-perpetuating system to benefit all the corrupt agents involved. Individuals buy or let a position by repaying a lump sum and/or send a monthly apportionment of bribes extorted upwards in the chain of command that reaches their superior or appointer. Bribery and extortion in the lower police ranks can be linked to paying off their superior, police chief and/or appointer to continue working in a high drug-producing area (Rubin, 2013: 397). It was also stressed by 42 per cent of a UNDP nationwide survey that bribery and gift giving were frequently provided when collaborating
. Attempts to define corruption There are many contested definitions of what constitutes corruption. With more in-depth definitions, there is some ambiguity between the terms ‘misuse’, ‘theft’, ‘immorality’ and ‘corruption’ that can at times be used interchangeably. Usually, the central component of corruption Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force 14 is the abuse of power, or of resources, within a public role for private gain (Rose-Ackerman, 1999: 91). Alemann (1989: 858) argues that corruption is a general term, often associated with bribery, covering
institutions needing true reform. International bribery Another way to avoid reforming the local ‘assumed-to-be-corrupt’ police is to try to side-step them and get foreign police to run international bribery cases with the token assistance of local officers. If traffic police corruption is easy for anti-corruption officers to tackle, then international bribery to get contracts is probably even easier (if the right infrastructure existed). There is documentation to examine, governance to see, obvious red flags which are well known. But, once again, no one is really
67 FIVE Policy analysis in the local councils Kai-Hung Fang Introduction Traditionally, the perception of local councillors in Taiwan is often associated with terms such as vote buying, influence peddling, bribery, corruption, incompetence, and lack of professionalism. They devote the majority of their time and resources to constituent services and securing funding for their electoral district’s local projects. Accordingly, they play only a very limited role in non-budgetary policy decisions. After martial law was lifted in 1987, local governments were
principality and a dismembered province, forged together by civil wars, bribery and dynastic wrangling. It contains two established churches, three legal systems, four legislatures, and several national cultures and identities. Our official lives are bound up in this British ‘Union state’, into which our several proximate but distinct nations are absorbed. Thus we have a United Kingdom anthem, but only English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh folk songs. We have United Kingdom passports, but only English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh literature. There are also divergent political
‘the abuse of power for private gain’ (European Commission, nd). The EC suggests corruption takes many forms, including bribery, trading in influence, abuse of functions alongside nepotism, conflicts of interest and revolving doors between the public and the private sectors. However, the EC is not in a position to impose a common legal definition on what (other than fraud against the EU) remains a national issue for each member and non-member state. Given the cultural and legal diversity across the European region, this chapter poses the question: how and what do we
religious practice. NGOs reported several cases of torture and ill-treatment in pretrial custody and prisons. Domestic violence against women also continues to be a serious prob- lem. Government Opposition and Detention of Activists Abroad In 2015, Tajik authorities expanded repressive measures against the political op- position. In January, a court sentenced rights lawyer Shukhrat Kudratov to nine years in prison following a politically motivated trial. Kudratov, who is also deputy head of the opposition Social Democratic Party, was found guilty of fraud and bribery. A
information it produces and ask the question ‘will it generate the information that can determine whether this is happening or not?’, the answer, all too often, is no. Professor Susan Rose-Ackerman has pointed out that bureaucracy may unconsciously design systems that create opportunities for bribery by allowing unaccountable monopolistic control of particular parts of a bureaucratic process. Such controls make life easier for bureaucrats, regardless of whether they exploit them for personal financial gain or whether they use 210 Transparency and the open society
Based on unprecedented empirical research conducted with lower levels of the Afghan police, this unique study assesses how institutional legacy and external intervention, from countries including the UK and the US, have shaped the structural conditions of corruption in the police force and the state.
Taking a social constructivist approach, the book combines an in-depth analysis of internal political, cultural and economic drivers with references to several regime changes affecting policing and security, from the Soviet occupation and Mujahidin militias to Taliban religious police.
Crossing disciplinary boundaries, Singh offers an invaluable contribution to the literature and to anti-corruption policy in developing and conflict-affected societies.
Europe? Reflections on transnational citizenship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Rajaram, P.K. and Grundy-Warr, C. (2007) ‘Introduction’, in P.K. Rajaram and C. Grundy-Warr (eds) Borderscapes: Hidden geographies and politics at territory’s edge. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp ix–xl. Walters, W. (2006) ‘Border/control’, European Journal of Social Theory, 9(2): 187–203. BRIBERY Bribery involves an illicit transaction and relation that comprises at least two willing or consenting actors: one who ‘actively’ offers, promises to give or
