References to figures appear in italics. References to endnotes show the page number and the note number (142n3).

A

abstraction 88–89, 93, 95, 121, 147n17, 149n5
acceptability, politics of 117
acronyms 24, 88–89, 121, 140n1
Adams, Vincanne 78, 79
Adey, Peter 75
Agency  see eu-LISA Agency
AI (artificial intelligence) 127–129
Aizeki, By Mizue 122, 149n7
Akrich, Madeleine 125
Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) 104–105, 148n8
Amoore, Louise 7, 129
Anderson, Benedict 11, 142n16
anticipation 32, 36–37, 78–81, 81, 89, 94, 114, 115, 141n13
Appadurai, Arjun 142n16
Aradau, Claudia 117
Arendt, Hannah 123–124, 149n8
artificial intelligence (AI) 127–129
Artificial Intelligence in the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems 127
Asdal, Kristin 103
Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies 4
asylum seekers 6, 23, 26, 48, 109, 128, 130, 133
Australia 74, 134
Austria 15, 17, 57, 58, 60, 143n21, 144n8–9

B

backstaging 53, 57, 58, 59, 60–61, 63, 65–66
backup centre (eu-LISA)  see eu-LISA Agency ; Pongau region (Austria)
Balibar, Étienne 4
Barry, Andrew 61, 83
Barthe, Yannick 29
Bastos, Filipe 99
Beck, Ulrich 124
Belarus 23
Belgium 15, 17, 51
Bellanova, Rocco 99
Bendor, Roy 75
Benjamin, Ruha 123
Benjamin, Walter 35, 54
Berlin Wall 3, 4
Bigo, Didier 31, 98–99, 145n2
biometrics
border controls and 7, 73, 97, 109, 111
concerns with 38, 125
digital identities 108–111
at eu-LISA Agency 23, 48–49
IT systems for 26, 38, 132–134, 136–137
biopolitical turn 5, 8, 140n6
biopolitics 5, 8, 10, 140n7
Boltanski, Luc 3, 113–114, 116, 148n2
Border Management Today 37, 82–83, 90
borders
about 4–5, 9, 140n5
artificial intelligence (AI) 127–129
biometric 7, 97, 109, 111
dehumanization of 93, 101, 122–124
digital infrastructures (see digital infrastructures )
as experimentation sites 28–30, 38–39, 40, 41
networking European 82–83
rethinking of 2–3
security of (see security )
smart (see smart borders )
violent regimes 11, 19, 23–24, 27, 73, 89, 95, 101, 122–123, 124–125
border studies 4–5, 27, 140n2
Bowker, Geoffrey 141n11, 149n5
Broeders, Dennis 71
Busch, Lawrence 149n5
Bussolini, Jeffrey 141n11

C

Callon, Michel 29
Canada 134
capitalism 3, 35, 119, 147n18, 148n2
Castoriadis, Cornelius 11, 118, 119
Chiapello, Eve 3, 116, 148n2
CIR 99, 104–105, 109, 136–137, 147
civic epistemologies 72
Clarke, Adele E. 78, 79
Clarke, John 100
clubbability 72, 77–78
Cohn, Carol 24, 88, 95, 147n17
Cold War 3, 58
collective imagination
and digital infrastructuring 27
and future visions 10–13, 19, 29–30, 120–121
see also imaginaries ; narratives
Commission  see European Commission
Common Identity Repository (CIR)  see CIR
Communication on Stronger and Smarter Information Systems for Borders and Security 102–103
Côté-Boucher, Karine 7
COVID-19 pandemic
borders regimes during 3, 20, 85, 129–130
virtual events during 17, 146n8
visa applications during 132–133
Cowen, Deborah 91
crisis, narratives of 35–36, 102, 103, 111
Curtin, Deirdre 99

D

data
migrants as 66, 93
protection 39, 99, 102–103, 104, 108, 126
quality 61–62, 90, 111, 127, 144n10, 148n10
databases 1–2, 5–6, 8, 11
see also digital infrastructures ; EES ; ETIAS ; Eurodac ; interoperability ; SIS / SIS II ; VIS
De Genova, Nicholas 99
dehumanization of borders 93, 101, 122–124
diffuse borders 7
digital borders  see borders ; digital infrastructures ; interoperability ; smart borders
digital identities 108–111
digital infrastructures
about 7, 9, 52–53
artificial intelligence (AI) 127–129
as biological organisms 63–65, 64, 65–66
for border security 6, 8–10, 83–85
and collective imagination 27, 36–37
COVID-19 and 129–130
data quality 61–62, 90, 111, 127, 144n10, 148n10
“eventing” of 53–56, 58
justifications for 113–117
maintenance and repair of 9–10, 11, 59–60, 141n14, 145n12
for mobility governance 1–2, 26, 52
reaction formations 26, 99
standardization of 61–62, 65, 72, 76–77, 78, 83
Dijstelbloem, Huub 5, 71, 144n6

E

e-borders 7
EC
border security, centralization of 14–15, 31–32, 77, 82, 134, 135, 143n3
interoperability 96, 102–103
research, as focus of 17, 18
economy and smart borders 85–87, 145n2
ecosystem 89–90, 93, 147n20
ECRIS-TCN 6, 135–136
EDPS 18, 103, 104
EES 6, 26, 38, 73, 74–75, 86, 98, 134
Engels, Franziska 29
entextualization 53, 54
Entry/Exit System (EES)  see EES
EPP 103, 104–105, 148n8
Ernst, Cornelia 148n6
ESP 136, 147n3
Estonia 44, 44, 45, 45–47, 51, 55–56
ethnography 2, 16, 17, 23, 53, 65, 75
ETIAS 6, 73–75, 86, 98, 134–135
eu-LISA Agency
about 1–2, 13, 14–16, 26–27, 44, 45, 143n20
on artificial intelligence (AI) 127
backup site (Pongau region) 15, 57–58, 59–60
Border Management Today 37, 82–83, 90
concerns with 44, 125
databases administered by 6, 14, 131–137 (see also ECRIS-TCN ; EES ; ETIAS ; Eurodac ; SIS / SIS II ; VIS )
establishment of 31–32
events 16–17, 24, 32–33, 36–37, 46–48, 51, 53–56, 58, 68–70, 76–78, 146n7–10
experimentation by 28–30, 38–39, 40, 41
headquarters (Tallinn) 44, 44, 45, 45–47, 51, 68, 69
impact of 19
interoperability (see interoperability )
justification by 114–117
maintenance (see maintenance ; repair )
narratives / shared imaginaries of 13, 32–33, 35–37, 46–47, 57, 75, 115, 118, 120–121, 130
operational centre (Strasbourg) 15, 17, 47–50, 48, 49, 57–58, 58–61, 62, 64, 143n3, 144n9
pilot projects 38, 39, 41, 116, 143n5
research on, experiences during 21–22
security at 23, 45–46, 48–50
smart borders (see smart borders )
as a vanguard 15, 19, 27, 28, 30–32, 36
on virtual world 2–3
working groups 18, 92
Eurodac 6, 14, 26, 57, 98, 133
European Commission  see EC
European Criminal Record Information System for Third-Country Nationals (ECRIS-TCN)  see ECRIS-TCN
European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS)  see EDPS
European People’s Party (EPP)  see EPP
European Search Portal (ESP)  see ESP
European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) see ETIAS
European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice  see eu-LISA Agency
events  see backstaging ; digital infrastructures ; eu-LISA Agency ; frontstaging
exclusion 4, 5, 10–11, 42, 126, 129
experimentation sites, borders as 28–30, 38–39, 40, 41
Ezrahi, Yaron 11–12, 111

F

Feldman, Gregory 17, 36–37, 69–70, 78, 101, 146n10, 148n4 (chap 6)
field research  see research
fingerprints
of asylum seekers 26, 133
at eu-LISA Agency 48–49
at smart borders 73
see also biometrics
Finholt, Thomas A. 141n14
Fleck, Ludwik 21
Foucault, Michel 5, 9, 140n7, 141n11, 141n13
France 15, 17, 48, 51, 57
see also Strasbourg (France)
Fraser, Mariam 144n5
frontstaging 53, 54, 55, 56–58, 59, 65, 66
Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 18
future
anticipation of 32, 36–37, 78–81, 81, 89, 94, 114, 115, 141n13
borders 17, 19, 120
-making, digital borders 36–37
(in)security, visions of 19, 26–27, 29–30, 120, 130
technological visions 3, 10–13

G

Garkov, Krum 46, 47, 56, 69, 82–83, 90, 116, 140n3, 146n9
geography of responsibility 125–126
Germany 48, 51, 89
global economy and smart borders 85–87, 145n2
Glouftsios, Georgios 31, 51, 59–60, 99
The Governance of Problems (Hoppe) 100
Griesemer, James R. 81
Guggenheim, Michael 29

H

Hacking, Ian 149n5
Halpern, Oliver Joel 76, 84
Hansen, Johannes Rübner 76, 84
Hausmann 64
headquarters (eu-LISA)  see eu-LISA Agency ; Tallinn (Estonia)
Heller, Charles 123
Hess, Sabine 4
High-Level Expert Group on Information Systems and Interoperability (HLEG)  see HLEG
Hilgartner, Stephen 13, 27, 30, 53, 54
HLEG 103–104, 104–105, 136, 148n5
Hoppe, Robertus 100
Horst, Maja 54
Howarth, David 100
human factors 92–93

I

iBorders 7
“ID@Borders and the Future of Travel” (OSCE conference) 16, 34, 77–78, 79, 81, 87, 89
identities 108–111
imaginaries
about 12, 142n16–19
of digital borders 36–37
of smart borders 75–79, 120
sociotechnical (see sociotechnical imaginaries )
see also collective imagination ; narratives
imagination see collective imagination
inclusion 4, 10–11, 124, 126, 129
inevitability, narratives of 32–33, 36, 41, 52, 118–119, 127
infrastructures  see digital infrastructures
internal security  see security
interoperability
about 6, 14, 26, 39, 96, 105–106, 136–137
biometric borders and 96–97, 133
challenges with 98–99
of databases, among eu-LISA 6, 14, 26
data protection and 39, 99, 102–103, 104, 108, 126
European Search Portal (ESP) 136, 147n3
as experimentation 39, 40, 41
issue-experts 103–104
justification of 114–117
narratives 20, 102–103, 106
policies 99–102
as policy fiction 97, 99, 102, 108–109, 111–112, 119, 121–122
simplification and 42–43, 97, 102, 105–108, 111, 121–122
iron curtain 4
Italy 23

J

Jasanoff, Sheila 12, 29–30, 72, 100
Jeandesboz, Julien 73, 88, 114, 145n2
Jensen, Ole B. 82
Johansson, Ylva 143n20
Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen 100–101
Jünemann, Reinhardt 89
justification 113–117

K

Kalamaja (Estonia) 45–46
Kasparek, Bernd 4
Kim, Sang-Hyun 12, 29, 100
Knorr Cetina, Karin 29, 62–63
Kondo, Marie 107
Kuster, Brigitta 31, 145n2

L

laboratories 28–30, 41–42
see also experimentation sites, borders as
Larkin, Brian 9, 10, 52–53
Lascoumes, Pierre 29
Latour, Bruno 11, 95, 149n5
Law, John 21, 53, 67, 101
Leese, Matthias 99, 109
Lemberg-Pederson, Martin 76, 84
Libya 23
Lincoln, Abraham 36
liquid borders 7
logistics 89–90
Longo, Matthew 5
Luxembourg 51

M

Maguire, Eileen Murphy 145n13
maintenance
of digital border infrastructures 9–10, 11, 59–60, 141n14
eu-LISA and 15, 16, 31, 62, 65, 117
Marcus, George E. 142n17
market, border security 83–85
Martins, Bruno Oliveira 100–101
McCluskey, Emma 117
Mediterranean Sea 11, 142n15
method assemblages 21
Mezzadra, Sandro 2
Michael, Mike 54
MID 109–110, 115, 137, 147n3
migrants
as data objects 66, 93
digital identities of 109–110
hyper-objectification of 42
illegal 73, 145n4
treatment of 11, 23, 125, 129–130, 132
migration
autonomy of 25
crisis 102–103
management of 14, 26, 27, 74
Mitchell, Timothy 121
mobile borders 7, 84–85
mobility governance
challenges with 42, 91–93, 125–126
digital infrastructures for 1–2, 26, 52
Morozov, Evgeny 14, 100
Multiple Identity Detector (MID)  see MID
Murphy, Michelle 78, 79

N

narratives
of crisis 35–36, 102, 103, 111
of experts / professionals 19–20, 24, 82, 89, 97, 111–112, 120–124
of inclusion / exclusion 129–130
of inevitability 32–33, 36, 41, 52, 118–119, 127
of interviewees 17–18
of sociotechnical imaginary 11, 12–13, 100, 127, 142n17–18
standardizing of 13, 32–33, 35–36, 46–47, 57, 75, 115
of unidirectionality 33, 34, 35–36, 38, 41, 119, 127
see also collective imagination ; imaginaries ; sociotechnical imaginaries
Neilson, Brett 2
Netherlands 51
networking (of European borders) 82–83
Neuhof 47–48
see also Strasbourg (France)
Niewöhner, Jörg 82
Nowotny, Helga 16

O

Ohmae, Kenichi 3–4
ontological singularity 101
operational centre (eu-LISA)  see eu-LISA Agency ; Strasbourg (France)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 16, 77
Oudshoorn, Nelly 125

P

pandemic  see COVID-19 pandemic
Papadopoulos, Dimitris 6
Pelizza, Annalisa 66
Pezzani, Lorenzo 123
Pfotenhauer, Sebastian 29
Pickersgill, Martyn 30
Picum 129
pilot projects  see eu-LISA Agency
platform 89–90, 93, 147n19
Poland 23
policies 99–100, 100–102
policy fiction 97, 99, 102, 108–109, 111–112, 119, 121–122
politics of acceptability 117
Pongau region (Austria) 15, 57, 60, 143n21
Porter, Theodore 149n5
Pötzsch, Holger 7
PricewaterhouseCoopers 38

R

racism 23–24, 129–130
Rao, H. 55
reaction formations 26, 99
refugees 11, 102–103, 125, 129–130
repair 9–10, 59–60, 62, 65, 145n12
research
acronyms, use of 24, 88–89, 121
ethical implications of 22–23
field (on eu-LISA) 21–22
snowball sampling 18
responsibility, geography of 125–126
Ribes, David 141n14
Richardson, Tim 82
Riles, Annelise 17, 75
rituals 12, 36–37, 55, 72, 75–76, 77–78, 94–95
Rose, Nikolas 25
Ruhleder, Karen 52
Russia 23, 57
Rygiel, K. 7

S

Sabel, Charles F. 15
Sadowski, Jathan 75
sBMS 99, 136, 147
Schengen
border security 6, 14, 73–74, 131
digital infrastructures (see digital infrastructures )
establishment of 51
eu-LISA (see eu-LISA Agency )
experimentation sites, borders as 28–30, 38–39, 40, 41
mobility governance 1, 52
smart borders (see smart borders )
visa policies 73
Schengen Information System (SIS)  see SIS / SIS II
Schwertl, Maria 93
Scott, James 121
S&D (Alliance of Socialists and Democrats) 104–105, 148n8
Seaplane Harbour Museum (Tallin) 45, 45, 68
security
apparatuses 9–10
artificial intelligence (AI) 127–129
biometrics and (see biometrics )
border 3–4, 6, 52, 119
economy and 85–87
market, digital border 83–85
(in)security, future visions of 19, 26–27, 29–30, 120, 130
state 2–3, 102–103
semantic coherence 55–56
Sennett, Richard 64–65
Shapin, Steven 75, 77
shared Biometric Matching System (sBMS) see sBMS
Sharon, Tamar 114
Sheller, Mimi 126
Simmel, Georg 4
simplification 42–43, 97, 102, 105–108, 111, 121–122, 149n5
Singleton, Vicky 101
SIS / SIS II
about 6, 14, 51–52, 131–132
interoperability and 98
management of 57–58
Slota, Stephen 141n11
smart borders
about 7, 73, 80–81
acronyms / terminology 88–90
challenges with 42, 91–93
databases for 73–75, 131–137
experimentation 38–39, 40, 41, 82
global economy and 85–87, 145n2
interoperability (see interoperability )
justification of 114–117
literature on 71
narratives and 19–20, 38–39, 75–79
as a network 82–83
opposition to 38
Smart Borders Package 38, 134
snowball sampling 18
social imagination  see collective imagination ; sociotechnical imaginaries
social scientific research  see research
socio-digital borders 7
sociotechnical imaginaries
about 10–13, 29–30, 100, 142n17–18
of borders 2, 3, 18, 121
of digital transformation 19, 27, 35–37, 38–39, 41, 112, 119, 127
see also collective imagination ; imaginaries ; narratives
solutionism 14, 26, 41, 95, 100–102, 114, 119–120
Sontowski, Simon 38, 145n2
South Africa 129
standardization 61–62, 65, 72, 76–77, 78, 83, 149n5
Star, Susan Leigh 9, 52, 81, 149n5
stateless people  see third-country nationals
Stephenson, Niamh 6
Strasbourg (France) 15, 17, 47–50, 48, 49, 57–58, 58–61, 62, 64, 143n3, 144n9
Strauss, Claudia 12
Süddeutsche Zeitung 44, 50
synthetic situations 62–63

T

Tallinn (Estonia) 15, 16–17, 44, 44–45, 45, 47, 51, 56, 57, 68, 69, 143n3
Taylor, Charles 11, 142n16
Tazzioli, Martina 130
techno-determinism 117–120
technological borders  see digital borders
technological infrastructures  see digital infrastructures
technopolitics 10, 89, 119
techno-solutionism 88, 100–101
see also solutionism
technostrategic effects 24, 72–73, 88, 95
terminology 89–90
Thévenot, Laurent 113–114
third-country nationals 38–39, 73, 85, 86, 133, 134, 135, 136, 147n16
Torpey, John 74, 146n6, 147n15
traffic light system 109–111
transport companies 76, 86
Trump, Donald 149n7
Tsianos, Vassilis 6, 31, 145n2

U

Ukraine 23–24
unidirectionality, narratives of 33, 34, 35–36, 38, 41, 119, 127
United States (US) 74, 122, 129, 134, 149n7
urgency, narratives of  see crisis, narratives of ; narratives

V

Valuation Studies 114, 148n1–2
vanguard visions 13, 15, 27, 30, 32, 36, 142n18
violence (of border regimes) 11, 19, 23–24, 27, 73, 89, 95, 101, 122–123, 124–125
virtual world
borders and 7–8
security in 2–3
as solutionism 14, 26, 41, 95, 100–102, 114, 119–120
VIS
about 6, 14, 132–133
biometrics 26
visa overstayers 73, 134, 145n4
Visa Information System (VIS)  see VIS
visas
applicants, biometrics of 26, 132–133
digitization of procedures 6
and overstays 74, 86, 134, 145n4
Visvanathan, Shiv 42

W

Walters, William 52
Wentland, Alexander 29
world  see virtual world

Z

Zeitlin, Jonathan 15
Zolberg, Aristide 86