References to endnotes show both the page number and the note number (231n3).

A

A., Franco 53, 161n6 (ch 1)
Abdul (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 40
on discrimination 145
employment 135–136
housing 91–92, 93
life in Germany 90, 136, 137
Abdullah (Syrian) 85
addiction see substance abuse
Adel (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 40
escape story 95, 135
housing 91–92, 93
life in Germany 90, 136, 137
Adorno, Theodor W. 153
AfD see Alternative for Germany (AfD)
Afghanistan 156–157
alcohol see substance abuse
al-Nusra Front (later Jabhat Fatah al-Sham) 3, 15
al-Qaeda 3, 15
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 34, 51, 124, 126, 134, 153
Amit, Vered 15, 17
Anas (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 37–40, 52
COVID-19 pandemic 154
family 72, 85–86, 96, 138, 141, 145, 147
housing 56, 72–73, 133
on identity 145–146
integration experience 71–72
on language courses 56–57, 80–81
on Maßnahmen courses 78
on Nazir 142
on non-Germans 100
on permanent residency 148–149
on relationships in Germany 86–87
on Syria 85–86, 92, 152
transnational trauma 82–83, 84, 141
in Turkey 3–4
university 131–132, 140
Anderson, Bridget 5, 22
Andersson, Ruben 9, 16–17
Angemessenheitskriterien see appropriateness criteria (Angemessenheitskriterien)
Anja (Ausländerhörde department head) 35–36, 58, 123, 124–126, 132
anti-immigrant sentiments 10, 130, 134
see also Willkommenskultur (welcome culture)
anti-racism 7
appropriateness criteria (Angemessenheitskriterien) 91
Arrival City (Saunders) 69–70
arrivals
experiences 37–41
time (of refugees) 19, 34, 40–41, 54, 55–56, 59
see also families ; young men ; specific individuals (e.g. Anas , Adel )
assimilation 6, 7, 21, 60
assimilationist theories 21
Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz see Asylum Applicant Support Law (Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz)
asylum
about 49
applications 31–32, 33, 34, 38
arbitrary criteria of 13, 35, 39, 45, 48, 70–71, 124–125
cyclical nature of process 50, 147
designations 53
as migration stage 29
NGO role in claims 52
processes 30–31, 44
regional variations 44–46
rejections 58, 123–124, 161n3 (ch 2)
and trauma 82
Asylum Applicant Support Law (Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz) 57
asylum centres 49, 54–55
asylum laws 2, 32, 33–36, 153, 160n3 (ch 1)
asylum seekers
about 29
requirements of 49–50
rights of 12, 29, 153, 154
violence against 34, 49–50, 51–52, 54
asylum status
next steps 57–58, 59, 69–70
receiving 22
Ausländerbehörde see German Foreigner’s Office (Ausländerbehörde)
Ausländerfeindlichkeit (xenophobia) see xenophobia (Ausländerfeindlichkeit)

B

BA, Federal (BAA)
about 30, 94
challenges with 78, 101, 111–112
Bakewell, Oliver 50
Balibar, Étienne 5, 93, 146, 148
BAMF see Office for Migration and Refugees, Federal (BAMF)
basic law (German) see German Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
Bayernkaserne (Bavarian Military Barracks) 113
BBSR see Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR)
belonging 106, 144, 152
benefits see welfare benefits
BfV see Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Federal (BfV)
BiB see Institute for Population Research, Federal (BiB)
black market housing brokers (Maklern) 72–73, 91, 92
blood German see jus sanguinis (German by birth)
Blue Card residents 125
Blurred Boundaries (Gupta) 47
BMFB see Ministry of Education and Research (Federal)
BMI see Ministry of the Interior, Federal (BMI)
boat crossings 1, 2, 31, 33, 119, 161n4 (ch 1)
Boccagni, Paolo 16
Boese, Martina 88
Bogumil, Jörg 44, 122
Bojadžijev, Manuela 41
border regimes 66, 130
borders 15, 32, 38, 68
Borneman, John 51
Bourdieu, Pierre
on habitus and illusio 30, 43, 102–103, 136–137
on mental structures 119, 152
on social fields 14, 22, 23, 45
BPol see Police, Federal (BPol)
Braun, Katherine 33
burden-sharing format (Königsteiner Schlüssel) 34, 55, 69
bureaucratic field 45
Butler, Judith 53–54

C

camps
COVID-19 pandemic 153
housing 113–114, 115
refugee 1, 40, 48, 56, 93, 122–123
capital 14, 23–24
see also cultural capital ; social capital
Caritas (aid agency) 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 92
carrot and stick principle see fördern und fordern (carrot and stick principle)
Cass, Noel 93
Castles, Stephen 13
CDU see Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
CEAS See Common European Asylum System (CEAS)
centres (asylum) see asylum centres
Chakrabarty, Dipesh 88, 151–152
childcare 94, 106, 143
child marriage 95
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 11, 161n5 (ch 5)
citizenship
arbitrary criteria 13, 77, 134
law 10, 67
obtaining 44, 126–127, 148–149
racism and 144–145, 152
scale and space of 68, 130
see also cultural citizenship ; permanent residency (Niederlassungserlaubnis) ; social citizenship
civil war see Syrian Civil War
colourblindness 140, 145
Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration, Federal 30
Commission for Matters related to Repatriates and National Minorities in Germany 30
Common European Asylum System (CEAS) 33
conatus (condition of wellbeing) 102
constructing the field approach 14, 15, 17
consumer culture 136
continuing education see Maßnahmen (language-associated activities)
control
loss of 37–38, 39, 43, 47
maintenance of 23, 31
of one’s self-determination 8
Convention Relating to the States of Refugees see UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Cordt, Jutta (BAMF head) 128
countries of origin 35, 48
see also asylum
COVID-19 pandemic 153, 154
crisis see ‘refugee crisis’
Cristian Social Union (CSU) party 124, 130, 161n5
CSU see Cristian Social Union (CSU) party
cultural barriers 100–101
cultural capital 23–24, 102–103, 106, 136–137
cultural citizenship 5, 130, 148
see also citizenship ; identities
cultural transnationalism 98
see also transnationalism
cultural violence 161n1 (ch 2)
see also violence
culture
German 12, 79, 81
Syrian 84–85, 92, 97–98
Willkommenskultur (welcome culture) 33–34, 69, 76, 130

D

deaths
at borders 16
at sea 1, 31, 32, 33, 51, 161n4 (ch 1)
see also social death
deportations 35, 54, 58, 130, 157
destination zones, countries as 28
Deutsches Rotes Kreuz see Red Cross (German) (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz)
Die Getrieben 36
direct violence 161n1 (ch 2)
see also violence
discrimination 100–101, 106, 134–138, 145–146
documentary filmmaking workshop 1–4
domestic violence 95–96, 103
see also violence
drugs see substance abuse
DSTATİS see Statistical Office, Federal (DSTATİS)
dual citizenship 10
Duale Ausbildung see Dual Education (Duale Ausbildung)
Dual Education (Duale Ausbildung) 139, 140
see also language courses
Dublin Regulation 32–33
Duldung (tolerated person status) see tolerated person (Duldung) status

E

EASY database (Erstverteilung der Asylbegehrenden) 36, 55
education
access to 2
prerequisite (C1) for university 77, 79, 81, 96–97, 139, 142
university in Germany 119, 131–134, 137
see also integration courses ; language courses
Elias, Norbert 23
El-Kayed, Nihad 60, 75
employment
contracts 163n2 (ch 6)
discrimination in 134–137
language requirements for 139
qualifications, recognition of 23–24, 99, 101, 139–140
seasonal 117–118, 120
vocational training (qualification programmes) 101–102, 118, 140, 143–144
engaged volunteers 65, 69, 74–75, 91–93, 96, 107, 131
see also volunteers
ethnographic approach (to research) 17–18, 33, 160n3 (ch 1)
see also multisited ethnography approach (to research)
Etzel, Morgan 1–4, 14–18, 127–128
Etzold, Benjamin 101
EU see European Union (EU)
Eule, Tobias 31, 70, 112, 118, 124
European Union (EU) 4–5, 6, 31–32
exclusion see social exclusion

F

Familiennachzug see family reunification (Familiennachzug) visas
families
about 64, 138–139
arrival experiences 63–64
breakdown of 103
cultural capital 106
deferential hierarchies 85–86, 88
employment 137
housing for 90–92
importance of 71, 96, 119
integration regime 65
language courses 94–95
on returning to Syria 104–105
social citizenship 93
family reunification (Familiennachzug) visas 57, 63, 143, 161n5 (ch 2)
Fassin, Didier 82
Favell, Adrian 21, 134
Federal Asylum Lottery 61
feel for the game see illusio (feel for the game)
Fehlbeleger see wrong occupier (Fehlbeleger)
fields 14–18
see also social fields
fieldwork 14–18, 33
figuration 23
forced returns 156–157
fördern und fordern (carrot and stick principle) 10, 68, 75–80, 87–88, 94, 114, 119
Foucault, Michel 7, 54, 121
France 68
Free Syrian Army (FSA) 3, 15, 72
Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FEB) 102
friendships 38, 56–57, 59, 71–74, 133, 138–139
see also social capital
Frontex 16, 153
FSA see Free Syrian Army (FSA)

G

Galtung, Johan 161n1 (ch 2)
gender discrimination 106
gender roles 92
German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) 32, 44, 78
German by birth see jus sanguinis (German by birth)
German Foreigner’s Office (Ausländerbehörde)
authority of 56, 58
and BAMF 123–125
local arms of 68, 126
permanent residency, granting of 132
refugee experiences with 35
German identity 10
Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis 51
Glick Schiller, Nina 151
Goering-Eckardt, Katrin 41
Goldberg, David Theo 6–7
‘good’ refugees 34–35, 60, 86–87, 126–127, 137, 148, 154–155
governmentality approach 13, 23–24, 45, 54, 65, 82, 130–131, 148
Grundgesetz see German Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
guests
government designation of 2, 10–11, 15
Syrian treatment of 85, 92, 97–98
guest worker programme (Germany) 10–11
Gullestad, Marianne 5
Gupta, Akhil 17, 22, 46–47, 65, 118, 122, 127, 129

H

habitus 43, 50, 61, 63, 102–103, 137, 143–144
Hadj Abdou, Leila 7
Hafner, Jonas 44, 122
Hage, Ghassan 22, 64, 83
Hakim (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 40, 49, 59
employment 135
escape story 98
family reunification 57
see also Rasha (Syrian)
Hamann, Ulrike 60, 75
Hannerz, Ulf 14
Hansen, Peo 13
Hartz IV reforms 10, 13, 55, 122
Hassan (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 40
learning German 48, 50
in Turkey 3
headscarves 100, 135, 137, 163n3 (ch 6)
Heim see camps
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm 11
Herzfeld, Michael 46–47, 53, 65, 99–100
Heyman, Josiah McC. 65
hierarchies
class 105–106, 134
deferential 85–86, 88
Hoag, Colin 46
Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) survey 131
hotels 56
see also housing
housing
black market brokers (Maklern) 72–73, 91, 92
challenges with 59–60, 74
as integration key indicator 60
securing 90–91, 93
types of 56
wrong occupier (Fehlbeleger) 74, 113–114, 115, 122, 162n1 (ch 5), 162n2 (ch 3)
see also asylum centres
Hull, Matthew 121
Hussain (Syrian refugee) 3

I

IAB see Institute for Employment Research (IAB) (Germany)
identities
of refugees 5, 30, 41, 107, 150
shared 99–100
social construction of 145–146
Ilgit, Asli 30
Illegality Inc. (Andersson) 16–17
illusio (feel for the game) 23, 43, 83, 88, 102–103, 107, 139, 156
imaginaries
about 27–28
of integration 21–22
refugeeness 41
shifting of during migration journey 29
see also public imaginary ; refugeeness imaginary ; social imaginary
Immigrant Law (2005) 67
Immigration and Integration Office (ZIB) 67–71
immigration laws 10, 67
see also migration policies
inclusion 5, 149, 154
incorporation (of migrants) 6, 20, 69, 107
India 46–47
indifference 46, 97, 99–100, 118, 148, 153
injuries 2
Institute for Employment Research (IAB) (Germany) 13, 101
Institute for Population Research, Federal (BiB) 30
Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (Federal) (BBSR) 91
institutionalized racism 10–11
instructors see language courses
integration
about 6, 7, 20, 71, 129
critiques of 5, 6–7
imaginaries of 21–22
key indicators for good 34–35, 60
law 8–9, 67, 79
multiculturalism replaced by 4–5, 7, 60, 67
neoliberal 106–107, 118, 125
policies 6
regional concepts of 67
integration courses 75–76, 78–79, 80–81, 94
see also integration programmes ; language courses
Integration durch Qualifizierung (IQ) 101
Integration Law (Integrationsgesetz) 67, 79
integration programmes 6, 7–8, 13, 30, 78, 101–102, 130
see also integration courses
integration regime
about 6–9
see also regimes
Integrationsgesetz see Integration Law (Integrationsgesetz)
International Red Cross (IRC) 1, 38
intersectionality 44, 138
IQ see Integration durch Qualifizierung (IQ)
IRC see International Red Cross (IRC)
Irene (workshop trainer) 3
ISIL 15, 48, 72, 83, 96, 133, 141, 142, 160n1 (intro)
ISIS 2, 160n1 (intro)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) see ISIL
Italy 8, 11, 32, 48

J

Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (formerly al-Nusra Front) 3
Jackson, Michael 8, 43, 47, 102–103, 152
Job Centres (Jobcentre)
authority of 56, 57, 75
challenges with 91, 93, 98, 101, 111–112, 115–116, 122–123, 147
housing 59, 72–73, 114, 122–123
indifference towards refugees 97, 99–100
language courses 77–78, 79, 80, 117
qualification programmes 101–102
regional differences 112
sanctions 78–79, 101, 116, 121
support to refugees 58, 117, 120
Work and Integration Programme (report) 122
see also employment ; language courses
journalists 3
journeys 28
see also specific individuals’ escape stories (e.g. Hakim )
Julia (engaged volunteer) 92–93, 95, 100, 139
jus sanguinis (German by birth) 11, 55

K

Karakayali, Serhat 52, 74, 130
Kastilan, André 44, 122
Kim (engaged volunteer) 91–92
Kleist, Olaf J. 74
Klotz, Audie 30
Komaromi, Priska 54
Königsteiner Schlüssel see burden-sharing format (Königsteiner Schlüssel)
Kurdi, Alan (Syrian) 51
Kymlicka, Will 21

L

Länder (Federal State)
asylum seekers, equal distribution of 34, 56, 61, 65, 112–113
integration requirements, varied 12, 67, 105
Residency Obligation 70–71, 161n6 (ch 2)
language
asylum seekers required to learn 39, 49, 56–57
as integration key indicator 34
Maßnahmen (language-associated activities) 74, 78, 81, 94, 102, 117, 132
minimum levels needed 139
see also language courses
language courses
about 96–97
access to 48, 50, 76–78, 80
Dual Education (Duale Ausbildung) 139, 140
families 94–95
instructors 77, 79–80
quality of 79, 81, 94–95, 101
see also integration courses ; Job Centres (Jobcentre)
leading culture (Leitkultur) 11, 60, 87, 163n1
legal frameworks 12–13
Leitkultur (leading culture) see leading culture (Leitkultur)
localities
differing experiences by 65–66
see also multisited ethnography approach (to research)

M

Maklern (black market housing brokers) see black market housing brokers (Maklern) ; housing
Malkki, Liisa 52
Mallman, Mark 88
Marcus, George 16
Maria (ZEF caseworker) 116–117, 121–122
Maßnahmen (language-associated activities) 74, 78, 81, 94, 102, 117, 132
Max (ZEF caseworker) 115–116, 117–118, 119–121, 122
Mediterranean boat crossings 1, 2, 31, 33, 119, 161n4 (ch 1)
mental structures 119, 152
Merkel, Angela 32, 51, 130
Mezzadra, Sandro 8
migrant background (Migrationshintergrund) 11, 155
migrants 9, 29, 157
migration journeys 4, 29, 32
migration policies 4–5, 10–11
see also immigration laws
migration regimes (mobility regimes) 9, 32, 70, 134
migration research 7, 16, 17, 21, 27–28, 130, 158–159
Migrationshintergrund see migrant background (Migrationshintergrund)
Ministry of Education and Research (Federal) 101, 131
Ministry of the Interior, Federal (BMI) 30
minors, unaccompanied 161n1 (ch 3)
mobility 65–66, 71
mobility regimes (migration regimes) 9, 32, 70, 134
Mohammad (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 39–40, 48, 59
on citizenship 148
COVID-19 pandemic 154
employment 142–143, 147
on ‘good’ refugees 87
housing 73
journey story 47
on language courses 76–77, 79–80
life in Germany 88, 155–156
on non-Germans 100
mood shifts see social mood shifts (Stimmungswechsel)
moral monitoring 21, 69, 76
Moran, Anthony 88
movement see mobility
multiculturalism
approach to migration 20–21
integration, as replacement for 4–5, 7, 60
multisited ethnography approach (to research) 16–17, 18, 28, 66

N

National Action Plan for Integration (Germany) 13, 68–69
National Integration Plan (NIP) see National Action Plan for Integration (Germany)
NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
navigation 8, 22, 66, 107, 144, 159
Nazir (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 37
journey story 48–49
life in Germany 138, 141
university 132–133, 142
negative power relationships 49
see also power imbalances
Neilson, Brett 8
neoliberal integration see integration
neo-Nazis 54–55, 146
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) 44, 52, 74–75, 117
Niederlassungserlaubnis see permanent residency (Niederlassungserlaubnis)
NIP see National Action Plan for Integration (Germany)
Nizar (Syrian) 56, 72, 73
Noah (ZEF caseworker) 120
nongovernmental organizations see NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
nonracialism 7, 140
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 35

O

Office for Migration and Refugees, Federal (BAMF)
about 30, 39, 128, 161n4 (ch 2), 162n7 (ch 5)
asylum seeker experiences with 56, 120
and Ausländerbehörde 123–127
employees, pressures on 35
prioritization criteria 53, 60, 106, 148
symbolic power of 45
see also language courses
Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Federal (BfV) 30
Ong, Aihwa 144
Oriental Market (Orientalischer Markt) 68
orientation stasis 22, 43–44, 47, 50–51, 64–65, 83, 103
Ortner, Sherry B. 158
Osama (Syrian)
COVID-19 pandemic 154
housing 73–74
life in Germany 141–142, 147
trauma 83
Osseiran, Souad 28
othering (of outsiders) 12, 14, 21, 151
outsiders see migrants ; refugees

P

Parallelgesellschaften see parallel societies
parallel societies (Parallelgesellschaften) 11, 22, 56, 60, 69, 84, 134, 150
Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA) 51
Paulsen, Hilko 140
peace building 1
PEGIDA see Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA)
people of color (United States) 11
performativity of refugees 5, 23, 31, 41, 51–55, 61, 64, 83
permanent residency (Niederlassungserlaubnis)
arbitrary decision-making 13, 124–127
and citizenship 148–149
language requirements 77, 79
livelihood requiremens 105, 132
losing status 126
Police, Federal (BPol) 30
policies see asylum laws ; integration policies ; migration policies
policy narratives 11
populism 153
power imbalances 7, 8, 49, 68, 99, 101, 133
privileged refugees
about 30, 160n2 (ch 1)
Syrians as 35–36, 53
see also asylum seekers ; refugees
Pro Asyl (refugee advocacy organization) 35
programmes see education ; employment ; Job Centres (Jobcentre)
psychotraumatology in exile 82
public imaginary
asylum laws 35, 45
indifference of 153
racialization of refugees 44, 107, 144, 160n2 (ch 1)
refugee reactions to 47
shifts in 43, 51, 53, 64
see also imaginaries

Q

qualification programmes see employment ; Job Centres (Jobcentre)

R

racialization
of asylum seekers 44, 49, 53, 107, 144, 160n2 (ch 1)
of young male refugees 63–64
racial nonracialism 7, 140
racism
and belonging 144
effects of 134
experiences of 48
institutionalized 10–11, 159
Rasha (Syrian)
arrival experience (Germany) 40, 49, 57, 61
on culture, Syrian 98
employment 135, 137, 147
on housing 93
language courses 95
on life in Germany 90, 97, 98–99, 100–101, 136
in Turkey 95
volunteers, assistance from 92
see also Hakim (Syrian)
Rechtman, Richard 82
Red Cross (German) (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz) 68, 74
Red Tape (Gupta) 17, 47
Refugee Conventions (UN) (1951, 2015) 2, 15, 156
‘refugee crisis’ 9, 31–33
refugeeness imaginary 41, 51, 52, 146
see also imaginaries
refugee regimes 32, 53, 61, 107, 154, 157, 159
refugees
about 29
boat crossings 1, 2, 31, 33, 119, 161n4 (ch 1)
or migrants? 9, 157
rights of 2, 15, 29, 36, 60, 151–152, 161n5 (ch 2)
welfare benefits 74
see also specific individuals (e.g. Anas , Nazir )
refugee status
about 53, 149–150
arbitrary decision-making 124–127
language requirements to maintain 77, 79
losing 120, 126
next steps 57–58, 59, 69–70
revocation procedures (Widerrufsverfahren) 124
see also asylum status ; subsidiary protection status
regimes 8–9
see also border regimes ; mobility regimes (migration regimes) ; refugee regimes ; integration regime
regional differences see asylum ; Job Centres (Jobcentre)
regional integration concept see integration
rejections
asylum claims 58, 123–124, 161n3 (ch 2)
discretionary 12–13
Rentenversicherung see retirement insurance (Rentenversicherung)
research see ethnographic approach (to research) ; multisited ethnography approach (to research) ; transnational approach (to research)
Residency Obligation (Wohnsitzauflage)
about 34, 48, 114, 160n3 (intro), 161n6 (ch 2)
asylum applicants, effects on 59–61
implementation of 55, 56, 58, 70–71, 91, 113
repercussions from 74, 91, 114
residency permits 79
retirement insurance (Rentenversicherung) payments 105–106, 148
reversion of sovereignty 130
Reyhanli (Turkey) 1–3, 15–16
Riedel, Lisa 61
rights
of asylum seekers 12, 29, 153, 154
of refugees 2, 15, 29, 36, 60, 151–152, 161n5 (ch 2)
right-wing extremists 50
Rot Kreuz see Red Cross (German) (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz)
routes see migration journeys
Russia 15

S

Safouane, Hamza 52–53
Salazar, Noel B. 151
sanctions see Job Centres (Jobcentre)
Saunders, Doug 69–70
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik 13
Schinkel, Willem 7, 21–22, 69, 151
Schittenhelm, Karin 35, 45
Schneider, Gerald 61
Schneider, Stephanie 35, 45
Schütz, Alfred 152
Schwarzmaklern (black market housing brokers) see black market ; housing
Scott, James C. 149, 155
Seehofer, Horst 130
self-determination 8
settlement phase (of migration)
location of 36–37, 42
reactions to, by refugees 28
See also asylum
sexual exploitation 50
sexual violence 51
see also violence
shared identities 99–100
shelter see housing
Shove, Elizabeth 93
Simonsen, Kristina Bakkær 146
sites see multisited ethnography approach (to research)
smugglers
risks of using 16–17, 32, 36, 141, 143
using to travel 4, 9, 15–16, 31, 98, 119
social capital
of BAMF agents 45
employment 143–144
families, exclusion from 93, 106
negative 135
role of in asylum process 44, 46, 48, 50, 107
securing housing 91–92, 114
vertical 96
see also capital
social citizenship 20, 87, 93, 148, 154–155
see also citizenship
social death 22–23, 83
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 124, 161n5 (ch 2)
social exclusion 13, 93, 134, 139, 146, 149–150
social fields 22, 23
see also fields
social imaginary
about 5, 28–29
shifting of 34–35, 51, 54–55, 130
social construction of the refugee 22, 31, 41, 53
see also imaginaries
social mood shifts (Stimmungswechsel) 12, 51
social navigation 8, 22–23
see also navigation
social policy (Sozialpolitik) 13
Social Welfare Office (Sozialamt) 57
Söder, Markus 130
Sökefeld, Martin 11, 23, 98, 127, 129
Sontag, Susan 121
Sozialamt see Social Welfare Office (Sozialamt)
Sozialpolitik see social policy (Sozialpolitik)
spaces
see also multisited ethnography approach (to research)
spaces, regional 44–45, 65
Spain 33
SPD see Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Statistical Office, Federal (DSTATİS) 30
Stimmungswechsel see social mood shifts (Stimmungswechsel)
Strasser, Sabine 127
structural violence 161n1 (ch 2)
see also violence
subjects see multisited ethnography approach (to research)
subsidiary protection status
about 49, 53, 54, 58, 138, 154
assignment of, increased 35–36, 60–61
and permanent residency 126–127
retirement contribution requirements 105–106, 148
support received, lack of 76, 161n5 (ch 2)
see also asylum status ; refugee status
substance abuse 95–96, 103
superdiversity 21
support and demand / challenge concept see fördern und fordern (carrot and stick principle)
surveys 158
Syrian Civil War 1, 2, 9, 15, 40, 72, 149
Syrian refugees
arrival experiences 37–41
asylum status (in Germany) 22
civil war (2015) 9
photojournalism/filmmaking workshop 1–4
as privileged 35–36, 53
social field of 23
see also families ; Turkey ; young men ; specific individuals (e.g. Anas , Nazir )

T

Taylor, Charles 28–29
temporary housing see asylum centres
Thränhardt, Dietrich 61
time
of arrival of asylum seekers 19, 34, 40–41, 54, 55–56, 59
asylum seekers’ experience of 34, 36, 47
as circular 46
see also multisited ethnography approach (to research)
tolerated person (Duldung) status 53
torture 82
transit cards 117
transit zones, countries as 28
transnational approach (to research) 16, 18
transnational habitus 139
see also habitus
transnationalism 16, 21, 98, 152
transnational trauma 81–84, 95–96, 106, 133, 141, 143
Treiber, Magnus 8, 28, 103, 159
truth 70, 121, 160n6
Tsianos, Vassilis 130
Tuckett, Anna 8, 130, 138–139
Turkey
asylum policies 2
dual citizenship outlawed 10
Syrian refugees 1–4, 15–16, 31, 32, 160n2 (intro)

U

unaccompanied minors 161n1 (ch 3)
unemployment reforms see Hartz IV reforms (Germany)
UNHCR see UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)
United States 11, 15
university (higher education) see education
UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) 1, 32
UN Refugee Conventions (1951, 2015) 2, 15, 156
Urry, John 93

V

values 22
veridiction 54
Vertovec, Steven 21
Vigh, Henrik 8, 22–23, 107, 156
violence
against asylum seekers 34, 49–50, 51–52, 54
domestic 95–96, 103
structural 161n1 (ch 2)
Vollmer, Bastian 52
volunteers
about 33, 34, 36, 37, 74
engaged 65, 69, 74–75, 91–93, 96, 107, 131
quid pro quo 52
von Einem, Eberhard 75

W

Wacquant, Loic J.D. 134–135
Weiss, Karin 61
welcome culture see Willkommenskultur (welcome culture)
welfare benefits
about 74
appropriateness criteria (Angemessenheitskriterien) 91
resumption of, after seasonal employment 117–118, 120
sanctions (Job Centre) 78–79, 101, 116, 121
wellbeing, condition of (conatus) 102
Widerrufsverfahren (revocation procedures) 124
Willkommenskultur (welcome culture) 33–34, 69, 76, 130
see also anti-immigrant sentiments
Wohnsitzauflage see Residency Obligation (Wohnsitzauflage)
work see employment
Work and Integration Programme (Job Centre report) 122
wrong occupier (Fehlbeleger) 74, 113–114, 115, 122, 162n1 (ch 5), 162n2 (ch 3)

X

xenophobia (Ausländerfeindlichkeit) 11, 33, 51–52, 153

Y

young men
arrival experiences of 70
employment 137
housing experiences 71–73, 115
language courses 75–81
life in Germany 84–87, 88–89
on returning to Syria 104–105
transnational trauma 81–84
see also specific individuals (e.g. Anas , Mohammad )
youth 8

Z

ZEF see Zentraleinheit Flüchtlinge (ZEF)
Zentraleinheit Flüchtlinge (ZEF) 115–116, 120, 122
see also Job Centres (Jobcentre)
Zetter, Roger 53
ZIB see Immigration and Integration Office (ZIB)
zones, countries as 28
Zuwanderungsgesetz (immigration law, Germany) 10, 67