References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (77n16).

A

Ackley, Danielle 77n16
activism 64
aesthetics 43, 83n29
algorithms 72n3
alternative worlds 23, 72–73n4
anthropology 52
ontological turn in 86n8
of religion 5, 10, 52–54, 59
anti-science ideology 9, 49–51
antiviral medicines 11
argumentative turn 66
art 43
17th-century 6, 36
atheists 52, 53
Ayer, A.J. 86n17

B

belief(s)
in conspiracy theories 16
cultures of 53
of experts 5
as a form of expertise 52–57
non-scientists 8
political 34
and practice 53, 60
religious 5, 6, 10, 36, 52, 59, 60, 80n59
structures 43
Biden, Joe 6, 16, 77
Biden administration, and COVID-19 vaccine mandates 31
Birx, Dr 7
Bloor, D. 87n24
Brubaker, Rogers 24, 25, 28
Burris, Scott 30
BuzzFeed News 23

C

Calvin, John 38–39, 82n11, 82n12
Calvinism 37–38, 39, 40, 43, 81n5, 81n7
depiction in paintings in Holland 6, 37–38
differences between Lutheranism and 82n12
Calvinists 38
churches 37
divisions between Catholics and 1
perspective on religion 36, 37
Catholic churches, in Holland 39
Catholicism 44
rejection in Holland 46
Catholics 37
divisions between Calvinists and 1
Cavell, Stanley 57
Ceccarelli, Leah 13
children, immunizations of 80n59
Christianity 9, 38–39, 40, 47, 52
citizen juries 66
citizen participation, in scientific decision making 78–79n45
citizen science 10, 68
climate change 4, 22–23, 32
controversies 55
denial of 22, 43, 64
cognitive relativism 58
collaborative planning 66
Collins, H. 25, 45, 54–55, 61, 64, 79n45
analysis of communication between experts 69
on interactional expertise 89n20
communication
across worldviews 58–68
between experts 69
see also science communication
consensus climate science 76n13
consensus science 7, 10, 17, 25, 32–33, 34, 61
attacks on 55
belief in 5, 8, 62
and climate change 22
commitment to in governmental agencies 29
conflict over 4
deniers 22
distrust in 3, 5, 6, 12, 19
Dooyeweerd and 43
of government experts 44
on human-caused global warming 72n1
legal system support of 31–32
legislation requiring following of 29
modesty about 4, 6, 10, 71
pseudoscientists and 51
public confidence in 67
and scientific controversies 13
trust in 29, 45, 67, 68
uncertainties and limitations of 69
consensus scientists 5, 6, 70
as experts 55
removal from regulatory agencies during the Trump administration 17
conspiracy theories 16–17
contributory experts 61–62
Council of Elvira 82n11
COVID-19 3, 25, 62
confusing messages from public health officials about 27
mask wearing 27–28, 29
studies of public perception of experts pre-pandemic and during pandemic 12
transmission of 76n6
vaccines 21, 30–31, 72n2
criminal law, evaluation of software tools used to convict an accused 19
crisis of expertise
complexity of 20–22
introduction to 3–11
The Crisis of Expertise (Eyal) 24
cultural cognition 1, 2, 32, 33, 34
cultural relativism 58
culture wars 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 33
analysis of 48, 49
differences between the two sides in 20–21
in Holland (16th-17th centuries) 36
Jesuit perspective on 70
limitations in 69
mirroring of antagonism between pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire 74n23
political 51

D

Davis, Daryl 71
de Witte, Emanuel 37, 82n9
painting of the Old Church in Delft 38, 44
decision making 78n45
public participation in 65
“deep stories” 63
Democrats, mutual distrust between Republicans and 47–48
disagreements, between believers and unbelievers 60, 89n11
distrust
of consensus science 3, 5, 6, 12, 19
of expertise 10, 11–13
of medical professionals 12, 75n32
between Republicans and Democrats 47–48
of scientific knowledge institutions 4
see also trust
domain of expertise 5, 61, 62
Dooyeweerd, Herman 40–41, 42, 43, 45
Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health (Michaels) 13
Douglas, Heather 64
Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime (Latour) 22, 43
Ducey, Doug 79n55
Dutch Calvinism 37, 38, 39, 81n7
Dutch Catholics 37
Dutch Golden Age painting, 17th-century 9, 37–39

E

echo chamber 1, 72n3
elite ideological polarization 84n6
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 29, 51
environmental risks, cultural values and disputes over 2
epistemic humility 79n47
ethnocentrism 59
Evans, Robert 25, 45, 54–55, 61, 64, 69, 79n45
expertise
distrust of 10, 11–13
and experience, studies of 54
ignoring of 26–27
nature of 4
studies in 54–55
studies of public perception of 12
Eyal, Gil 23–24, 55, 73n14, 87n21

F

faith 41–42, 53
false beliefs 76n1
Fauci, Dr Anthony 7, 85n16
“filter bubble” 72n3
Finkel, Eli 47, 48
Fischer, Frank 10, 34, 66–67
forensic science 7, 44
forms of life 10, 54–55, 56–57, 59, 86n17, 87n23, 87n24, 87n25
French Revolution 36, 40
Golden Age church interiors and the 39
fringe science 7, 15, 17, 55
Fuller, Steve 91n6

G

genetically modified (GM) food products 2
Geuss, Raymond 74n22
Gilroy-Ware, M. 34
global warming 2, 17, 51, 72n1
Golden Age art 36
Golden Age church interiors, and the French Revolution 39
government experts 50, 63
calls from industry or academic experts to distrust 11
ignoring of by the Trump administration 44
gravitational wave community 89n20
Green New Deal 49, 84n15
Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume 40, 82n15

H

Halbfinger, D.M. 76n2
Harambam, Jaron 16
Hilgartner, Steve 24, 25–26, 28
Hochschild, Arlie 63
Holland
Cathoic churches in 39
culture wars in 36
depiction of Calvinism in Golden Age paintings in 6
rejection of Catholicism in 46
How God Becomes Real: Kindling the Presence of Invisible Others (Luhrmann) 52
Hsu, Shi-Ling 9, 49, 50, 51, 84n12, 85n17
human “algorithms” 75n52
human reason 40, 82n14
humility 7, 21, 48, 51, 70
epistemic 79n47
Hunter, J.F.M. 56
hydroxychloroquine 78n31

I

The Idea of a Social Science (Winch) 54
identity alignment 84n6
identity politics 72n3
ideology 4, 6, 8, 21, 36, 69
anti-science 9, 49–51
definition of 74n22
Dooyeweerd’s critique of 41
negative view of 73n22
and scientific controversies 13
socialist 74n22
Ignatius, St 70, 91n4
imitation games 89–90n20
immunizations of children 80n59
impact assessments 73n13
industry bias, at the FDA 87n21
institutions 25
interactional experts 61, 62, 89n19, 89n20
“Interior of the Oude Kerk, Delft” (painting) 37–38
interpretive frames 73n13
Israel, working-class supporters of Netanyahu 20

J

Jacobson v Massachusetts 30

K

Keightley, Alan 59
Knight, Peter 16
Kristof, Nicholas 71
Kuhn, Thomas 61
Kuyper, Abraham 40, 81n6
two worldviews in conflict 43

L

Lakoff, Andrew 24, 28
The Lancet 72n2
language, forms of life and 88n25
Latour, Bruno 4, 24–25, 42–43, 44, 64, 69
belief in consensus climate science 76–77n13
Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime 22, 43
law, failure(s) of 29–32
Lebensform
see forms of life
Lee, G. 74n23
legal system 9
Luhrmann, Tanya Marie 52, 53, 54
Lutheranism, differences between Calvinism and 82n12
Lytvynenko, Jan 23

M

Mair, Jonathan 53
Marxists 73–74n22
Meacham, Jon 23
medical professionals, distrust of 12, 75n32
Mellon Sawyer seminar 23–24, 25, 27, 28
meta-expertise 18–19
Michaels, David 13
minority-view science
belief in 8
scientific evidence 70
minority-view scientists 55, 69
Mizelle, Kathryn Kimball 30
Mizrachi, Nissim 20, 76n1
modernism 39, 43
modesty, about consensus science 4, 6, 10, 71
Moyal-Sharrock, D. 87n25

N

natural law 82n14
nature
contradictory views of 2–3
laws of 60
traditional conception of 90n34
neutral experts 24
neutrality 69
New York Times 23, 76n1
The New Yorker 53
Nguyen, Tho 77n16
novelists, 18th- and 19th-century 83n30
nuclear power 2

O

Oreskes, Naomi 10, 67

P

Paine, Thomas 36
paintings
depiction of Calvinism in Golden Age paintings in Holland 6, 37–38
Dutch Golden Age, 17th-century 9, 37–39
“Interior of the Oude Kerk, Delft” 37–38
objects/motifs in 17th century 82n10
pandemic playbook 26
participatory inquiry 66
partisan media 84n6
Pasquale, Frank 18
Pennsylvania, pandemic restrictions in 79n54
personal belief exemptions 80n59
persuasive marketing 65
Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein) 56
Planning, Reverend Stephen W. 70, 91n4
plural rationality 1, 3
policy decisions 68
policy disputes 10, 24, 46
deliberative approaches and the “argumentative” turn 66–68
policy science 67
political activism 64
political goals 17
political partisanship 47–48
political practice 71
political sectarianism 47–48
politics, tribalism in 47–49
Popper, Karl 60
populists 85n17
post-truth world 91–92n6
prayer 85n3
Protestant Reformation 1, 81n2
culture wars in Holland during the 36
pseudoscience 51

R

racism 71
rationalities 1, 2
Enlightenment 6, 40
plural 3
relativism 58
cognitive 58
constructivist 44
cultural 58
religion 9, 47
anthropology of 52–54
as a form of life 59
notion of 36
religious belief(s) 5, 6, 10, 36, 52, 59, 60, 80n59
and practices 60
veganism as 80n59
religious commitment 53
religious communities 5, 59
religious frameworks, worldviews as 36–46
religious practices 52
Republicans 84n12
mutual distrust between Democrats and 47–48
risk, cultural cognition of 32

S

Schwarz, M. 1, 2–3, 73n7
science
(dis)trust in 22–29
failure(s) of 32–35
modest view of 7
politicization of 4, 25, 44, 73n15
sociology of 70–71
Science 47
science and technology studies (STS) 61, 86n15, 91n6
Third Wave categories of 10, 45, 54
science communication 62–65
“Science Wars” 91n6
scientific consensus
see consensus science
scientific controversies 11, 69
genuine 13–15
public engagement in 65
scientific experts, hostility towards 49
scientific investigators 89n15
scientific research, values in 64
scientism 46
The Scientist, “Top retractions of 2020” 22
scientists
minority-view 55, 69
political 34
see also consensus scientists
secularism 47
shaken baby syndrome controversy 13
smallpox vaccine 30
social constructivism 43
social phenomena 86n17
socialist ideology 74n22
sociality 2
sociology
of science 70–71
of scientific knowledge (SSK) 5, 61
of science and technology 44
“sound science” movement 87n22
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 71
Strawson, P.F. 86n17
Surgisphere scandal 78n31
synthetic biology 2

T

Tax Cut and Jobs Act (2017) 85n15
Third Wave
categories of expertise 10
of science and technology 45, 54
studies of expertise and experience 58
Thompson, M. 1, 2–3, 73n7
Tomsick, E. 80n59
Toner, Philip 59
transgender children, criminalization of medical treatment for 15
trans-science 24, 77n24
tribalism, in politics 47–49
Trump, President 7
2016 election theme 16–17
“numerous falsehoods” of 23
withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accord 76n9
Trump administration 17, 50–51
anti-science ideology in the 9–10
attack on science 85n16
ignoring of consensus science of government experts 44
trust
in consensus science 29, 45, 67, 68
in science 16, 22–29
in scientific research and researchers 32
see also distrust
“Trust and Mistrust in Experts and Science during the Pandemic” seminar 23–24
Truth and Post-truth in Public Policy (Fischer) 34
Tufekci, Zeynep 24, 27
Turing tests 89n20, 90n20

U

uncertainty 65
US
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 29–30
law of evidence 7
National Academy of Science 44
US Supreme Court 30
1993 Daubert opinion 7, 24
smallpox vaccine requirements challenge 30

V

vaccines
concerns as cause of autism 72n2
COVID-19 21, 30, 31, 62, 72n2, 79n55
religious objection to 80n59
smallpox 30
suspicion of 49
veganism 80n59

W

Wagner, Alex 23
Wakefield, Dr Andrew 72n2
Weinel, Martin 13–14
Why Democracies Need Science (Collins and Evans) 25
Why Trust Science? (Oreskes) 67
Winch, Peter 54, 60, 86n17, 89n15
Wisconsin, COVID-19 emergency measures 79n54
Wittgenstein, Grammar and God (Keightley) 59
Wittgenstein, L. 5, 6, 54, 88n25
concept of “forms of life” 10, 54, 56–57, 86n17
hope of 58–62
Wittgensteinian view of lived worlds 69
Wood, James 53–54
worldviews 74n22
communication across 58–68
as “religious” frameworks 36–46
Wuthnow, Robert 74n23
Wynne, Brian 78–79n45