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With contributions from distinguished authors in 14 countries across 5 continents, this book provides a unique transnational perspective on intellectual disability in the twentieth century. Each chapter outlines different policies and practices, and details real-life accounts from those living with intellectual disabilities to illustrate their impact of policies and practices on these people and their families.
Bringing together accounts of how intellectual disability was viewed, managed and experienced in countries across the globe, the book examines the origins and nature of contemporary attitudes, policy and practice and sheds light on the challenges of implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCPRD).
that while national differences in supports to carers exist, generally, the supports available are often fragmented and inadequate. Supporting carers becomes even more urgent in the context of COVID-19. Supports normally available in the community (such as various forms of respite care for carers) may suddenly become unavailable. Older adults with serious illnesses or disabilities who normally reside in congregate settings such as long-term care (LTC) homes may need to reside with family members temporarily due to outbreaks in LTC homes. As we prepare for the
67 FOUR Intellectual disability in twentieth-century Ghana Jane Abraham and Auberon Jaleel Odoom Ghana, a country in West Africa with a current population of just under 30 million, was a British colony until 1957 (previously called the Gold Coast), when it became the first colony in sub-Saharan Africa to regain its independence. Prior to independence, Britain, as the colonial power, extracted natural resources – gold, diamonds, timber and cocoa. Britain built railways and transport systems to assist resource extraction. A few Western-style hospitals and
99 SIX Intellectual disability in Hong Kong: then and now Phyllis King Shui Wong Introduction This chapter explores policy and practice in Hong Kong, and their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families, in three phases: before the 1990s (‘Early developments’); pre- and post- resuming sovereignty over Hong Kong (‘The Golden Era’); and from the Millennium to the present (‘Divergence’). Before the 1990s: Early developments Laura’s story I: A parent’s experience Laura, the mother of a 43-year-old daughter with Down’s Syndrome, said: “I
177 ELEVEN Intellectual disability policy and practice in twentieth- century United Kingdom Simon Jarrett and Jan Walmsley This chapter attempts an overview of the dense and complex history of intellectual disability in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century. Inevitably much of it focuses on legislation and policy emanating from the dominant Westminster parliament and its civil service apparatus. For the first half of the century, we concentrate on the legislative and policy environment in England and Wales, and for the second, mainly on England
give or receive care ( Knijn and Kremer, 1997 ). At the heart of this exclusion is the value (or lack thereof) placed upon care and its association with the private domain. Tronto (1993) suggests that the inability to think of care outside of privatised and gendered terms is not a failure of care, but a constraint in the social contexts in which caring practices occur in society. Exclusionary practices particularly affect women with disabilities, whose parental rights are not always recognised. For many mothers with disabilities, especially those with intellectual
179 FOURTEEN People with intellectual disabilities (visually) reimagine care Ann Fudge Schormans Introduction Care is typically understood as both a value and a practice. The practice of care – who is cared for, how and by whom – typically reflects societal values and the (de)valuation of particular groups of people. As a practice, care ‘invokes different experiences, different meanings, different contexts and multiple relations of power, of which a political argument around care needs to take account’ (Williams, 2001, p 468). Highlighting the perspective
79 FIVE A Greek Neverland: the history of the Leros asylums’ inmates with intellectual disability (1958–95) Danae Karydaki All children, except one, grow up. Barrie, 1911, 3 Introduction On 10 September 1989, a Greek scandal made headlines in the British Observer newspaper; the article’s title was ‘Europe’s Guilty Secret’ and the front page depicted several naked male mental patients looking desperate, wandering around the Leros Psychiatric Hospital buildings in Lepida. The piece described the appalling living conditions under which the patients struggled
21 ONE Paradoxical lives: intellectual disability policy and practice in twentieth-century Australia Lee-Ann Monk Introduction In 1911, in a paper read at the Australasian Medical Congress, Melbourne doctor J.W.Y. Fishbourne urged Australia to implement policies to remedy ‘the problem of the feeble-minded’. In failing to act, he asserted, the nation was lagging behind international opinion: ‘The United States of America recognise the danger and England is beginning to waken up to the seriousness of the problem’. To prove his point, he cited evidence from
113 SEVEN People with intellectual disabilities in the European semi- periphery: the case of Hungary Ágnes Turnpenny Introduction This chapter gives an overview of the changing situation of people with intellectual disabilities throughout the twentieth century in Hungary. The analysis follows four broad historical periods: before the end of the Second World War; state socialism between 1945 and 1989; the period of post-socialist transformation from 1990; and the current period following Hungary’s European Union membership in 2004. Although these periods
