 109
deceased 104, 135n8

V

vagrants 12
vanity metric 48
see also publicity metrics
Victorian England 12–14
‘Vote Joe and the Hoe’ meme 55, 121n30

W

Weick, K. 65
Wellman, B. 17
‘What hath we wrought’ (boyd) 74, 87
Whitman Circle Facebook group 41, 45–47, 51–52, 54–55, 69
‘Why I hate Facebook’ poem (Sipley) 110–111
Wilder, G. 57
Women of Colour see Alliance Facebook Group
workhouses 12, 13, 14
Worthman, J. 48
writers 26–27
see also authors ; creators

X

X 8, 105–107
see also Twitter

Y

YouTube 101

Z

Zinn, H. 2
Zuckerberg, M. 2, 70, 86, 100, 112n3